帕立骨化醇是一种选择性、第3代维生素D受体激活剂。商品名Zemplar，原研公司雅培，其活性成分帕立骨化醇的注射制剂于1998年4月17日由雅培公司在美国首次获准上市，用于预防和治疗与慢性肾病（现在指接受血液透析的慢性肾病患者）相关的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症，并于2002年9月在欧盟国家获得上市许可。
目前，该产品已在全球60余个国家上市应用。2005年FDA批准其活性维生素D治疗药物帕立骨化醇（paricalcitol，Zemplar）1、2和4mcg胶囊剂用于预防和治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（SHPT）。

Zemplar Soft Capsules 1mcg（http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/20464）
Zemplar Soft Capsules 2mcg
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1. Name of the medicinal product
Zemplar 2 microgram capsules, soft
2. Qualitative and quantitative composition
Each capsule of Zemplar 2 microgram contains 2 microgram of paricalcitol.
Excipient with known effect:
Each capsule of Zemplar 2 microgram contains 1.42 mg of ethanol.
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical form
Capsule, soft
2 micrograms capsule: oval, orange-brown soft capsule imprinted with  and ZF
4. Clinical particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Zemplar is indicated in adult patients for the prevention and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal insufficiency (chronic kidney disease Stages 3 and 4) and chronic renal failure (chronic kidney disease Stage 5) who are on haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Stages 3 and 4
Zemplar should be administered once a day, either daily or three times a week taken every other day.
Initial Dose
The initial dose is based on baseline intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels.
Table 1. Initial Dose

Baseline iPTH Level	Daily Dose	Three Times a Week Dose*
≤ 500 pg/mL (56 pmol/L)	1 microgram	2 micrograms
> 500 pg/mL (56 pmol/L)	2 micrograms	4 micrograms

* To be administered no more frequently than every other day
Dose Titration
Dosing must be individualised based on serum or plasma iPTH levels, with monitoring of serum calcium and serum phosphorus. Table 2 presents a suggested approach for dose titration.
Table 2. Dose Titration

iPTH Level Relative to Baseline	Dose Adjustment at 2 to 4 Week Intervals
	Daily Dose	Three Times a Week Dose1
The same or increased	Increase 1 microgram	Increase 2 micrograms
Decreased by < 30%
Decreased by ≥30%, ≤60%	Maintain	Maintain
Decreased > 60%	Decrease2 1 microgram	Decrease2 2 micrograms

1 To be administered no more frequently than every other day.
2 If a patient is taking the lowest dose on the daily or three times a week regimen, and a dose reduction is needed, dosing frequency can be decreased.
Serum calcium levels should be closely monitored after initiation of the treatment and during dose titration periods. If hypercalcemia or a persistently elevated calcium- phosphate product greater than 55 mg2/dL2 (4.4 mmol2 /L2) is observed, the dose of calcium based phosphate binders should be reduced or withheld. Alternatively, the dose of Zemplar may be reduced or temporarily interrupted. If interrupted, the drug should be restarted at a lower dose, when serum calcium and calcium- phosphate product are in the target range.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Stage 5
Zemplar should be administered three times a week every other day.
Initial Dose
The initial dose of Zemplar in micrograms is based on a baseline iPTH level (pg/mL)/60 [(pmol/L)/7], up to an initial maximum dose of 32 micrograms.
Dose Titration
Subsequent dosing should be individualised and based on iPTH, serum calcium and phosphorus levels. A suggested dose titration of paricalcitol capsules is based on the following formula:

Serum calcium and phosphorus levels should be closely monitored after initiation, during dose titration periods, and with co-administration of strong P450 3A inhibitors. If an elevated serum calcium or elevated Ca x P is observed and the patient is on a calcium-based phosphate binder, the binder dose may be decreased or withheld, or the patient may be switched to a non-calcium-based phosphate binder.
If serum calcium > 11.0 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L) or Ca x P > 70 mg2/dL2 (5.6 mmol2/L2) or iPTH ≤ 150 pg/mL, the dose should be decreased by 2 to 4 micrograms with respect to that calculated by the most recent iPTH/60 (pg/mL) [iPTH/7 (pmol/L)]. If further adjustment is required, the dose of paricalcitol capsules should be reduced or interrupted until these parameters are normalised.
As iPTH approaches the target range (150-300 pg/mL), small, individualised dose adjustments may be necessary in order to achieve a stable iPTH. In situations where monitoring of iPTH, Ca or P occurs less frequently than once per week, a more modest initial and dose titration ratio may be warranted.
Special Populations
Hepatic Impairment:
No dose adjustment is required in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment.
There is no experience in patients with severe hepatic impairment (see Section 5.2).
Paediatric population:
The safety and efficacy of Zemplar Capsules in children under the age of 18 years have not yet been established
Currently available data are described in section 5.1 but no recommendation on a posology can be made.
Elderly:
No overall differences in safety and effectiveness were observed between elderly patients (65 – 75 years) with regard to younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
Method of administration
Zemplar can be taken with or without food.
4.3 Contraindications
Paricalcitol should not be given to patients with evidence of vitamin D toxicity, hypercalcaemia, or hypersensitivity to paricalcitol or any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Over suppression of parathyroid hormone may result in elevations of serum calcium levels and may lead to low-turnover bone disease. Patient monitoring and individualised dose titration is required to reach appropriate physiological endpoints.
If clinically significant hypercalcaemia develops and the patient is receiving a calcium-based phosphate binder, the dose of the calcium-based phosphate binder should be reduced or interrupted.
Chronic hypercalcaemia may be associated with generalized vascular calcification and other soft-tissue calcification.
Phosphate or vitamin D-related medicinal products should not be taken concomitantly with paricalcitol due to an increased risk of hypercalcaemia and Ca x P product elevation (see Section 4.5).
Digitalis toxicity is potentiated by hypercalcemia of any cause, so caution should be applied when digitalis is prescribed concomitantly with paricalcitol (see Section 4.5).
In pre-dialysis patients, paricalcitol, like other vitamin D receptor activators, may increase serum creatinine (and therefore decrease the estimated GFR [eGFR]) without changing true glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Caution should be exercised if co-administering paricalcitol with ketoconazole (see Section 4.5).
Warning for excipients:
This medicinal product contains small amounts of ethanol (alcohol), less than 100 mg per 1 mcg, 2 mcg and 4 mcg capsule which may be harmful to those suffering from alcoholism (refer to sections 2 and 4.2). To be taken into account in pregnant or breast-feeding women, children and high risk groups such as patients with liver disease or epilepsy.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Ketoconazole: Ketoconazole is known to be a nonspecific inhibitor of several cytochrome P450 enzymes. The available in vivo and in vitro data suggest that ketoconazole may interact with enzymes that are responsible for the metabolism of paricalcitol and other vitamin D analogs. Caution should be taken while dosing paricalcitol with ketoconazole.The effect of multiple doses of ketaconazole administered as 200 mg, twice daily (BID) for 5 days on the pharmacokinetics of paricalcitol capsule has been studied in healthy subjects. The Cmax of paricalcitol was minimally affected, but AUC0-∞ approximately doubled in the presence of ketoconazole. The mean half-life of paricalcitol was 17.0 hours in the presence of ketoconazole as compared to 9.8 hours, when paricalcitol was administered alone (see PRECAUTIONS Section 4.4). The results of this study indicate that following either oral or intravenous administration of paricalcitol the maximum amplification of the paricalcitol AUCINF from a drug interaction with ketoconazole is not likely to be greater than about two-fold.
Specific interaction studies were not performed. Digitalis toxicity is potentiated by hypercalcaemia of any cause, so caution should be applied when digitalis is prescribed concomitantly with paricalcitol.
Phosphate or vitamin D-related medicinal products should not be taken concomitantly with paricalcitol due to an increased risk of hypercalcaemia and Ca x P product elevation (see Section 4.4).
High doses of calcium-containing preparation or thiazide diuretics may increase the risk of hypercalcaemia.
Magnesium-containing preparations (e.g. antacids) should not be taken concomitantly with vitamin D preparations, because hypermagnesemia may occur.
Aluminium-containing preparations (e.g. antacids, phosphate-binders) should not be administered chronically with Vitamin D medicinal products, as increased blood levels of aluminium and aluminium bone toxicity may occur.
Drugs that impair intestinal absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, such as cholestyramine, may interfere with the absorption of Zemplar Capsules.
4.6 Pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
There are no adequate data on the use of paricalcitol in pregnant women. Animal studies have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). Potential risk in human use is not known, therefore paricalcitol should be not be used unless clearly necessary.
Breastfeeding
It is not known whether paricalcitol is excreted in human milk. Animal studies have shown excretion of paricalcitol or its metabolites in breast milk, in small amounts. A decision on whether to continue/discontinue breast-feeding or to continue/discontinue therapy with Zemplar should be made taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding to the child and the benefit of Zemplar therapy to the woman.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Zemplar has negligible influence on ability to drive and use machines.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Chronic Kidney Disease, Stages 3 and 4
The safety of paricalcitol capsules has been evaluated in three 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre clinical trials involving 220 CKD Stage 3 and 4 patients. There were no statistically significant differences between the paricalcitol-treated patients and placebo-treated patients in the incidence of hypercalcaemia Zemplar (2/106, 2 %) vs placebo (0/111, 0 %) or elevated calcium phosphate product Zemplar (13/106, 12%) vs placebo (7/111, 6%).
The most commonly reported adverse reaction for paricalcitol treated patients was rash, occurring in 2% of patients.
All adverse events at least possibly related to paricalcitol, both clinical and laboratory, are displayed in Table 3 by MedDRA System Organ Class, Preferred Term and frequency. The following frequency groupings are used: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Table 3. Adverse Reactions Reported in Stages 3 & 4 CKD Clinical Studies

System Organ Class	Preferred Term	Frequency
Investigations	Hepatic Enzyme Abnormal	Uncommon
Nervous system disorders	Dizziness Dysgeusia	Uncommon Uncommon
Gastrointestinal disorders	Stomach discomfort Constipation Dry mouth	Common Uncommon Uncommon
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	Rash Pruritus Urticaria	Common Uncommon Uncommon
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders	Muscle spasms	Uncommon
Immune system disorders	Hypersensitivity	Uncommon

Chronic Kidney Disease, Stage 5
The safety of paricalcitol capsules has been evaluated in one 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre clinical trial involving 88 CKD Stage 5 patients. There were no statistically significant differences between the paricalcitol-treated patients and placebo-treated patients in the incidence of hypercalcaemia Zemplar (1/61, 2%) vs placebo (0/26, 0.0%), or elevated calcium phosphate product Zemplar (6/61, 10%) vs placebo (1/26, 4%).
All adverse events at least possibly related to paricalcitol, both clinical and laboratory, are displayed in Table 4 by MedDRA System Organ Class, Preferred Term and frequency. The following frequency groupings are used: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Table 4. Adverse Reactions Reported in Stage 5 CKD pivotal phase III Study

System Organ Class	Preferred Term	Frequency
Nervous system disorders	Dizziness	Common
Gastrointestinal disorders	Diarrhoea Gastroesophageal reflux disease	Common Common
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	Acne	Common
Metabolism and nutrition disorders	Hypercalcaemia Hypocalcaemia Decreased appetite	Common Common Common
Reproductive system and breast disorders	Breast tenderness	Common

The following adverse reactions have been seen in clinical trials with Zemplar injection and in post marketing experience, including post-approval clinical trials with Zemplar Capsules.

System Organ Class	Preferred Term	Frequency
Investigations	Bleeding time prolonged, aspartate aminotransferase increased, laboratory test abnormal, weight decreased	Uncommon
	Blood creatinine increased*	Uncommon
	Calcium phosphate product increased	Common
Cardiac disorders	Cardiac arrest, arrhythmia, atrial flutter	Uncommon
Blood and lymphatic system disorders	Anaemia, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy	Uncommon
Nervous system disorders	Headache, dysgeusia	Common
	Coma, cerebrovascular accident, transient ischemic attack, syncope, myoclonus, hypoaesthesia, paraesthesia, dizziness	Uncommon
Eye disorders	Glaucoma, conjunctivitis	Uncommon
Ear and labyrinth disorders	Ear disorder	Uncommon
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders	Pulmonary oedema, asthma, dyspnoea, epistaxis, cough	Uncommon
Gastrointestinal disorders	Rectal haemhorrhage, colitis, diarrhoea, gastritis, dyspepsia, dysphagia, abdominal pain, constipation, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, gastrointestinal disorder	Uncommon
	Gastrointestinal haemorrhage	unknown
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	Pruritus	Common
	Bullous dermatitis, alopecia, hirsutism, rash, hyperhidrosis	Uncommon
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders	Arthralgia, joint stiffness, back pain, muscle twitching, myalgia	Uncommon
Endocrine Disorders	Hypoparathyrodism	Common
	Hyperparathyrodism	Uncommon
Metabolism and nutrition disorders	Hypercalcaemia, Hyperphosphataemia	Common
	Hyperkalaemia, hypocalcemia, anorexia,	Uncommon
Infections and infestations	Sepsis, pneumonia, infection , pharyngitis, vaginal infection, influenza	Uncommon
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps)	Breast cancer	Uncommon
Vascular disorders	Hypertension, hypotension	Uncommon
General disorders and administration site conditions	Gait disturbance, oedema, peripheral oedema, pain, injection site pain, pyrexia, chest pain, condition aggravated, asthenia, malaise, thirst	Uncommon
Immune system disorders	Hypersensitivity	Uncommon
	Laryngeal oedema, angioedema, urticaria	Not Known
Reproductive system and breast disorders	Breast pain, erectile dysfunction	Uncommon
Psychiatric disorders	Confusional state, delirium, depersonalization, agitation, insomnia, nervousness	Uncommon

*This adverse reaction has been observed in studies in predialysis patients (see also section 4.4).
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
4.9 Overdose
Excessive administration of Zemplar capsules can cause hypercalcaemia, hypercalciuria, hyperphosphataemia, and over suppression of parathyroid hormone. High intake of calcium and phosphate concomitant with Zemplar capsules may lead to similar abnormalities.
Treatment of patients with clinically significant hypercalcaemia consists of immediate dose reduction or interruption of paricalcitol therapy and includes a low calcium diet, withdrawal of calcium supplements, patient mobilisation, attention to fluid and electrolyte imbalances, assessment of electrocardiographic abnormalities (critical in patients receiving digitalis), and haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis against a calcium-free dialysate, as warranted.
Signs and symptoms of vitamin D intoxication associated with hypercalcaemia include:
Early: Weakness, headache, somnolence, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, muscle pain, bone pain and metallic taste.
Late: Anorexia, weight loss, conjunctivitis (calcific), pancreatitis, photophobia, rhinorrhoea, pruritis, hyperthermia, decreased libido, elevated BUN, hypercholesterolaemia, elevated AST and ALT, ectopic calcification, hypertension, cardiad arrhythmias, somnolence, death and rarely, overt psychosis.
Serum calcium levels should be monitored frequently until normocalcaemia ensues.
Paricalcitol is not significantly removed by dialysis.
5. Pharmacological properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Anti-parathyroid agents –ATC code: H05BX02.
Mechanism of Action
Paricalcitol is a synthetic, biologically active vitamin D analog of calcitriol with modifications to the side chain (D2) and the A (19-nor) ring. Unlike calcitriol, paricalcitol is a selective vitamin D receptor (VDR) activator. Paricalcitol selectively upregulates the VDR in the parathyroid glands without increasing VDR in the intestine and is less active on bone resorption. Paricalcitol also upregulates the calcium sensing receptor in the parathyroid glands. As a result, paricalcitol reduces parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels by inhibiting parathyroid proliferation and decreasing PTH synthesis and secretion, with minimal impact on calcium and phosphorus levels, and can act directly on bone cells to maintain bone volume and improve mineralization surfaces. Correcting abnormal PTH levels, with normalisation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, may prevent or treat the metabolic bone disease associated with chronic kidney disease.
Clinical Efficacy
Chronic Kidney Disease, Stages 3-4
The primary efficacy endpoint of at least two consecutive ≥ 30 % reductions from baseline iPTH was achieved by 91% of paricalcitol capsules-treated patients and 13% of the placebo patients (p<0.001). Serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase like serum osteocalcin were significantly reduced (p<0.001) in patients treated with paricalcitol capsules compared to placebo, which is associated with a correction of the high bone turnover due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. No deterioration in the kidney function parameters of estimated glomerular filtration rate (via MDRD formula) and serum creatinine was detected in paricalcitol capsules treated patients in comparison to placebo treated patients. Significantly more of paricalcitol capsules treated patients experienced a reduction in urinary protein, as measured by semiquantitative dipstick, compared to placebo treated patients.
Chronic kidney disease, Stage 5
The primary efficacy endpoint of at least two consecutive ≥ 30 % reductions from baseline iPTH was achieved by 88% of paricalcitol capsules treated patients and 13% of the placebo patients (p < 0.001).
Paediatric clinical data with Zemplar Injection (IV)
The safety and effectiveness of Zemplar IV were examined in a 12-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 29 pediatric patients, aged 5-19 years, with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. The six youngest Zemplar IV-treated patients in the study were 5 - 12 years old. The initial dose of Zemplar IV was 0.04 mcg/kg 3 times per week, based on baseline iPTH level of less than 500 pg/mL, or 0.08 mcg/kg 3 times a week based on baseline iPTH level of ≥ 500 pg/mL, respectively. The dose of Zemplar IV was adjusted in 0.04 mcg/kg increments based on the levels of serum iPTH, calcium, and Ca x P. 67% of the Zemplar IV-treated patients and 14% placebo-treated patients completed the trial. 60% of the subjects in the Zemplar IV group had 2 consecutive 30% decreases from baseline iPTH compared with 21% patients in the placebo group. 71% of the placebo patients were discontinued due to excessive elevations in iPTH levels. No subjects in either the Zemplar IV group or placebo group developed hypercalcaemia. No data are available for patients under the age of 5.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Paricalcitol is well absorbed. In healthy subjects, following oral administration of paricalcitol at 0.24 micrograms/kg, the mean absolute bioavailability was approximately 72%; the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 0.630 ng/mL (1.512 pmol/mL) at 3 hours and area under the concentration time curve (AUC0-∞) was 5.25 ng•h/mL (12.60 pmol•h/mL). The mean absolute bioavailability of paricalcitol in hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is 79% and 86%, respectively, with the upper bound of 95% confidence interval of 93% and 112%, respectively. A food interaction study in healthy subjects indicated that the Cmax and AUC0-∞ were unchanged when paricalcitol was administered with a high fat meal compared to fasting. Therefore, Zemplar Capsules may be taken without regard to food.
The Cmax and AUC0-∞ of paricalcitol increased proportionally over the dose range of 0.06 to 0.48 micrograms/kg in healthy subjects. Following multiple dosing, either as daily or three times a week in healthy subjects, steady-state exposure was reached within seven days.
Distribution
Paricalcitol is extensively bound to plasma proteins (> 99%). The ratio of blood paricalcitol to plasma paricalcitol concentration averaged 0.54 over the concentration range of 0.01 to 10 ng/mL (0.024 to 24 pmol/mL) indicating that very little drug associated with blood cells. The mean apparent volume of distribution following a 0.24 micrograms/kg dose of paricalcitol in healthy subjects was 34 litres.
Biotransformation
After oral administration of a 0.48 micrograms/kg dose of 3H-paricalcitol, parent drug was extensively metabolised, with only about 2% of the dose eliminated unchanged in the faeces, and no parent drug found in the urine. Approximately 70% of the radioactivity was eliminated in the faeces and 18% was recovered in the urine. Most of the systemic exposure was from the parent drug. Two minor metabolites, relative to paricalcitol, were detected in human plasma. One metabolite was identified as 24(R)-hydroxy paricalcitol, while the other metabolite was unidentified. The 24(R)-hydroxy paricalcitol is less active than paricalcitol in an in vivo rat model of PTH suppression.
In vitro data suggest that paricalcitol is metabolised by multiple hepatic and non-hepatic enzymes, including mitochondrial CYP24, as well as CYP3A4 and UGT1A4. The identified metabolites include the product of 24(R)-hydroxylation, as well as 24,26- and 24,28-dihydroxylation and direct glucuronidation.
Elimination
In healthy subjects, the mean elimination half-life of paricalcitol is five to seven hours over the studied dose range of 0.06 to 0.48 micrograms/kg. The degree of accumulation was consistent with the half-life and dosing frequency. Haemodialysis procedure has essentially no effect on paricalcitol elimination.
Special Populations
Elderly
The pharmacokinetics of paricalcitol have not been investigated in patients greater than 65 years.
Paediatric
The pharmacokinetics of paricalcitol have not been investigated in patients less than 18 years of age.
Gender
The pharmacokinetics of paricalcitol following single doses over 0.06 to 0.48 micrograms/kg dose range were gender independent.
Hepatic Impairment
In a study performed with Zemplar intravenous, the disposition of paricalcitol (0.24 micrograms/kg) was compared in patients with mild (n = 5) and moderate (n = 5) hepatic impairment (in accordance with the Child-Pugh method) and subjects with normal hepatic function (n = 10). The pharmacokinetics of unbound paricalcitol was similar across the range of hepatic function evaluated in this study. No dosing adjustment is required in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. The influence of severe hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of paricalcitol has not been evaluated.
Renal Impairment
Paricalcitol pharmacokinetics following single dose administration were characterised in patients with CKD Stage 3 or moderate renal impairment (n = 15, GFR = 36.9 to 59.1 mL/min/1.73 m2), CKD Stage 4 or severe renal impairment (n = 14, GFR = 13.1 to 29.4 mL/min/1.73 m2), and CKD 5 or end-stage renal disease [n = 14 in haemodialysis (HD) and n = 8 in peritoneal dialysis (PD)]. Similar to endogenous 1,25(OH)2 D3, the pharmacokinetics of paricalcitol following oral administration were affected significantly by renal impairment, as shown in Table 5. Compared to healthy subjects results obtained, Chronic Kidney Disease, Stage 3, 4, and 5 patients showed decreased CL/F and increased half-life.
Table 5. Comparison of Mean ± SD Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Different Stages of Renal Impairment versus Healthy Subjects

Pharmacokinetic Parameter	Healthy Subjects	CKD Stage 3	CKD Stage 4	CKD Stage 5
				HD	PD
n	25	15	14	14	8
Dose (micrograms/kg)	0.240	0.047	0.036	0.240	0.240
CL/F (L/h)	3.6 ± 1.0	1.8 ± 0.5	1.5 ± 0.4	1.8 ± 0.8	1.8 ± 0.8
t½ (h)	5.9 ± 2.8	16.8 ± 2.6	19.7 ± 7.2	13.9 ± 5.1	17.7 ± 9.6
fu* (%)	0.06 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.01	0.07 ± 0.02	0.09 ± 0.04	0.13 ± 0.08

* Measured at 15 nM paricalcitol concentration.
Following oral administration of paricalcitol capsules, the pharmacokinetic profile of paricalcitol for Chronic kidney disease, Stages 3 to 5 was comparable. Therefore, no special dosing adjustments are required other than those recommended (see section 4.2).
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Salient findings in the repeat-dose toxicology studies in rodents and dogs were generally attributed to paricalcitol's calcaemic activity. Effects not clearly related to hypercalcaemia included decreased white blood cell counts and thymic atrophy in dogs, and altered APTT values (increased in dogs, decreased in rats). WBC changes were not observed in clinical trials of paricalcitol.
Paricalcitol did not affect fertility in rats and there was no evidence of teratogenic activity in rats or rabbits. High doses of other vitamin D preparations applied during pregnancy in animals lead to teratogenesis. Paricalcitol was shown to affect fetal viability, as well as to promote a significant increase of peri-natal and post-natal mortality of newborn rats, when administered at maternally toxic doses.
Paricalcitol did not exhibit genotoxic potential in a set of in-vitro and in-vivo genotoxicity assays.
Carcinogenicity studies in rodents did not indicate any special risks for human use.
Doses administered and/or systemic exposures to paricalcitol were slightly higher than therapeutic doses/systemic exposures.
6. Pharmaceutical particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Capsule contents:
Medium chain triglycerides
Ethanol
Butylhydroxytoluene
Capsule shell:
2 microgram
Gelatin
Glycerol
Water
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Iron oxide red (E172)
Iron oxide yellow (E172)
Black Ink:
Propylene glycol
Black iron oxide (E172)
Polyvinyl acetate phthalate
Macrogol 400
Ammonium hydroxide
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
2 years
6.4 Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles closed with child-resistant polypropylene caps. Each bottle contains 30 capsules.
PVC/fluoropolymer/aluminium blister strips containing 7 capsules. Each carton contains 1 or 4 blister strips. Packaged in outer cartons containing either 7 or 28 capsules.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
No special requirements.
7. Marketing authorisation holder
AbbVie Ltd.,
Abbott House
Vanwall Business Park
Vanwall Road
Maidenhead
Berkshire
SL6 4XE
United Kingdom
8. Marketing authorisation number(s)
PL 41042/0012
9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation
20 January 2012
10. Date of revision of the text
09 May 2014
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产地国家: 德国
原产地英文商品名:
ZEMPLAR 1MCG/CAP 28CAPS/BOTTLE
原产地英文药品名:
PARICALCITOL
中文参考商品译名:
ZEMPLAR 1微克/胶囊 28胶囊/盒
中文参考药品译名:
帕立骨化醇
生产厂家中文参考译名:
ABBVIE
生产厂家英文名:
ABBVIE
------------------------------------------------
产地国家: 德国
原产地英文商品名:
ZEMPLAR 2MCG/CAP 28CAPS/BOTTLE
原产地英文药品名:
PARICALCITOL
中文参考商品译名:
ZEMPLAR 2微克/胶囊 28胶囊/盒
中文参考药品译名:
帕立骨化醇
生产厂家中文参考译名:
ABBVIE
生产厂家英文名:
ABBVIE