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KEYTRUDA(pembrolizumab)注射剂

2014-09-08 15:25:19  作者:新特药房  来源:互联网  浏览次数:2173  文字大小:【】【】【
简介: KEYTRUDA(pembrolizumab) injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution [Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.] 第一个PD-1阻断药接受监管局批准,授权加速批准批准日期:2014年9月4日剂量和给药方法推荐给药KEY ...

KEYTRUDA(pembrolizumab) injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution
[Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.]
第一个PD-1阻断药接受监管局批准,授权加速批准
批准日期:2014年9月4日
剂量和给药方法
推荐给药
KEYTRUDA的推荐剂量是2mg/kg给药作为历时30分钟静脉输注每3周给予直至疾病进展或不可接受毒性。
剂量调整
对以下任何不给KEYTRUDA:
●2级肺炎[见警告和注意事项(5.1)]
● 2或3级结肠炎[见警告和注意事项(5.2)]
● 症状性垂体炎[见警告和注意事项(5.4)]
●2级肾炎[见警告和注意事项(5.5)]
● 3级 甲状腺功能亢进[见警告和注意事项(5.6)]
● 谷草转氨酶(AST)或丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)大于3和直至5倍正常上限(ULN)或总胆红素大于1.5和直至ULN3倍。
● 任何其他严重或3级治疗-相关不良事件[见警告和注意事项(5.7)]
在患者其不良反应恢复至0-1级恢复 KEYTRUDA.
对以下任何永远终止 KEYTRUDA:
●任何危及生命不良事件
● 3或4级肺炎[见警告和注意事项(5.1)]
● 3或4级肾炎[见警告和注意事项(5.5)]
● AST或ALT大于5倍ULN或总胆红素大于 3倍ULN
o 对有肝转移患者开始治疗有2级AST或ALT,如AST或ALT增加相对于基线大于或等于50%和持续共至少1周
● 3或4级输注-相关反应
●12 周内不能减低皮质激素剂量至10 mg或低于泼尼松[prednisone]或等价物每天
● 持续2或3级不良反应KEYTRUDA末次剂量后12周内不恢复至0-1级
● 任何严重或3级治疗-相关不良事件再发生[见警告和注意事项(5.7)]
制备和给药
制备
● 通过沿着小瓶壁注射注射水添加2.3 mL注射用无菌水,USP和不直接在冻干粉上(造成浓度25 mg/mL)。
● 为清除泡沫缓慢地旋转小瓶。允许至5 分钟。不要摇动小瓶。
● 给药前肉眼观察重建溶液是否有颗粒物质和变色。重建KEYTRUDA是一个透明至略微不透明,无色至略黄色溶液。如观察到外来颗粒物质不是透明至白色蛋白状颗粒,遗弃重建小瓶。
● 从KEYTRUDA小瓶抽吸需要的容积和转移至一个含0.9%注射用氯化钠,USP静脉(IV)袋。通过轻轻倒置混合稀释溶液。最终稀释溶液浓度应在1 mg/mL至10 mg/mL间。
● 遗弃在小瓶中任何未使用部分。
重建和稀释溶液的贮存
产品不含防腐剂。
重建和稀释的KEYTRUDA溶液贮存在以下任一:
● 在室温不超过从重建时间4个小时。这包括室温贮存重建小瓶,IV袋中输注溶液的贮存,和输注时间。
● 在冰箱在2°C至8°C (36°F至46°F)共从重建时间不超过24小时。如冰箱,允许给药前稀释好溶液至室温。
不要冻结。
给药
● 通过一个输注线历时30分钟静脉给予含无菌,无-热原,低-蛋白结合0.2 µm至5 µm在-线或附加的过滤器的输注溶液。
● 不要通过相同输注线共-给予其他药物。
剂型和规格
注射用: 为重建50mg冻干粉在一次性使用小瓶中。


HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use KEYTRUDA safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for KEYTRUDA.
KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) for injection, for intravenous use
Initial U.S. Approval: 2014
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
KEYTRUDA is a human programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)-blocking antibody indicated for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma and disease progression following ipilimumab and, if BRAF V600 mutation positive, a BRAF inhibitor.
This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on tumor response rate and durability of response. An improvement in survival or disease-related symptoms has not yet been established. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in the confirmatory trials. (1)
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
•Administer 2 mg/kg as an intravenous infusion over 30 minutes every 3 weeks. (2.1)
•Reconstitute and dilute prior to intravenous infusion. (2.3)
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
For injection: 50 mg, lyophilized powder in single-use vial for reconstitution (3)
CONTRAINDICATIONS
None. (4)
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
•Immune-mediated adverse reactions: Administer corticosteroids based on the severity of the reaction. (5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6)
◦Immune-mediated pneumonitis: Withhold for moderate, and permanently discontinue for severe or life-threatening pneumonitis. (5.1)
◦Immune-mediated colitis: Withhold for moderate or severe, and permanently discontinue for life-threatening colitis. (5.2)
◦Immune-mediated hepatitis: Monitor for changes in hepatic function. Based on severity of liver enzyme elevations, withhold or discontinue. (5.3)
◦Immune-mediated hypophysitis: Withhold for moderate, withhold or discontinue for severe, and permanently discontinue for life-threatening hypophysitis. (5.4)
◦Immune-mediated nephritis: Monitor for changes in renal function. Withhold for moderate, and permanently discontinue for severe or life-threatening nephritis. (5.5)
◦Immune-mediated hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: Monitor for changes in thyroid function. Withhold for severe and permanently discontinue for life-threatening hyperthyroidism. (5.6)
•Embryofetal Toxicity: KEYTRUDA may cause fetal harm. Advise females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus. (5.8)
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Most common adverse reactions (reported in ≥20% of patients) included fatigue, cough, nausea, pruritus, rash, decreased appetite, constipation, arthralgia, and diarrhea. (6.1)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., at 1-877-888-4231 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
Nursing mothers: Discontinue nursing or discontinue KEYTRUDA. (8.3)
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION and Medication Guide.
Revised: 9/2014
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) is indicated for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma and disease progression following ipilimumab and, if BRAF V600 mutation positive, a BRAF inhibitor [see Clinical Studies (14)].

This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on tumor response rate and durability of response. An improvement in survival or disease-related symptoms has not yet been established. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in the confirmatory trials.

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

2.1 Recommended Dosing

The recommended dose of KEYTRUDA is 2 mg/kg administered as an intravenous infusion over 30 minutes every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

2.2 Dose Modifications

Withhold KEYTRUDA for any of the following:

  • Grade 2 pneumonitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
  • Grade 2 or 3 colitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]
  • Symptomatic hypophysitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
  • Grade 2 nephritis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]
  • Grade 3 hyperthyroidism [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]
  • Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) greater than 3 and up to 5 times upper limit of normal (ULN) or total bilirubin greater than 1.5 and up to 3 times ULN
  • Any other severe or Grade 3 treatment-related adverse reaction [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]

Resume KEYTRUDA in patients whose adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1.

Permanently discontinue KEYTRUDA for any of the following:

  • Any life-threatening adverse reaction
  • Grade 3 or 4 pneumonitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
  • Grade 3 or 4 nephritis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]
  • AST or ALT greater than 5 times ULN or total bilirubin greater than 3 times ULN
    • For patients with liver metastasis who begin treatment with Grade 2 AST or ALT, if AST or ALT increases by greater than or equal to 50% relative to baseline and lasts for at least 1 week
  • Grade 3 or 4 infusion-related reactions
  • Inability to reduce corticosteroid dose to 10 mg or less of prednisone or equivalent per day within 12 weeks
  • Persistent Grade 2 or 3 adverse reactions that do not recover to Grade 0-1 within 12 weeks after last dose of KEYTRUDA
  • Any severe or Grade 3 treatment-related adverse reaction that recurs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]

2.3 Preparation and Administration

Preparation

  • Add 2.3 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP by injecting the water along the walls of the vial and not directly on the lyophilized powder (resulting concentration 25 mg/mL).
  • Slowly swirl the vial. Allow up to 5 minutes for the bubbles to clear. Do not shake the vial.
  • Visually inspect the reconstituted solution for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. Reconstituted KEYTRUDA is a clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to slightly yellow solution. Discard reconstituted vial if extraneous particulate matter other than translucent to white proteinaceous particles is observed.
  • Withdraw the required volume from the vial(s) of KEYTRUDA and transfer into an intravenous (IV) bag containing 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP. Mix diluted solution by gentle inversion. The final concentration of the diluted solution should be between 1 mg/mL to 10 mg/mL.
  • Discard any unused portion left in the vial.

Storage of Reconstituted and Diluted Solutions

The product does not contain a preservative.

Store the reconstituted and diluted solutions of KEYTRUDA either:

  • At room temperature for no more than 4 hours from the time of reconstitution. This includes room temperature storage of reconstituted vials, storage of the infusion solution in the IV bag, and the duration of infusion.
  • Under refrigeration at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) for no more than 24 hours from the time of reconstitution. If refrigerated, allow the diluted solution to come to room temperature prior to administration.

Do not freeze.

Administration

  • Administer infusion solution intravenously over 30 minutes through an intravenous line containing a sterile, non-pyrogenic, low-protein binding 0.2 micron to 5 micron in-line or add-on filter.
  • Do not co-administer other drugs through the same infusion line.

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

For injection: 50 mg lyophilized powder in a single-use vial for reconstitution

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

None.

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

5.1 Immune-Mediated Pneumonitis

Pneumonitis occurred in 12 (2.9%) of 411 melanoma patients, including Grade 2 or 3 cases in 8 (1.9%) and 1 (0.2%) patients, respectively, receiving KEYTRUDA in Trial 1. The median time to development of pneumonitis was 5 months (range 0.3 weeks-9.9 months). The median duration was 4.9 months (range 1 week-14.4 months). Five of eight patients with Grade 2 and the one patient with Grade 3 pneumonitis required initial treatment with high-dose systemic corticosteroids (greater than or equal to 40 mg prednisone or equivalent per day) followed by a corticosteroid taper. The median initial dose of high-dose corticosteroid treatment was 63.4 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent with a median duration of treatment of 3 days (range 1-34) followed by a corticosteroid taper. Pneumonitis led to discontinuation of KEYTRUDA in 3 (0.7%) patients. Pneumonitis completely resolved in seven of the nine patients with Grade 2-3 pneumonitis.

Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of pneumonitis. Evaluate patients with suspected pneumonitis with radiographic imaging and administer corticosteroids for Grade 2 or greater pneumonitis. Withhold KEYTRUDA for moderate (Grade 2) pneumonitis, and permanently discontinue KEYTRUDA for severe (Grade 3) or life-threatening (Grade 4) pneumonitis [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

5.2 Immune-Mediated Colitis

Colitis (including microscopic colitis) occurred in 4 (1%) of 411 patients, including Grade 2 or 3 cases in 1 (0.2%) and 2 (0.5%) patients, respectively, receiving KEYTRUDA in Trial 1. The median time to onset of colitis was 6.5 months (range 2.3-9.8). The median duration was 2.6 months (range 0.6 weeks-3.6 months). All three patients with Grade 2 or 3 colitis were treated with high-dose corticosteroids (greater than or equal to 40 mg prednisone or equivalent per day) with a median initial dose of 70 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent; the median duration of initial treatment was 7 days (range 4-41), followed by a corticosteroid taper. One patient (0.2%) required permanent discontinuation of KEYTRUDA due to colitis. All four patients with colitis experienced complete resolution of the event.

Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of colitis. Administer corticosteroids for Grade 2 or greater colitis. Withhold KEYTRUDA for moderate (Grade 2) or severe (Grade 3) colitis, and permanently discontinue KEYTRUDA for life-threatening (Grade 4) colitis [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

5.3 Immune-Mediated Hepatitis

Hepatitis (including autoimmune hepatitis) occurred in 2 (0.5%) of 411 patients, including a Grade 4 case in 1 (0.2%) patient, receiving KEYTRUDA in Trial 1. The time to onset was 22 days for the case of Grade 4 hepatitis which lasted 1.1 months. The patient with Grade 4 hepatitis permanently discontinued KEYTRUDA and was treated with high-dose (greater than or equal to 40 mg prednisone or equivalent per day) systemic corticosteroids followed by a corticosteroid taper. Both patients with hepatitis experienced complete resolution of the event.

Monitor patients for changes in liver function. Administer corticosteroids for Grade 2 or greater hepatitis and, based on severity of liver enzyme elevations, withhold or discontinue KEYTRUDA [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

5.4 Immune-Mediated Hypophysitis

Hypophysitis occurred in 2 (0.5%) of 411 patients, consisting of one Grade 2 and one Grade 4 case (0.2% each), in patients receiving KEYTRUDA in Trial 1. The time to onset was 1.7 months for the patient with Grade 4 hypophysitis and 1.3 months for the patient with Grade 2 hypophysitis. Both patients were treated with high-dose (greater than or equal to 40 mg prednisone or equivalent per day) corticosteroids followed by a corticosteroid taper and remained on a physiologic replacement dose.

Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypophysitis. Administer corticosteroids for Grade 2 or greater hypophysitis. Withhold KEYTRUDA for moderate (Grade 2) hypophysitis, withhold or discontinue KEYTRUDA for severe (Grade 3) hypophysitis, and permanently discontinue KEYTRUDA for life-threatening (Grade 4) hypophysitis [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

5.5 Renal Failure and Immune-Mediated Nephritis

Nephritis occurred in 3 (0.7%) patients, consisting of one case of Grade 2 autoimmune nephritis (0.2%) and two cases of interstitial nephritis with renal failure (0.5%), one Grade 3 and one Grade 4. The time to onset of autoimmune nephritis was 11.6 months after the first dose of KEYTRUDA (5 months after the last dose) and lasted 3.2 months; this patient did not have a biopsy. Acute interstitial nephritis was confirmed by renal biopsy in two patients with Grades 3-4 renal failure. All three patients fully recovered renal function with treatment with high-dose corticosteroids (greater than or equal to 40 mg prednisone or equivalent per day) followed by a corticosteroid taper.

Monitor patients for changes in renal function. Administer corticosteroids for Grade 2 or greater nephritis. Withhold KEYTRUDA for moderate (Grade 2) nephritis, and permanently discontinue KEYTRUDA for severe (Grade 3), or life-threatening (Grade 4) nephritis [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

5.6 Immune-Mediated Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism occurred in 5 (1.2%) of 411 patients, including Grade 2 or 3 cases in 2 (0.5%) and 1 (0.2%) patients, respectively, receiving KEYTRUDA in Trial 1. The median time to onset was 1.5 months (range 0.5-2.1). The median duration was 2.8 months (range 0.9 to 6.1). One of two patients with Grade 2 and the one patient with Grade 3 hyperthyroidism required initial treatment with high-dose corticosteroids (greater than or equal to 40 mg prednisone or equivalent per day) followed by a corticosteroid taper. One patient (0.2%) required permanent discontinuation of KEYTRUDA due to hyperthyroidism. All five patients with hyperthyroidism experienced complete resolution of the event.

Hypothyroidism occurred in 34 (8.3%) of 411 patients, including a Grade 3 case in 1 (0.2%) patient, receiving KEYTRUDA in Trial 1. The median time to onset of hypothyroidism was 3.5 months (range 0.7 weeks-19 months). All but two of the patients with hypothyroidism were treated with long-term thyroid hormone replacement therapy. The other two patients only required short-term thyroid hormone replacement therapy. No patient received corticosteroids or discontinued KEYTRUDA for management of hypothyroidism.

Thyroid disorders can occur at any time during treatment. Monitor patients for changes in thyroid function (at the start of treatment, periodically during treatment, and as indicated based on clinical evaluation) and for clinical signs and symptoms of thyroid disorders.

Administer corticosteroids for Grade 3 or greater hyperthyroidism, withhold KEYTRUDA for severe (Grade 3) hyperthyroidism, and permanently discontinue KEYTRUDA for life-threatening (Grade 4) hyperthyroidism. Isolated hypothyroidism may be managed with replacement therapy without treatment interruption and without corticosteroids [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

5.7 Other Immune-Mediated Adverse Reactions

Other clinically important immune-mediated adverse reactions can occur.

The following clinically significant, immune-mediated adverse reactions occurred in less than 1% of patients treated with KEYTRUDA in Trial 1: exfoliative dermatitis, uveitis, arthritis, myositis, pancreatitis, hemolytic anemia, partial seizures arising in a patient with inflammatory foci in brain parenchyma, and adrenal insufficiency.

Across clinical studies with KEYTRUDA in approximately 2000 patients, the following additional clinically significant, immune-mediated adverse reactions were reported in less than 1% of patients: myasthenic syndrome, optic neuritis, and rhabdomyolysis.

For suspected immune-mediated adverse reactions, ensure adequate evaluation to confirm etiology or exclude other causes. Based on the severity of the adverse reaction, withhold KEYTRUDA and administer corticosteroids. Upon improvement to Grade 1 or less, initiate corticosteroid taper and continue to taper over at least 1 month. Restart KEYTRUDA if the adverse reaction remains at Grade 1 or less. Permanently discontinue KEYTRUDA for any severe or Grade 3 immune-mediated adverse reaction that recurs and for any life-threatening immune-mediated adverse reaction [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

5.8 Embryofetal Toxicity

Based on its mechanism of action, KEYTRUDA may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Animal models link the PD-1/PDL-1 signaling pathway with maintenance of pregnancy through induction of maternal immune tolerance to fetal tissue. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, apprise the patient of the potential hazard to a fetus. Advise females of reproductive potential to use highly effective contraception during treatment with KEYTRUDA and for 4 months after the last dose of KEYTRUDA [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.8)].

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling.

  • Immune-mediated pneumonitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
  • Immune-mediated colitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
  • Immune-mediated hepatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
  • Immune-mediated hypophysitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
  • Renal failure and immune-mediated nephritis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].
  • Immune-mediated hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].
  • Immune-mediated adverse reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

The data described in the WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS section reflect exposure to KEYTRUDA in Trial 1, an uncontrolled, open-label, multiple cohort trial in which 411 patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma received KEYTRUDA at either 2 mg/kg every 3 weeks or 10 mg/kg every 2 or 3 weeks. The median duration of exposure to KEYTRUDA was 6.2 months (range 1 day to 24.6 months) with a median of 10 doses (range 1 to 51). The study population characteristics were: median age of 61 years (range 18-94), 39% age 65 years or older, 60% male, 97% white, 73% with M1c disease, 8% with brain metastases, 35% with elevated LDH, 54% with prior exposure to ipilimumab, and 47% with two or more prior systemic therapies for advanced or metastatic disease.

KEYTRUDA was discontinued for adverse reactions in 9% of the 411 patients. Adverse reactions, reported in at least two patients, that led to discontinuation of KEYTRUDA were: pneumonitis, renal failure, and pain. Serious adverse reactions occurred in 36% of patients receiving KEYTRUDA. The most frequent serious adverse drug reactions reported in 2% or more of patients in Trial 1 were renal failure, dyspnea, pneumonia, and cellulitis.

Table 1 presents adverse reactions identified from analyses of the 89 patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma who received KEYTRUDA 2 mg/kg every three weeks in one cohort of Trial 1. Patients had documented disease progression following treatment with ipilimumab and, if BRAF V600 mutation positive, a BRAF inhibitor. This cohort of Trial 1 excluded patients with severe immune-related toxicity related to ipilimumab, defined as any Grade 4 toxicity requiring treatment with corticosteroids or Grade 3 toxicity requiring corticosteroid treatment (greater than 10 mg/day prednisone or equivalent dose) for greater than 12 weeks; a medical condition that required systemic corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medication; a history of pneumonitis or interstitial lung disease; or any active infection requiring therapy, including HIV or hepatitis B or C. Of the 89 patients in this cohort, the median age was 59 years (range 18-88), 33% were age 65 years or older, 53% were male, 98% were white, 44% had an elevated LDH, 84% had Stage M1c disease, 8% had brain metastases, and 70% received two or more prior therapies for advanced or metastatic disease. The median duration of exposure to KEYTRUDA was 6.2 months (range 1 day to 15.3 months) with a median of nine doses (range 1 to 23). Fifty-one percent of patients were exposed to KEYTRUDA for greater than 6 months and 21% for greater than 1 year.

KEYTRUDA was discontinued for adverse reactions in 6% of the 89 patients.The most common adverse reactions (reported in at least 20% of patients) were fatigue, cough, nausea, pruritus, rash, decreased appetite, constipation, arthralgia, and diarrhea.

Table 1: Adverse Reactions in ≥10% of Patients with Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma
KEYTRUDA
2 mg/kg every 3 weeks
N=89
*
There were no Grade 5 adverse reactions reported. Of the ≥10% adverse reactions, none was reported as Grade 4.
Adverse Reaction All Grades
(%)
Grade 3*
(%)
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions
  Fatigue 47 7
  Peripheral Edema 17 1
  Chills 14 0
  Pyrexia 11 0
Gastrointestinal Disorders
  Nausea 30 0
  Constipation 21 0
  Diarrhea 20 0
  Vomiting 16 0
  Abdominal pain 12 0
Respiratory, Thoracic And Mediastinal Disorders
  Cough 30 1
  Dyspnea 18 2
Skin And Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
  Pruritus 30 0
  Rash 29 0
  Vitiligo 11 0
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders
  Decreased appetite 26 0
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
  Arthralgia 20 0
  Pain in extremity 18 1
  Myalgia 14 1
  Back pain 12 1
Nervous System Disorders
  Headache 16 0
  Dizziness 11 0
Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders
  Anemia 14 5
Psychiatric Disorders
  Insomnia 14 0
Infections and Infestations
  Upper respiratory tract infection 11 1

Other clinically important adverse reactions observed in up to 10% of patients treated with KEYTRUDA were:

Infections and infestations: sepsis

Table 2: Laboratory Abnormalities Increased from Baseline in ≥20% of Patients with Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma
KEYTRUDA
2 mg/kg every 3 weeks
N=89
*
Grade 4 abnormalities in this table limited to hyperglycemia, increased aspartate aminotransferase, and anemia (one patient each)
Laboratory Test All Grades
%
Grades 3-4
%
Chemistry
  Hyperglycemia 40 2*
  Hyponatremia 35 9
  Hypoalbuminemia 34 0
  Hypertriglyceridemia 25 0
  Increased Aspartate Aminotransferase 24 2*
  Hypocalcemia 24 1
Hematology
  Anemia 55 8*
6.2 Immunogenicity

As with all therapeutic proteins, there is the potential for immunogenicity. Because trough levels of pembrolizumab interfere with the electrochemiluminescent (ECL) assay results, a subset analysis was performed in the patients with a concentration of pembrolizumab below the drug tolerance level of the anti-product antibody assay. In this analysis, none of the 97 patients who were treated with 2 mg/kg every 3 weeks tested positive for treatment-emergent anti-pembrolizumab antibodies.

The detection of antibody formation is highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Additionally, the observed incidence of antibody (including neutralizing antibody) positivity in an assay may be influenced by several factors including assay methodology, sample handling, timing of sample collection, concomitant medications, and underlying disease. For these reasons, comparison of incidence of antibodies to KEYTRUDA with the incidences of antibodies to other products may be misleading.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

No formal pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies have been conducted with KEYTRUDA.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

8.1 Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category D.

Risk Summary

Based on its mechanism of action, KEYTRUDA may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Animal models link the PD-1/PDL-1 signaling pathway with maintenance of pregnancy through induction of maternal immune tolerance to fetal tissue. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, apprise the patient of the potential hazard to a fetus.

Animal Data

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with KEYTRUDA to evaluate its effect on reproduction and fetal development, but an assessment of the effects on reproduction was provided. A central function of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is to preserve pregnancy by maintaining maternal immune tolerance to the fetus. Blockade of PD-L1 signaling has been shown in murine models of pregnancy to disrupt tolerance to the fetus and to result in an increase in fetal loss; therefore, potential risks of administering KEYTRUDA during pregnancy include increased rates of abortion or stillbirth. As reported in the literature, there were no malformations related to the blockade of PD-1 signaling in the offspring of these animals; however, immune-mediated disorders occurred in PD-1 knockout mice.

Human IgG4 (immunoglobulins) are known to cross the placenta; therefore, pembrolizumab has the potential to be transmitted from the mother to the developing fetus. Based on its mechanism of action, fetal exposure to pembrolizumab may increase the risk of developing immune-mediated disorders or of altering the normal immune response.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether KEYTRUDA is excreted in human milk. No studies have been conducted to assess the impact of KEYTRUDA on milk production or its presence in breast milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, instruct women to discontinue nursing during treatment with KEYTRUDA.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness of KEYTRUDA have not been established in pediatric patients.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Of the 411 patients treated with KEYTRUDA, 39% were 65 years and over. No overall differences in safety or efficacy were reported between elderly patients and younger patients.

8.6 Renal Impairment

Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis, no dose adjustment is needed for patients with renal impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

8.7 Hepatic Impairment

Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis, no dose adjustment is needed for patients with mild hepatic impairment [total bilirubin (TB) less than or equal to ULN and AST greater than ULN or TB greater than 1 to 1.5 times ULN and any AST]. KEYTRUDA has not been studied in patients with moderate (TB greater than 1.5 to 3 times ULN and any AST) or severe (TB greater than 3 times ULN and any AST) hepatic impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

8.8 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

Based on its mechanism of action, KEYTRUDA may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) and Use in Specific Populations (8.1)]. Advise females of reproductive potential to use highly effective contraception during treatment with KEYTRUDA and for at least 4 months following the last dose of pembrolizumab.

10 OVERDOSAGE

There is no information on overdosage with KEYTRUDA.

11 DESCRIPTION

Pembrolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. Pembrolizumab is an IgG4 kappa immunoglobulin with an approximate molecular weight of 149 kDa.

KEYTRUDA is a sterile, preservative-free, white to off-white lyophilized powder in single-use vials. Each vial is reconstituted and diluted for intravenous infusion. Each 2 mL of reconstituted solution contains 50 mg of pembrolizumab and is formulated in L-histidine (3.1 mg), polysorbate-80 (0.4 mg), sucrose (140 mg). May contain hydrochloric acid/sodium hydroxide to adjust pH to 5.5.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Binding of the PD-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, to the PD-1 receptor found on T cells, inhibits T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Upregulation of PD-1 ligands occurs in some tumors and signaling through this pathway can contribute to inhibition of active T-cell immune surveillance of tumors. Pembrolizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to the PD-1 receptor and blocks its interaction with PD-L1 and PD-L2, releasing PD-1 pathway-mediated inhibition of the immune response, including the anti-tumor immune response. In syngeneic mouse tumor models, blocking PD-1 activity resulted in decreased tumor growth.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of pembrolizumab was studied in 479 patients who received doses of 1 to 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks or 2 to 10 mg/kg every 3 weeks. Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis, the mean [% coefficient of variation (CV%)] clearance (CL) is 0.22 L/day (28%) and the mean (CV%) elimination half-life (t1/2) is 26 days (24%). Steady-state concentrations of pembrolizumab were reached by 18 weeks of repeated dosing with an every 3-week regimen and the systemic accumulation was 2.1-fold. The peak concentration (Cmax), trough concentration (Cmin), and area under the plasma concentration versus time curve at steady state (AUCss) of pembrolizumab increased dose proportionally in the dose range of 2 to 10 mg/kg every 3 weeks.

Specific Populations: The effects of various covariates on the pharmacokinetics of pembrolizumab were assessed in population pharmacokinetic analyses. The CL of pembrolizumab increased with increasing body weight; the resulting exposure differences were adequately addressed by the administration of a weight-based dose. The following factors had no clinically important effect on the CL of pembrolizumab: age (range 18-94 years), gender, renal impairment, mild hepatic impairment, and tumor burden. The effect of race could not be assessed due to limited data available in non-White patients.

Renal Impairment: The effect of renal impairment on the CL of pembrolizumab was evaluated by population pharmacokinetic analyses in patients with mild (eGFR 60 to 89 mL/min/1.73 m2; n=210), moderate (eGFR 30 to 59 mL/min/1.73m2; n=43), or severe (eGFR 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73m2; n=2) renal impairment compared to patients with normal (eGFR greater than or equal to 90 mL/min/1.73m2; n=221) renal function. No clinically important differences in the CL of pembrolizumab were found between patients with renal impairment and patients with normal renal function [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].

Hepatic Impairment: The effect of hepatic impairment on the CL of pembrolizumab was evaluated by population pharmacokinetic analyses in patients with mild hepatic impairment (TB less than or equal to ULN and AST greater than ULN or TB between 1 and 1.5 times ULN and any AST; n=59) compared to patients with normal hepatic function (TB and AST less than or equal to ULN; n=410). No clinically important differences in the CL of pembrolizumab were found between patients with mild hepatic impairment and normal hepatic function. KEYTRUDA has not been studied in patients with moderate (TB greater than 1.5 to 3 times ULN and any AST) or severe (TB greater than 3 times ULN and any AST) hepatic impairment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

No studies have been performed to test the potential of pembrolizumab for carcinogenicity or genotoxicity.

Fertility studies have not been conducted with pembrolizumab. In 1-month and 6-month repeat-dose toxicology studies in monkeys, there were no notable effects in the male and female reproductive organs; however, most animals in these studies were not sexually mature.

13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology

In animal models, inhibition of PD-1 signaling resulted in an increased incidence of infections and enhanced inflammatory responses. M. tuberculosis-infected PD-1 knockout mice exhibit markedly decreased survival compared with wild-type controls, which correlated with increased bacterial proliferation and inflammatory responses in these animals. PD-1 knockout mice have also shown decreased survival following infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Administration of pembrolizumab in chimpanzees with naturally occurring chronic hepatitis B infection resulted in two out of four animals with significantly increased levels of serum ALT, AST, and GGT, which persisted for at least 1 month after discontinuation of pembrolizumab.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

The efficacy of KEYTRUDA was investigated in a multicenter, open-label, randomized (1:1), dose-comparative, activity-estimating cohort of Trial 1. Key eligibility criteria were unresectable or metastatic melanoma with progression of disease; refractory to two or more doses of ipilimumab (3 mg/kg or higher) and, if BRAF V600 mutation-positive, a BRAF or MEK inhibitor; and disease progression within 24 weeks following the last dose of ipilimumab. The trial excluded patients with autoimmune disease; a medical condition that required immunosuppression; and a history of severe immune-mediated adverse reactions with ipilimumab, defined as any Grade 4 toxicity requiring treatment with corticosteroids or Grade 3 toxicity requiring corticosteroid treatment (greater than 10 mg/day prednisone or equivalent dose) for greater than 12 weeks. Patients were randomized to receive 2 mg/kg (n=89) or 10 mg/kg (n=84) of KEYTRUDA every 3 weeks until unacceptable toxicity or disease progression that was symptomatic, was rapidly progressive, required urgent intervention, occurred with a decline in performance status, or was confirmed at 4 to 6 weeks with repeat imaging. Assessment of tumor status was performed every 12 weeks. The major efficacy outcome measures were confirmed overall response rate (ORR) according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1) as assessed by blinded independent central review and duration of response.

Among the 173 patients enrolled, the median age was 61 years (36% age 65 or older); 60% male; 97% White; and 66% and 34% with an ECOG performance status 0 and 1, respectively. Disease characteristics were BRAF V600 mutation (17%), elevated lactate dehydrogenase (39%), M1c (82%), brain metastases (9%), and two or more prior therapies for advanced or metastatic disease (73%).

The ORR was 24% (95% confidence interval: 15, 34) in the 2 mg/kg arm, consisting of 1 complete response and 20 partial responses. Among the 21 patients with an objective response, 3 (14%) had progression of disease 2.8, 2.9, and 8.2 months after initial response. The remaining 18 patients (86%) had ongoing responses with durations ranging from 1.4+ to 8.5+ months, which included 8 patients with ongoing responses of 6 months or longer. One additional patient developed two new asymptomatic lesions at the first tumor assessment concurrent with a 75% decrease in overall tumor burden; KEYTRUDA was continued and this reduction in tumor burden was durable for 5+ months.

There were objective responses in patients with and without BRAF V600 mutation-positive melanoma. Similar ORR results were observed in the 10 mg/kg arm.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

KEYTRUDA is supplied in a carton containing one 50 mg single-use vial (NDC 0006-3029-02).

Store vials under refrigeration at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F).
默沙东PD-1抗体药物Keytruda注射剂已被FDA批准上市用于晚期黑色素瘤
2014年9月4日,美国FDA通过加速批准程序批准Keytruda (pembrolizumab)用于治疗不再对其它药物响应的晚期或无法切除的黑色素瘤患者。黑色素瘤在美国约占所有新确诊癌症的5%。据美国国家癌症研究所提供的信息,预计美国今年将有7.61万人被确诊患有黑色素瘤,9710人将会死于这种疾病。
Keytruda是阻断PD-1细胞通路的首款获得批准的药物,PD-1可限制人体免疫系统攻击黑色素瘤细胞。Keytruda供伊匹单抗治疗后使用,伊匹单抗也是一种免疫治疗药物。
“Keytruda是自2011年以来获得批准的第六款黑色素瘤治疗药物,这是黑色素瘤研究取得良好进展的一个结果,”FDA药物评价与研究中心血液及肿瘤产品办公室主任、医学博士Pazdur称。“这些药物中好多有不同的作用机制,为黑色素瘤患者带来新的治疗选择。”
FDA之前批准的五款黑色素瘤药物有伊匹单抗(2011)、聚乙二醇化干扰素α-2b(2011)、威罗菲尼(2011)、达拉菲尼(2013)和曲美替尼(2013)。
FDA授予了Keytruda突破性治疗药物资格,因为申请者通过初步临床证据证明这款药物可以提供与现有治疗药物相比的实质性进展。这款药物还获得优先审评资格及孤儿药资格。优先审评资格授予在上市申请提交时有潜力在严重疾病治疗中对安全性或有效性有明显改善的药物。孤儿药资格授予旨在治疗罕见疾病的药物。
FDA对Keytruda的批准是按加速批准计划进行的。这一计划可以让患者更早地获取有前景的新药,同时制药公司要进行验证性临床试验,因为在生存期或疾病相关症状方面的改善尚未确定。
Keytruda的疗效基于173名经过之前治疗后疾病又恶化的晚期黑色素瘤临床试验受试者。所有受试者均以Keytruda治疗,用药剂量为2mg/kg或更高剂量10 mg/kg。有一半受试者接受推荐剂量2mg/kg治疗,其中大约24%的患者肿瘤缩小。这种效果持续了至少1.4至8.5个月,而在大多数患者中,这种效果的持续时间超过了这一周期。以10mg/kg剂量接受治疗的患者中,有类似比例的患者其肿瘤出现缩小。
Keytruda的安全性基于由411名晚期黑色素瘤患者参与的临床试验。Keytruda最常见的副作用有疲劳、咳嗽、恶心、皮肤瘙痒、皮疹、食欲下降、便秘、关节疼痛(关节痛)和腹泻。Keytruda还可能有严重免疫介导副作用。在411名晚期黑色素瘤受试者中,涉及健康器官(包括肺、结肠、产生激素的腺体及肝脏)的严重免疫介导副作用的发生极其罕见。 Keytruda由位于新泽西州怀特豪斯的默沙东上市销售

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