BindRen(colestilan granules)是目前治疗高磷酸血症及降血脂和血糖最新药物
中文名称 考来替兰
CAS NO. 95522-45-5
中文别名 环氧氯丙烷-2-甲基咪唑共聚物
英文名称 Colestilan
英文别名 Colestilan chloride; Colestimide; Epichlorohydrin-2-methylimidazole copolymer
分子式 (C4H6N2)N(C3H5CLO)N
适应症：
慢性肾病第五期接受腹膜透析或者血液透析的成人患者的高磷酸血症、高胆固醇血症。
用法用量：首剂量是每天6 -9克(分2-3次服用)
Colestilan is a non-absorbed, non-calcium, non-metallic phosphate binding polymer developed by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation.
In the European Union, colestilan is indicated for hyperphosphataemia in adult patients in stage 5 CKD receiving haemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD). In Japan, colestilan is registered for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia and familial hypercholesterolaemia.
Colestilan is an anion exchange resin comprising long chain polymers and cross-linking oligomers of 2-methyl-1H-imidazole and epichlorohydrin. Colestilan is available in the European Union as tablets (1g), or film-coated granules, given as 2g or 3g sachets.

BindRen 2 g granules（完整资料附件：http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/28357）
BindRen 3 g granules
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1. Name of the medicinal product
BindRen 3 g granules
2. Qualitative and quantitative composition
Each sachet contains 3 g colestilan.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical form
Granules.
White, cylindrical, film-coated granules, each approximately 3.5 mm in length and 3 mm in diameter.
4. Clinical particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
BindRen is indicated for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia in adult patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Stage 5 receiving haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology
The recommended starting dose is 6-9 g per day (2-3 g three times daily).
Patients previously on other phosphate binders who are switched to BindRen should start taking 6-9 g per day (2-3 g three times daily).
Dose titration
Serum phosphorus concentrations should be monitored. If an acceptable serum phosphorus concentration is not achieved, the dose may be increased by 3 g per day (1 g three times daily) in 2-3 weekly intervals. The maximum daily dose of BindRen tested in clinical trials was 15 g per day (5 g three times daily).
Special populations
Elderly population
Experience from clinical studies in patients above the age of 75 years is very limited.
Renal impairment
BindRen is indicated for use in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Stage 5 receiving haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. No data on the use of BindRen in pre-dialysis patients are available.
Severe hepatic impairment
Patients with severe hepatic impairment were excluded from clinical studies. Therefore, the use of BindRen is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment (see also section 4.4). No data are available.
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of BindRen in children and adolescents aged under 18 years has not yet been established. No data are available.
Method of administration
BindRen is for oral use. Granules should be taken whole as one dose from the sachet.
The daily dose of BindRen granules should be taken in three equally divided doses with or immediately after meals with a sufficient amount of water to aid swallowing.
The division of the daily dose may be adjusted on a physician's advice taking into account the dietary intake of phosphate. Patients should be encouraged to adhere to their prescribed low phosphate diets.
Treatment of high blood phosphorus levels usually requires long-term treatment.
4.3 Contraindications
• Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
• Bowel obstruction.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
The safety and efficacy of BindRen has not been studied in patients with:
• Dysphagia or swallowing disorders
• Severe gastrointestinal disorders such as chronic or severe constipation, intestinal stenosis, intestinal diverticulum, sigmoid colitis, gastrointestinal ulcers, or recent major gastrointestinal surgery
• Biliary obstruction
• Severe hepatic impairment (see also section 4.2)
• Seizure disorders
• Recent history of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients
• Serum albumin <30 g/L
Therefore, the use of BindRen is not recommended in patients with these disorders.
Hyperparathyroidism
BindRen alone is not indicated for the control of hyperparathyroidism.
Intestinal obstruction and ileus/subileus
In very rare cases, intestinal obstruction and ileus/subileus have been observed in patients during treatment with BindRen. Constipation may be a preceding symptom. Patients who are constipated should be monitored carefully while being treated with BindRen. In patients who develop severe constipation or other severe gastrointestinal symptoms, alternative treatment may need to be considered.
Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
Caution should be exercised when treating patients with conditions which predispose to gastrointestinal haemorrhage, such as recent history of gastrointestinal haemorrhage, gastrointestinal ulcers, gastritis, diverticulosis, colitis and haemorrhoids.
Hypocalcaemia/hypercalcaemia
Patients with renal insufficiency may develop hypocalcaemia or hypercalcaemia. BindRen does not contain calcium, and has no effect on serum calcium concentrations on treatment for up to one year. Serum calcium concentrations should be monitored as a normal follow-up of a dialysis patient. Elemental calcium should be given as a supplement in case of hypocalcaemia.
Fat-soluble vitamins
BindRen did not induce any clinically relevant reduction in the absorption of vitamins A, D, E or K during clinical studies of up to one year. However, caution should be exercised when treating patients with a susceptibility to vitamin K or fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, such as patients with malabsorption syndromes and patients treated with coumarin anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin). In these patients, monitoring of vitamin A, D and E concentrations or assessing vitamin K status through the measurement of coagulation parameters is recommended and the vitamins should be supplemented if necessary.
Folate deficiency
BindRen did not induce a clinically relevant reduction in folate absorption during clinical studies of up to one year. However, intestinal folate absorption may be impaired during long-term treatment of BindRen. In these patients, monitoring serum folate status and supplementation with folic acid should be considered.
Hypothyroidism
Close monitoring of patients with hypothyroidism is recommended when levothyroxine is co-administered with BindRen (see section 4.5).
Systemic ion balance
BindRen binds phosphate and bile acid, with the release of chloride which is available for systemic absorption. Changes in systemic ion balance with an increase in chloride and decrease in bicarbonate are therefore possible. However, BindRen did not induce any clinically relevant change in chloride and bicarbonate on treatment for up to one year.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
BindRen is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract but may affect the bioavailability or absorption rate of other medicinal products. In addition, reduced bioavailability of other medicinal products by changes in enterohepatic circulation, for example, steroid hormones with potential impairment of the effectiveness of oral contraceptives, have been reported for medicinal products with a similar mechanism of action to BindRen. When administering any medicinal product where a reduction in the bioavailability could have a clinically relevant effect on safety or efficacy, the medicinal product should be administered at least 1 hour before, or 3 hours after taking BindRen. Concomitant treatment with medicinal products with a narrow therapeutic window requires close monitoring of drug concentrations or adverse reactions, on initiation or dose-adjustment of either BindRen or the concomitant medicinal product.
Interaction studies have been conducted in healthy volunteers. Interactions have not been studied at doses >9 g daily, and greater interaction effects at higher doses of BindRen cannot be excluded.
Single dose interaction studies demonstrated that the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin, warfarin and enalapril were not affected when co-administered with BindRen (6-9 g/day). BindRen lowered the bioavailability of digoxin by 16% and Cmax by 17%, and the Cmax of enalapril by 27%.
Due to the high in vitro binding potential between BindRen and levothyroxine, closer monitoring of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in patients receiving BindRen and levothyroxine is recommended.
No in vivo data are available on the possible interaction of BindRen on the absorption of the immunosuppressant medicinal products mycophenolate mofetil, ciclosporin or tacrolimus. However, decreased blood concentrations have been reported for medicinal products with a similar mechanism of action to BindRen. Caution should be exercised when prescribing BindRen to patients receiving immunosuppressants.
Patients with seizure disorders were excluded from clinical trials with BindRen. Caution should be exercised when prescribing BindRen to patients also taking anti-seizure medicinal products.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
BindRen is not absorbed and is not systemically available. No direct effects of BindRen are thus anticipated. However, other effects of BindRen may affect pregnant and breast-feeding women or influence fertility, see sections 4.4 and 4.5.
Pregnancy
No data are available to assess the safety and efficacy in pregnant women.
Patients that become pregnant and where a benefit/risk assessment confirms continued treatment with BindRen, supplementation of vitamins may be required, see section 4.4.
Breast-feeding
No data are available to assess the safety and efficacy in breast-feeding women.
Patients that breast-feed and where a benefit/risk assessment confirms continued treatment with BindRen, supplementation of vitamins may be required, see section 4.4.
Fertility
No data are available to assess the potential influence of BindRen on fertility.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
BindRen has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
The Phase II and III clinical studies involving 1,410 patients with CKD Stage 5 on dialysis treated with BindRen for up to one year constituted the safety population. Patients received doses of up to 15 g per day, in three divided doses of 5 g.
Approximately 30% of patients experienced at least one adverse reaction. The most serious adverse reactions were gastrointestinal haemorrhage (uncommon) and constipation (common). The most frequently reported adverse reactions were nausea, dyspepsia and vomiting (all common). The frequency of adverse reactions increased with dose.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
A tabulated list of frequencies was defined using the following convention: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000) and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are ranked in order of decreasing seriousness.
Infections and infestations  
Uncommon:  Gastroenteritis
Endocrine disorders
Uncommon:  Hyperparathyroidism
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Common:  Hypocalcaemia, decreased appetite
Uncommon:  Folate deficiency, hypertriglyceridaemia, polydipsia
Rare:  Vitamin K deficiency, calciphylaxis, electrolyte imbalance, fluid overload
Psychiatric disorders 
Uncommon:  Insomnia
Nervous system disorders 
Uncommon:  Tremor, dizziness, headache, dysgeusia 
Cardiac disorders
Rare:  Coronary artery disease
Vascular disorders 
Uncommon:  Haematoma, hypotension
Gastrointestinal disorders
Common:  Constipation, abdominal pain, vomiting, abdominal distension, nausea, gastritis, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, flatulence, abdominal discomfort
Uncommon:  Gastrointestinal haemorrhage, oesophagitis, faecaloma, dysphagia, change in bowel habit, dry mouth
Rare:  Intestinal obstruction*
Hepatobiliary disorders
Uncommon:  Hepatic enzymes increased
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Uncommon:  Urticaria, rash, pruritus, dry skin
Rare:  Allergic dermatitis, guttae psoriasis
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Uncommon: Muscle spasm, musculoskeletal pain, arthralgia, back pain, pain in extremities
General disorders and administration site conditions
Uncommon: Asthenia
*A single case with a fatal outcome
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system (see details below).
United Kingdom:
www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
Ireland:
Pharmacovigilance Section
Irish Medicines Board
Kevin O'Malley House
Earlsfort Centre
Earlsfort Terrace
IRL - Dublin 2
Tel: +353 1 6764971
Fax: +353 1 6762517
Website: www.imb.ie
e-mail: imbpharmacovigilance@imb.ie.
4.9 Overdose
BindRen has been given to dialysis patients in doses up to 15 g/day for up to one year continuously with no cases of overdose. The potential risk of overdosing could include adverse reactions or a worsening of adverse reactions mentioned in section 4.8.
There are no known antidotes to BindRen.
5. Pharmacological properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: not yet assigned. ATC code: not yet assigned
BindRen contains colestilan. Colestilan is a non-absorbed, non-calcium, non-metallic phosphate-binding polymer. The binding sites become partially protonated in the stomach and interact through ionic and hydrogen bonding with both dietary phosphate anions and bile acids in the duodenum. By binding phosphate from food in the digestive tract, colestilan lowers the serum phosphorus concentration. Colestilan also binds bile acids, thereby lowering the serum LDL-cholesterol concentration. Changes in the bile acid pool in the gastrointestinal tract have also been observed to lower serum glucose. Colestilan may also bind uric acid in the gastrointestinal tract.
Three Phase III studies and two long term follow-up studies have been performed in patients with CKD Stage 5 on dialysis, in order to investigate efficacy and safety in this population.
Serum phosphorus
Fixed-dose study:
In a double-blind, 12-week fixed-dose study with five colestilan groups (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 g/day) and placebo, colestilan at 6 g/day and above demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in serum phosphorus level. The least squares mean reduction from baseline to week 12 as compared to placebo was 0.16, 0.21, 0.19 and 0.37 mmol/L at 6, 9, 12 and 15 g/day respectively.
Flexible-dose studies:
Two similar 12-week, open-label, flexible-dose studies followed by a 4-week double-blind withdrawal period (comparison to placebo) were performed. In the first study, the mean serum phosphorus level was 2.33 mmol/L at baseline and 1.96 mmol/L (mean reduction by 0.36 mmol/L) at week 12 on a colestilan mean daily dose of 11.5 g. Similarly in the second study, the mean serum phosphorus level was 2.44 mmol/L at baseline and 1.94 mmol/L at week 12 (mean reduction by 0.50 mmol/L) on a colestilan mean daily dose of 13.1 g. The rate of responders (either a reduction in serum phosphorus ≤ 1.78 mmol/L and/or a reduction from baseline ≥ 0.3 mmol/L) was 50.4 % and 43.8% in the two studies, respectively (placebo 30.8% and 26.3%, respectively).
Long-term studies:
Two long-term, open-label, flexible-dose studies demonstrated that serum phosphorus reduction was maintained for up to one year. After one year, the mean serum phosphorus level was 1.89 mmol/L with a significant reduction from baseline of 0.39 mmol/L and responder rate (phosphorus level <1.78 mmol/L) was 44%. A majority of patients received 12 or 15 g/day of colestilan in the long-term studies.
Serum calcium
In clinical studies, colestilan had no effect on serum calcium levels over a period of up to one year.
Serum calcium-phosphorus ion product
Calcium-phosphorus ion product was reduced by at least 0.48 mmol2/L2 at week 12 compared to placebo at doses ≥9 g/day in fixed-dose study and by 1.05 and 0.86 mmol2/L2 at week 12 in two flexible-dose studies. Colestilan reduced calcium-phosphorus ion product by 0.90 mmol2/L2 after one year.
Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH)
In most clinical studies, colestilan decreased serum PTH compared to baseline, and was statistically significant against placebo.
Serum cholesterol
Colestilan significantly reduced serum LDL-cholesterol by 17.8, 25.6, 29.4, 34.8 and 33.4% at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 g/day at week 12 compared to placebo in fixed-dose study, respectively. Colestilan also showed significant reductions from baseline by 35.3 and 30.1% at week 12 in two flexible-dose studies, and by 25.8% after one year in long-term studies. The reductions in LDL-cholesterol are also reflected in significant falls in total cholesterol.
Serum glycosylated haemoglobin A1c
In subjects with baseline HbA1c ≥7.0%, colestilan showed a reduction of between 0.36 to 1.38% at week 12 in the fixed-dose study, and by 0.94 and 0.91% at week 12 in the two flexible-dose studies. After one year of treatment, a reduction of 1.12% in HbA1c was observed.
Serum uric acid
Colestilan was also associated in dose-dependent reduction in serum uric acid, with a mean reduction of 43 micromol/L after one year of treatment.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
BindRen is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of healthy volunteers following oral administration of 14C-radiolabelled colestilan.
The results of in vitro testing suggest that medicinal products with anionic and/or lipophilic characteristics have a higher potential to bind to BindRen.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data reveal no direct special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, single- and repeated-dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential or toxicity to reproduction and development. However, reproductive toxicity studies were not conducted at doses higher than 2.5 times the human clinical dose, and the possible reproductive effects related to coagulation and bleeding have not been assessed.
Haemorrhage and increased clotting parameters (PT and aPTT) were evident in rats following repeat administration. These were considered to result from a deficiency of vitamin K following a reduction in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (see section 4.4).
6. Pharmaceutical particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Granule core
Purified water
Hydroxypropylcellulose
Silica, colloidal anhydrous
Castor oil, hydrogenated
Film-coating
Ethylcellulose
Hypromellose
Macrogol 8000
Triethyl citrate
Titanium dioxide
Talc
Cetyl alcohol
Sodium laurilsulfate
Castor oil, hydrogenated
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
3 years
6.4 Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Foil laminate (polyethylene terephthalate/polyethylene/aluminium foil/polyethylene/polyvinylidene chloride) sachets.
Each sachet contains 3g of granules.
Pack sizes:
30, 60 or 90 sachets per carton.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
No special requirements.
7. Marketing authorisation holder
Mitsubishi Pharma Europe Ltd.
Dashwood House
69 Old Broad Street
London
EC2M 1QS
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)207 065 5000
Fax: +44 (0)207 065 5050
Email: information@mitsubishi-pharma.eu
8. Marketing authorisation number(s)
EU/1/12/804/014-016
9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation
Date of first authorisation: 21 January 2013
10. Date of revision of the text
8 August 2013
Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu.