新型抗癌药Farydak（帕比司他 panobinostat，LBH589）胶囊获美国FDA批准上市
2015年2月23日，美国FDA批准帕比司他(Panobinostat；商品名Farydak)用于多发性骨髓瘤患者治疗。多发性骨髓瘤是一种血液肿瘤，起因于 骨髓中发现的一种血浆白细胞。据美国国家癌症研究所提供的信息，每年大约有2.17万美国人被确诊患有多发性骨髓瘤，有1.071万人会死于这种疾病。
Farydak（panobinostat）是一种新型、广谱组蛋白脱乙酰酶（HDAC）抑制剂，具有一种新的作用机制，通过阻断组蛋白脱乙酰酶（HDAC）发挥作用，该药能够对癌细胞施以严重的应激直至其死亡，而健康细胞则不受影响。
FDA的药品评价和研究中心血液学和肿瘤产品室主任Richard Pazdur，M.D.说：“Farydak 有一种新作用机制不同于以前被批准的治疗多发性骨髓瘤药物，使它是一种潜在诱人的为多发性骨髓瘤的治疗备选药，” “Farydak对被批准是特别重要因为它曾减慢多发性骨髓瘤的进展。”

HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use FARYDAK safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for FARYDAK.
FARYDAK® (panobinostat)capsules, for oral use
Initial U.S. Approval: 2015
WARNING: FATAL AND SERIOUS TOXICITIES: SEVERE DIARRHEA AND CARDIAC TOXICITIES See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.
Severe diarrhea occurred in 25% of FARYDAK treated patients. Monitor for symptoms, institute anti-diarrheal treatment, interrupt FARYDAK and then reduce dose or discontinue FARYDAK. (5.1)
Severe and fatal cardiac ischemic events, severe arrhythmias, and ECG changes have occurred in patients receiving FARYDAK. Arrhythmias may be exacerbated by electrolyte abnormalities. Obtain ECG and electrolytes at baseline and periodically during treatment as clinically indicated. (5.2)
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
FARYDAK, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone, is indicated for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least 2 prior regimens, including bortezomib and an immunomodulatory agent. This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on progression free survival. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in confirmatory trials. (1)
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
20 mg, taken orally once every other day for 3 doses per week (on Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 12) of Weeks 1 and 2 of each 21-day cycle for 8 cycles (2.1)
Consider continuing treatment for an additional 8 cycles for patients with clinical benefit, unless they have unresolved severe or medically significant toxicity (2.1)
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
Capsules: 10 mg, 15 mg, and 20 mg (3)
CONTRAINDICATIONS
None (4)
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
Hemorrhage: Fatal and serious cases of gastrointestinal and pulmonary hemorrhage. Monitor platelet counts and transfuse as needed. (5.3)
Hepatotoxicity: Monitor hepatic enzymes and adjust dosage if abnormal liver function tests are observed during FARYDAK therapy. (5.6)
Embryo-Fetal Toxicity: can cause fetal harm. Advise women of the potential hazard to the fetus and to avoid pregnancy while taking FARYDAK. (5.7)
ADVERSE REACTIONS
The most common adverse reactions (incidence of at least 20%) in clinical studies are diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, peripheral edema, decreased appetite, pyrexia, and vomiting. (6.1)
The most common non-hematologic laboratory abnormalities (incidence ≥ 40%) are hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and increased creatinine. The most common hematologic laboratory abnormalities (incidence ≥60%) are thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia, and anemia. (6.1)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation at 1-888-669-6682 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors: Reduce FARYDAK dose. (7.1)
Strong CYP3A4 inducers: Avoid concomitant use with FARYDAK. (7.2)
Sensitive CYP2D6 substrates: Avoid concomitant use with FARYDAK. (7.3)
Anti-arrhythmic drugs/QT-prolonging drugs: Avoid concomitant use. (7.4)
USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
Hepatic Impairment: Hepatic impairment can increase panobinostat exposure. Reduce FARYDAK dose in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Avoid use in patients with severe hepatic impairment. (8.6)
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION and Medication Guide.
Revised: 2/2015
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
FARYDAK, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone, is indicated for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least 2 prior regimens, including bortezomib and an immunomodulatory agent. This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on progression free survival [see Clinical Studies (14.1)]. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in confirmatory trials.
2  DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Recommended Dosing
The recommended starting dose of FARYDAK is 20 mg, taken orally once every other day for 3 doses per week in Weeks 1 and 2 of each 21-day cycle for up to 8 cycles. Consider continuing treatment for an additional 8 cycles for patients with clinical benefit who do not experience unresolved severe or medically significant toxicity. The total duration of treatment may be up to 16 cycles (48 weeks). FARYDAK is administered in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone as shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
The recommended dose of bortezomib is 1.3 mg/m2 given as an injection. The recommended dose of dexamethasone is 20 mg taken orally per scheduled day, on a full stomach.
Table 1: Recommended Dosing Schedule of FARYDAK in Combination

21-Day Cycle
Cycles 1 to 8 (3-Week cycles)	Week 1 Days							Week 2 Days							Week 3
FARYDAK	1		3		5			8		10		12			Rest period
Bortezomib	1			4				8			11				Rest period
Dexamethasone	1	2		4	5

Table 2: Recommended Dosing Schedule of FARYDAK in Combination

21-Day Cycle
Cycles 9 to 16 (3-Week cycles)	Week 1 Days							Week 2 Days							Week 3
FARYDAK	1		3		5			8		10		12			Rest period
Bortezomib	1							8							Rest period
Dexamethasone	1	2

2.2  Administration and Monitoring Instructions
FARYDAK should be taken orally once on each scheduled day at about the same time, either with or without food [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
FARYDAK capsules should be swallowed whole with a cup of water. Do not open, crush, or chew the capsules [see How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16)].
If a dose is missed it can be taken up to 12 hours after the specified dose time. If vomiting occurs the patient should not repeat the dose, but should take the next usual scheduled dose.
Counsel patients on the correct dosing schedule, technique of administration of FARYDAK, and when to take FARYDAK if dosing adjustments are made.
Prior to the start of FARYDAK treatment and during treatment, monitoring should include:
Complete Blood Count (CBC): Obtain a CBC before initiating treatment. Verify that the baseline platelet count is at least 100 x 109/L and the baseline absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is at least 1.5 x 109/L. Monitor the CBC weekly (or more often as clinically indicated) during treatment. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
ECG: Perform an ECG prior to the start of therapy and repeat periodically during treatment as clinically indicated. Verify that the QTcF is less than 450 msec prior to initiation of treatment with FARYDAK. If during treatment with FARYDAK, the QTcF increases to ≥480 msec, interrupt treatment. Correct any electrolyte abnormalities. If QT prolongation does not resolve, permanently discontinue treatment with FARYDAK [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2), Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. During the clinical trial, ECGs were performed at baseline and prior to initiation of each cycle for the first 8 cycles.
Serum Electrolytes: Obtain electrolytes, including potassium and magnesium, at baseline and monitor during therapy. Correct abnormal electrolyte values before treatment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2), Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. During the trial, monitoring was conducted prior to the start of each cycle, at Day 11 of cycles 1 to 8, and at the start of each cycle for cycles 9 to 16.
For additional information please refer to the bortezomib and dexamethasone prescribing information.
2.3 Dose Adjustments and Modifications for Toxicity
Dose and/or schedule modification of FARYDAK may be required based on toxicity. Management of adverse drug reactions may require treatment interruption and/or dose reductions. If dose reduction is required, the dose of FARYDAK should be reduced in increments of 5 mg (i.e., from 20 mg to 15 mg, or from 15 mg to 10 mg). If the dosing of FARYDAK is reduced below 10 mg given 3 times per week, discontinue FARYDAK. Keep the same treatment schedule (3-week treatment cycle) when reducing dose. The table also lists Bortezomib (BTZ) dose modification procedures from the clinical trials.
Table 3: Dose Modifications for Most Common Toxicities 

Thrombocytopenia	Platelets <50 x 109/L CTCAE Grade 3		Platelets <50 x 109/L with bleeding CTCAE Grade 3	Platelets <25 x 109/L CTCAE Grade 4
	Maintain FARYDAK dose. Monitor platelet counts at least weekly.		Interrupt FARYDAK. Monitor platelet counts at least weekly until ≥50 x 109/L, then restart at reduced dose	Interrupt FARYDAK. Monitor platelet counts at least weekly until ≥50 x 109/L, then restart at reduced dose
	Maintain BTZ dose		- Interrupt BTZ until thrombocytopenia resolves to ≥ 75 x 109/L - If only 1 dose was omitted prior to correction to these levels, restart BTZ at same dose - If 2 or more doses were omitted consecutively, or within the same cycle, BTZ should be restarted at a reduced dose
Neutropenia	ANC 0.75 to 1.0 x 109/L CTCAE Grade 3	ANC 0.5 to 0.75 x 109/L CTCAE Grade 3 (2 or more occurrences)	ANC <1.0 x 109/L (CTCAE Grade 3) with febrile Neutropenia (any grade)	ANC <0.5 x 109/L CTCAE Grade 4
	Maintain FARYDAK dose.	Interrupt FARYDAK until ANC ≥1.0 x 109/L, then restart at same dose	Interrupt FARYDAK until febrile neutropenia resolves and ANC ≥1.0 x 109/L, then restart at reduced dose	Interrupt FARYDAK until ANC ≥1.0 x 109/L, then restart at reduced dose
	Maintain BTZ dose		- Interrupt BTZ until febrile neutropenia resolves and ANC ≥1.0 x 109/L - If only 1 dose was omitted prior to correction to these levels, restart BTZ at same dose - If 2 or more doses were omitted consecutively, or within the same cycle, BTZ should be restarted at a reduced dose
Anemia	Hb <8 g/dL CTCAE Grade 3
	Interrupt FARYDAK until Hb ≥10 g/dL Restart at reduced dose.
Diarrhea	Moderate Diarrhea 4 to 6 stools/day CTCAE Grade 2		Severe Diarrhea (≥7 stools/day) IV fluids or hospitalization required CTCAE Grade 3	Life-threatening Diarrhea CTCAE Grade 4
	Interrupt FARYDAK until resolved. Restart at same dose.		Interrupt FARYDAK until resolved. Restart at reduced dose.	Permanently discontinue FARYDAK
	Consider Interruption of BTZ until resolved. Restart at same dose.		Interrupt BTZ until resolved. Restart at reduced dose.	Permanently discontinue BTZ
Nausea or Vomiting	Severe Nausea CTCAE Grade 3/4		Severe / Life-threatening Vomiting CTCAE Grade 3/4
	Interrupt FARYDAK until resolved, then restart at reduced dose.		Interrupt FARYDAK until resolved, then restart at reduced dose.

BTZ = bortezomib
ANC = absolute neutrophil count
Hb = hemoglobin
IV = intravenous
Myelosuppression
Interrupt or reduce the dose of FARYDAK in patients who have thrombocytopenia, neutropenia or anemia according to instructions in Table 3. For patients with severe thrombocytopenia, consider platelet transfusions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Discontinue FARYDAK treatment if thrombocytopenia does not improve despite the recommended treatment modifications or if repeated platelet transfusions are required.
In the event of Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, consider dose reduction and/or the use of growth factors (e.g., G-CSF). Discontinue FARYDAK if neutropenia does not improve despite dose modifications, colony-stimulating factors, or in case of severe infection.
Gastrointestinal Toxicity
Gastrointestinal toxicity is common in patients treated with FARYDAK. Patients who experience diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting may require treatment interruption or dose reduction (Table 3). At the first sign of abdominal cramping, loose stools, or onset of diarrhea, patients should be treated with anti-diarrheal medication (e.g., loperamide). Consider and administer prophylactic anti-emetics as clinically indicated.
Other Adverse Drug Reactions
For patients experiencing Grade 3/4 adverse drug reactions other than thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, or gastrointestinal toxicity, the recommendation is the following:
CTC Grade 2 toxicity recurrence and CTC Grade 3 and 4 - omit the dose until recovery to CTC Grade 1 or less and restart treatment at a reduced dose
CTC Grade 3 or 4 toxicity recurrence, a further dose reduction may be considered once the adverse events have resolved to CTC Grade 1 or less.
2.4  Dose Modifications for Use in Hepatic Impairment
Reduce the starting dose of FARYDAK to 15 mg in patients with mild hepatic impairment and 10 mg in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. Avoid use in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Monitor patients frequently for adverse events and adjust dose as needed for toxicity [see Dosing and Administration (2.2), Warnings and Precautions (5.6), Hepatic Impairment (8.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
2.5 Dose Modifications for Use with Strong CYP3A Inhibitors
Reduce the starting dose of FARYDAK to 10 mg when coadministered with strong CYP3A inhibitors (e.g., boceprevir, clarithromycin, conivaptan, indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, lopinavir/ritonavir) [see Drug Interactions (7.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
3  DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
Capsules: 10 mg, 15 mg, and 20 mg
10 mg: Size #3 light green opaque capsule, radial markings on cap with black ink “LBH 10 mg” and two radial bands with black ink on body, containing white to almost white powder.
15 mg: Size #1 orange opaque capsule, radial markings on cap with black ink “LBH 15 mg” and two radial bands with black ink on body, containing white to almost white powder.
20 mg: Size #1 red opaque capsule, radial markings on cap with black ink “LBH 20 mg” and two radial bands with black ink on body, containing white to almost white powder.
4  CONTRAINDICATIONS
None 
5  WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1  Diarrhea
Severe diarrhea occurred in 25% of patients treated with FARYDAK [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Diarrhea of any grade occurred in 68% of patients treated with FARYDAK compared to 42% of patients in the control arm. Diarrhea can occur at any time. Monitor patient hydration status and electrolyte blood levels, including potassium, magnesium and phosphate, at baseline and weekly (or more frequently as clinically indicated) during therapy and correct to prevent dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. Initiate anti-diarrheal medication at the onset of diarrhea. Interrupt FARYDAK at the onset of moderate diarrhea (4 to 6 stools per day) [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)]. Ensure that patients initiating therapy with FARYDAK have anti-diarrheal medications on hand.
5.2    Cardiac Toxicities
Severe and fatal cardiac ischemic events, as well as severe arrhythmias, and electrocardiogram (ECG) changes occurred in patients receiving FARYDAK. Arrhythmias occurred in 12% of patients receiving FARYDAK, compared to 5% of patients in the control arm. Cardiac ischemic events occurred in 4% of patients treated with FARYDAK compared with 1% of patients in the control arm. Do not initiate FARYDAK treatment in patients with history of recent myocardial infarction or unstable angina.
Electrocardiographic abnormalities such as ST-segment depression and T-wave abnormalities also occurred more frequently in patients receiving FARYDAK compared to the control arm: 22% versus 4% and 40% versus 18%, respectively. FARYDAK may prolong cardiac ventricular repolarization (QT interval). Do not initiate treatment with FARYDAK in patients with a QTcF >450 msec or clinically significant baseline ST-segment or T-wave abnormalities. Arrhythmias may be exacerbated by electrolyte abnormalities. If during treatment with FARYDAK, the QTcF increases to ≥480 msec, interrupt treatment. Correct any electrolyte abnormalities. If QT prolongation does not resolve, permanently discontinue treatment with FARYDAK.
Obtain ECG at baseline and periodically during treatment as clinically indicated. Monitor electrolytes during treatment with FARYDAK and correct abnormalities as clinically indicated.
5.3 Hemorrhage
Fatal and serious hemorrhage occurred during treatment with FARYDAK. In the clinical trial in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma, 5 patients receiving FARYDAK compared to 1 patient in the control arm died due to a hemorrhagic event. All 5 patients had grade ≥3 thrombocytopenia at the time of the event. Grade 3/4 hemorrhage was reported in 4% of patients treated with the FARYDAK arm and 2% of patients in the control arm.
5.4  Myelosuppression
 FARYDAK causes myelosuppression, including severe thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and anemia. In the clinical trial in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma, 67% of patients treated with FARYDAK developed Grade 3 to 4 thrombocytopenia compared with 31% in the control arm. Thrombocytopenia led to treatment interruption and or dose modification in 31% of patients receiving FARYDAK compared to 11% of patients in the control arm. For patients receiving FARYDAK, 33% required platelet transfusion compared to 10% of patients in the control arm [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].
Severe neutropenia occurred in 34% of patients treated with FARYDAK, compared to 11% of patients in the control arm. Neutropenia led to treatment interruption and or dose modification in 10% of patients receiving FARYDAK. The use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) was higher in patients treated with FARYDAK compared to the control arm, 13% compared to 4%, respectively.
Obtain a baseline CBC and monitor the CBC weekly during treatment (or more frequently if clinically indicated). Dose modifications are recommended for Myelosuppression [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)]. Monitor CBCs more frequently in patients over 65 years of age due to the increased frequency of myelosuppression in these patients [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)].
5.5 Infections
Localized and systemic infections, including pneumonia, bacterial infections, invasive fungal infections, and viral infections have been reported in patients taking FARYDAK. Severe infections occurred in 31% of patients (including 10 deaths) treated with FARYDAK compared with 24% of patients (including 6 deaths) in the control arm. Infections of all grades occurred at a similar rate between arms. FARYDAK treatment should not be initiated in patients with active infections. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of infections during treatment; if a diagnosis of infection is made, institute appropriate anti-infective treatment promptly and consider interruption or discontinuation of FARYDAK.
5.6 Hepatotoxicity
Hepatic dysfunction, primarily elevations in aminotransferases and total bilirubin, occurred in patients treated with FARYDAK. Liver function should be monitored prior to treatment and regularly during treatment. If abnormal liver function tests are observed dose adjustments may be considered and the patient should be followed until values return to normal or pretreatment levels [see Dosage and Administration (2.4), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
5.7 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity
FARYDAK can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Panobinostat was teratogenic in rats and rabbits. If FARYDAK is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking FARYDAK, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].
Advise females of reproductive potential to avoid becoming pregnant while taking FARYDAK. Advise sexually-active females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception while taking FARYDAK and for at least 1 month after the last dose of FARYDAK.
Advise sexually active men to use condoms while on treatment and for 3 months after their last dose of FARYDAK [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)].
6  ADVERSE REACTIONS
The following adverse reactions are described in detail in other sections of the label:
Diarrhea [see Warnings and Precaution (5.1)]
Cardiac Toxicities [see Warnings and Precaution (5.2)]
Hemorrhage [see Warnings and Precaution (5.3)]
Myelosuppression [see Warnings and Precaution (5.4)]
Infections [see Warnings and Precaution (5.5)]
Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precaution (5.6)]
Embryo-Fetal Toxicity [see Warnings and Precaution (5.7)]
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
The safety data reflect subject exposure to FARYDAK from a clinical trial, in which 758 subjects with relapsed multiple myeloma received FARYDAK in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone or placebo in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone (referred to as the control arm). The median duration of exposure to FARYDAK was 5 months with 16% of patients exposed to study treatment for ≥48 weeks.
Serious adverse events (SAEs) occurred in 60% of patients in the FARYDAK, bortezomib, and dexamethasone compared to 42% of patients in the control arm. The most frequent (≥5%) treatment-emergent SAEs reported for patients treated with FARYDAK were pneumonia (18%), diarrhea, (11%), thrombocytopenia (7%), fatigue (6%), and sepsis (6%).
Adverse reactions that led to discontinuation of FARYDAK occurred in 36% of patients. The most common adverse reactions leading to treatment discontinuations were diarrhea, fatigue, and pneumonia.
Deaths occurred in 8% of patients in the FARYDAK arm versus 5% on the control arm. The most frequent causes of death were infection and hemorrhage.
Table 4 summarizes the adverse reactions occurring in at least 10% of patients with ≥ 5% greater incidence in the FARYDAK arm, and Table 5 summarizes the treatment-emergent laboratory abnormalities.
Table 4: Adverse Reactions (≥10% Incidence and ≥5% Greater Incidence in FARYDAK-Arm) in Patients with Multiple Myeloma 

Primary System Organ Class Preferred term	FARYDAK, BTZ [1], Dex [2] N=381 All grades %	FARYDAK, BTZ [1], Dex [2] N=381 Grade 3/4 %	Placebo, BTZ [1], Dex [2] N=377 All grades %	Placebo, BTZ [1], Dex [2] N=377 Grade 3/4 %
Cardiac disorders
Arrhythmia[3]	12	3	5	2
Gastrointestinal disorders
Diarrhea	68	25	42	8
Nausea	36	6	21	1
Vomiting	26	7	13	1
General disorders and administration site conditions
Fatigue[4]	60	25	42	12
Peripheral edema	29	2	19	<1
Pyrexia	26	1	15	2
Investigations
Weight decreased	12	2	5	1
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Decreased appetite	28	3	12	1

[1] BTZ = bortezomib
[2] Dex = dexamethasone
[3] Arrhythmia includes the terms: arrhythmia, arrhythmia supraventricular, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, cardio-respiratory arrest, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, supraventricular extra-systoles, tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmia, and ventricular tachycardia
[4] Fatigue includes the terms: fatigue, malaise, asthenia, and lethargy
Other Adverse Reactions
Other notable adverse drug reactions of FARYDAK not described above, which were either clinically significant, or occurred with a frequency less than 10% but had a frequency in the FARYDAK arm greater than 2% over the control arm in the multiple myeloma clinical trial are listed below:
Infections and infestations: hepatitis B.
Endocrine disorders: hypothyroidism.
Metabolism and nutrition disorders: hyperglycemia, dehydration, fluid retention, hyperuricemia, hypomagnesemia.
Nervous system disorders: dizziness, headache, syncope, tremor, dysgeusia.
Cardiac disorders: palpitations.
Vascular disorders: hypotension, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension.
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: cough, dyspnea, respiratory failure, rales, wheezing.
Gastrointestinal disorders: abdominal pain, dyspepsia, gastritis, cheilitis, abdominal distension, dry mouth, flatulence, colitis, gastrointestinal pain.
Skin and subcutaneous disorders: skin lesions, rash, erythema.
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: joint swelling.
Renal and urinary disorders: renal failure, urinary incontinence.
General disorders and administration site conditions: chills.
Investigations: blood urea increased, glomerular filtration rate decreased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased.
Psychiatric disorders: insomnia.
Table 5: Treatment-emergent Laboratory Abnormalities (≥10% Incidence and ≥5% Greater Incidence in FARYDAK-arm) in Patients with Multiple Myeloma 

Investigations	FARYDAK, BTZ[1], Dex[2] N=381 Any grade %	FARYDAK, BTZ[1], Dex[2] N=381 Grade 3/4 %	Placebo, BTZ[1], Dex[2] N=377 Any grade %	Placebo, BTZ[1], Dex[2] N=377 Grade 3/4 %
Hematology
Thrombocytopenia	97	67	83	31
Anemia	62	18	52	19
Neutropenia	75	34	36	11
Leukopenia	81	23	48	8
Lymphopenia	82	53	74	40
Chemistry
Blood creatinine increased	41	1	23	2
Hypokalemia	52	18	36	7
Hypophosphatemia	63	20	45	12
Hyponatremia	49	13	36	7
Hyperbilirubinemia	21	1	13	<1
Hypocalcemia	67	5	55	2
Hypoalbuminemia	63	2	38	2
Hyperphosphatemia	29	2	20	<1
Hypermagnesemia	27	5	14	1

[1] BTZ = bortezomib
[2] Dex = dexamethasone
Fatigue and Asthenia
Grade 1 to Grade 4 asthenic conditions (fatigue, malaise, asthenia, and lethargy) were reported in 60% of the patients in the FARYDAK arm compared to 42% of patients in the control arm. Grade ≥3 asthenic conditions were reported in 25% of the patients in the FARYDAK arm compared to 12% of patients in the control arm. Asthenic conditions led to treatment discontinuation in 6% of patients in the FARYDAK arm versus 3% of patients in the control arm.
The prespecified sub-group upon which the efficacy and safety of FARYDAK was based had a similar adverse reaction profile to the entire safety population of patients treated with FARYDAK, bortezomib, and dexamethasone.
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
Panobinostat is a CYP3A substrate and inhibits CYP2D6. Panobinostat is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter system substrate.
7.1  Agents that May Increase FARYDAK Blood Concentrations
CYP3A Inhibitors: Coadministration of FARYDAK with a strong CYP3A inhibitor increased the Cmax and AUC of panobinostat by 62% and 73% respectively, compared to when FARYDAK was given alone [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Reduce dose to 10 mg when coadministered with strong CYP3A inhibitors (e.g., boceprevir, clarithromycin, conivaptan, indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, lopinavir/ritonavir, nefazodone, nelfinavir, posaconazole, ritonavir, saquinavir, telaprevir, telithromycin, voriconazole) [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)]. Instruct patients to avoid star fruit, pomegranate or pomegranate juice, and grapefruit or grapefruit juice because these foods are known to inhibit CYP3A enzymes.
7.2 Agents that May Decrease FARYDAK Plasma Concentrations
CYP3A Inducers: Coadministration of FARYDAK with strong CYP3A inducers was not evaluated in vitro or in a clinical trial however, a reduction in panobinostat exposure is likely. An approximately 70% decrease in the systemic exposure of panobinostat in the presence of strong inducers of CYP3A was observed in simulations using mechanistic models. Therefore, the concomitant use of strong CYP3A inducers should be avoided [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
7.3 Agents whose Plasma Concentrations May be Increased by FARYDAK
CYP2D6 Substrates: FARYDAK increased the median Cmax and AUC of a sensitive substrate of CYP2D6 by approximately 80% and 60%, respectively; however this was highly variable [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Avoid coadministrating FARYDAK with sensitive CYP2D6 substrates (i.e., atomoxetine, desipramine, dextromethorphan, metoprolol, nebivolol, perphenazine, tolterodine, and venlafaxine) or CYP2D6 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index (i.e., thioridazine, pimozide). If concomitant use of CYP2D6 substrates is unavoidable, monitor patients frequently for adverse reactions.
7.4 Drugs that Prolong QT interval
Concomitant use of anti-arrhythmic medicines (including, but not limited to amiodarone, disopyramide, procainamide, quinidine and sotalol) and other drugs that are known to prolong the QT interval (including, but not limited to chloroquine, halofantrine, clarithromycin, methadone, moxifloxacin, bepridil and pimozide) is not recommended. Anti-emetic drugs with known QT prolonging risk, such as dolasetron, ondansetron, and tropisetron can be used with frequent ECG monitoring [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1  Pregnancy
Risk Summary
FARYDAK can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Panobinostat was teratogenic in rats and rabbits. If FARYDAK is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, apprise the patient of the potential hazard to the fetus.
Data
Animal Data
In embryofetal development studies, panobinostat was administered orally 3 times per week during the period of organogenesis to pregnant rats (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) and rabbits (10, 40, and 80 mg/kg). In rats, maternal toxicity including death was observed at doses greater than or equal to 100 mg/kg/day. Embryofetal toxicities occurred at 30 mg/kg (the only dose with live fetuses) and consisted of fetal malformations and anomalies, such as cleft palate, short tail, extra presacral vertebrae, and extra ribs. The dose of 30 mg/kg resulted in exposures (AUCs) approximately 3-fold the human exposure at the human dose of 20 mg. In rabbits, maternal toxicity including death was observed at doses greater than or equal to 80 mg/kg. Increased pre- and/or post-implantation loss occurred at all doses tested. Embryofetal toxicities included decreased fetal weights at doses greater than or equal to 40 mg/kg and malformations (absent digits, cardiac interventricular septal defects, aortic arch interruption, missing gallbladder, and irregular ossification of skull) at 80 mg/kg. The dose of 40 mg/kg in rabbits results in systemic exposure approximately 4-fold the human exposure and the dose of 80 mg/kg results in exposure 7-fold the human exposure, at the human dose of 20 mg.
8.2 Lactation
Risk Summary
It is not known whether FARYDAK is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse drug reactions in nursing infants, decide whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential
Embryofetal toxicity including malformations occurred in embryofetal development studies in rats [see Pregnancy (8.1)].
Pregnancy Testing
Perform pregnancy testing in women of childbearing potential prior to starting treatment with FARYDAK and intermittently during treatment with FARYDAK.
Contraception
Females
FARYDAK can cause fetal harm. Advise females of reproductive potential to avoid becoming pregnant while taking FARYDAK. Advise sexually-active females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception while taking FARYDAK and for at least 1 month after the last dose of FARYDAK. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if they become pregnant, or if pregnancy is suspected, while taking FARYDAK [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
Males
Advise sexually active men to use condoms while on treatment and for 3 months after their last dose of FARYDAK.
8.4 Pediatric Use
The safety and efficacy of FARYDAK in children has not been established.
8.5 Geriatric Use
In clinical trials of FARYDAK in patients with multiple myeloma, 42% of patients were 65 years of age or older.
Patients over 65 years of age had a higher frequency of selected adverse events and of discontinuation of treatment due to adverse events. In patients over 65 years of age, the incidence of deaths not related to disease progression was 9% in patients ≥65 years of age compared to 5 % in patients <65.
In the randomized clinical trial in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma, no major differences in effectiveness were observed in older patients compared to younger patients. Adverse reactions leading to permanent discontinuation occurred in 45% of patients ≥65 years of age in the FARYDAK treatment arm compared to 30% of patients <65 years age in the FARYDAK treatment arm. Monitor for toxicity more frequently in patients over 65 years of age, especially for gastrointestinal toxicity, myelosuppression, and cardiac toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.4)].
8.6 Hepatic Impairment
The safety and efficacy of FARYDAK in patients with hepatic impairment has not been evaluated.
In a pharmacokinetic trial, patients with mild (bilirubin ≤1xULN and AST >1xULN, or bilirubin >1.0 to 1.5x ULN and any AST) or moderate (bilirubin >1.5x to 3.0x ULN, any AST) hepatic impairment (NCI-ODWG criteria) had increased AUC of panobinostat by 43% and 105%, respectively. Reduce the starting dose of FARYDAK in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Avoid use in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Monitor patients with hepatic impairment frequently for adverse events [see Dosage and Administration (2.4), Warnings and Precautions (5.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
8.7 Renal Impairment
Mild [creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≥50 to <80 mL/min] to severe renal impairment (CrCl <30 mL/min) did not impact the plasma exposure of panobinostat. FARYDAK has not been studied in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) or patients on dialysis. The dialyzability of panobinostat is unknown [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
10  OVERDOSAGE
There is limited experience with overdosage. Expect exaggeration of adverse reactions observed during the clinical trial, including hematologic and gastrointestinal reactions such as thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and anorexia. Monitor cardiac status including ECGs, and assess and correct electrolytes. Consider platelet transfusions for thrombocytopenic bleeding. It is not known if FARYDAK is dialyzable.
11 DESCRIPTION
FARYDAK (panobinostat lactate) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor.
The chemical name of panobinostat lactate is 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, compd. with 2-(E)-N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[[2-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino]methyl]phenyl]-2-propenamide (1:1).
The structural formula is:

Panobinostat lactate anhydrous is a white to slightly yellowish or brownish powder. The molecular formula is C21H23N3O2•C3H6O3 (lactate); its molecular weight is 439.51 (as a lactate), equivalent to 349.43 (free base). Panobinostat lactate anhydrous is light sensitive. Panobinostat lactate anhydrous is both chemically and thermodynamically a stable crystalline form with no polymorphic behavior. Panobinostat free base is not chiral and shows no specific optical rotation. Panobinostat lactate anhydrous is slightly soluble in water. Solubility of panobinostat lactate anhydrous is pH-dependent, with the highest solubility in buffer pH 3.0 (citrate).
FARYDAK capsules contain 10 mg, 15 mg, or 20 mg panobinostat free base. The inactive ingredients are magnesium stearate, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose and pregelatinized starch. The capsules contain gelatin, FD&C Blue 1 (10 mg capsules), yellow iron oxide (10 mg and 15 mg capsules), red iron oxide (15 mg and 20 mg capsules) and titanium dioxide.
12  CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
FARYDAK is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that inhibits the enzymatic activity of HDACs at nanomolar concentrations. HDACs catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from the lysine residues of histones and some non-histone proteins. Inhibition of HDAC activity results in increased acetylation of histone proteins, an epigenetic alteration that results in a relaxing of chromatin, leading to transcriptional activation. In vitro, panobinostat caused the accumulation of acetylated histones and other proteins, inducing cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis of some transformed cells. Increased levels of acetylated histones were observed in xenografts from mice that were treated with panobinostat. Panobinostat shows more cytotoxicity towards tumor cells compared to normal cells.
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
Cardiac Electrophysiology
FARYDAK may prolong cardiac ventricular repolarization (QT interval) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. In the randomized multiple myeloma trial, QTc prolongation with values between 451 msec to 480 msec occurred in 10.8% of FARYDAK treated patients. Events with values of 481 msec to 500 msec occurred in 1.3% of FARYDAK treated patients. A maximum QTcF increase from baseline of between 31 msec and 60 msec was reported in 14.5% of FARYDAK treated patients. A maximum QTcF increase from baseline of >60 msec was reported in 0.8% of FARYDAK treated patients. No episodes of QTcF prolongation >500 msec have been reported with the dose of 20 mg FARYDAK in the randomized multiple myeloma trial conducted in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone. Pooled clinical data from over 500 patients treated with single agent FARYDAK in multiple indications and at different dose levels has shown that the incidence of CTC Grade 3 QTc prolongation (QTcF >500 msec) was approximately 1% overall and 5% or more at a dose of 60 mg or higher.
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
The absolute oral bioavailability of FARYDAK is approximately 21%. Peak concentrations of panobinostat are observed within 2 hours (Tmax) of oral administration in patients with advanced cancer. FARYDAK exhibits an approximate dose proportional increase in both Cmax and AUC over the dosing range.
Plasma panobinostat Cmax and AUC0–48 were approximately 44% and 16% lower compared to fasting conditions, respectively, following ingestion of an oral FARYDAK dose 30 minutes after a high-fat meal by 36 patients with advanced cancer. The median Tmax was also delayed by 2.5 hours in these patients.
The aqueous solubility of panobinostat is pH dependent, with higher pH resulting in lower solubility [see Description (11)]. Coadministration of FARYDAK with drugs that elevate the gastric pH was not evaluated in vitro or in a clinical trial; however, altered panobinostat absorption was not observed in simulations using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models.
Distribution
Panobinostat is approximately 90% bound to human plasma proteins in vitro and is independent of concentration. Panobinostat is a P-gp substrate.
Metabolism
Panobinostat is extensively metabolized. Pertinent metabolic pathways involved in the biotransformation of panobinostat are reduction, hydrolysis, oxidation, and glucuronidation processes. The fraction metabolized through CYP3A accounts for approximately 40% of the total hepatic panobinostat elimination. In vitro, additional contributions from the CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 pathways are minor. In vitro, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B4 contribute to the glucuronidation of panobinostat.
Elimination
Twenty-nine percent to 51% of administered radioactivity is excreted in urine and 44% to 77% in the feces after a single oral dose of [14C] panobinostat in 4 patients with advanced cancer. Unchanged panobinostat accounted for <2.5% of the dose in urine and <3.5% of the dose in feces with the remainder consisting of metabolites.
An oral clearance (CL/F) and terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of approximately 160 L/hr and 37 hours, respectively, was estimated using a population based pharmacokinetic (pop-PK) model in patients with advanced cancer. An inter-subject variability 65% on the clearance estimate was also reported. Up to 2-fold accumulation was observed with chronic oral dosing in patients with advanced cancer.
Specific Populations
Population pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses of FARYDAK indicated that body surface area, gender, age, and race do not have a clinically meaningful influence on clearance.
Hepatic Impairment: The effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of panobinostat was evaluated in a phase 1 study in 24 patients with advanced cancer with varying degrees of hepatic impairment. In patients with NCI-CTEP class mild (i.e., Group B) and moderate (i.e., Group C) hepatic impairment, AUC0-inf increased 43% and 105% compared to the group with normal hepatic function, respectively. The relative change in Cmax followed a similar pattern. The effect of severe hepatic impairment was indeterminate in this study due to the small sample size (n=1). A dose modification is recommended for patients with mild and moderate hepatic impairment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].
Renal Impairment: The effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of panobinostat was assessed in a phase 1 trial of 37 patients with advanced cancer and varying degrees of renal impairment. Panobinostat AUC0–inf in the mild, moderate and severe renal impairment groups were 64%, 99% and 59%, of the normal group, respectively. The relative change in Cmax followed a similar pattern [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].
Drug Interactions:
Strong CYP3A Inhibitors: Coadministration of a single 20 mg FARYDAK dose with ketoconazole (200 mg twice daily for 14 days) increased the Cmax and AUC0–48 of panobinostat by 62% and 73% respectively, compared to when FARYDAK was given alone in 14 patients with advanced cancer. Tmax was unchanged. A modified starting dose is recommended [see Dose and Administration (2.4), Drug Interactions (7.1)].
Strong CYP3A Inducers: The human oxidative metabolism of panobinostat via the cytochrome P450 system primarily involves CYP3A isozymes. Simulations using PBPK models, predicted an approximately 70% decrease in the systemic exposure of panobinostat in the presence of strong inducers of CYP3A. Avoid coadministration of FARYDAK with strong CYP3A inducers [see Drug Interactions (7.2)].
CYP2D6 Substrates: Coadministration of a single 60 mg dextromethorphan (DM) dose with FARYDAK (20 mg once per day, on Days 3, 5, and 8) increased the Cmax and AUC0–∞ of DM by 20% to 200% and 20% to 130% (interquartile ranges), respectively, compared to when DM was given alone in 14 patients with advanced cancer. These DM exposures were extremely variable (CV% >150%). Avoid coadministration of FARYDAK with sensitive CYP2D6 substrates or CYP2D6 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index [see Drug Interactions (7.3)].
CYP3A Substrates: Simulations using PBPK models predict that an exposure increase of less than 10% for the sensitive CYP3A substrate midazolam is likely following coadministration with panobinostat. The clinical implications of this finding are not known.
In vitro studies with CYP or UDPglucuronosyltransferase (UGT) substrates:
Panobinostat inhibits CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 (time-dependent), but does not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2E. Panobinostat does not induce CYP1A1/2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8/9/19, CYP3A and UGT1A1.
In vitro studies with drug transporter system substrates:
Panobinostat inhibits OAT3, OCT1, OCT2, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, but does not inhibit P-gp and breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP), or OAT1.
Panobinostat does not induce P-gp and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) transporters.
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with panobinostat.
Panobinostat was mutagenic in the Ames assay, and caused endo-reduplication (increased number of chromosomes) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro and DNA damage in an in vitro COMET assay in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells.
FARYDAK may impair male and female fertility. In an oral fertility study conducted in rats, 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg doses of panobinostat were administered to females 3 times weekly (Days 1, 3, and 5) for 2 weeks prior to mating, then during the mating period, and on gestation Days 0, 3, and 6. An increase in early resorption and/or post-implantation loss in female rats were observed at doses ≥10 mg/kg. Number of pregnancies was reduced at doses ≥30 mg/kg. Prostate atrophy accompanied by reduced secretory granules, and testicular degeneration, oligospermia and increased epididymal debris were observed in repeated dose oral toxicity studies in dogs, e.g., in the 4-week study at the dose of 1.5 mg/kg. These effects were not completely reversed following a 4-week nondosing period.
13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
Adverse findings observed in animals and not reported (or reported with low incidence) in patients treated with panobinostat include thyroid, bone marrow, and skin findings. Thyroid hormone changes in oral studies in rats and dogs included decreases in triodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Histopathology changes of the thyroid included decreases in follicular colloid and epithelial vacuolation, and increases in thyroid follicular hypertrophy. A benign thyroid follicular cell adenoma was also seen in 1 rat in the 26-week study. Bone marrow findings in one or both species included hyperostosis, plasmacytosis, increased number of granulocytic cells, and presence of abnormal cytoplasmic granulation. Osseous metaplasia of the lung and skin hyperplasia and papilloma were observed in dogs in the 39-week study.
14 CLINICAL STUDIES
14.1 Relapsed Multiple Myeloma
The efficacy and safety of FARYDAK in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone was evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma who had received 1 to 3 prior lines of therapy.
Patients received bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2 injected intravenously) with dexamethasone (20 mg) in addition to FARYDAK 20 mg (or placebo), taken orally every other day, for 3 doses per week in Weeks 1 and 2 of each 21-day cycle. Treatment was administered for a maximum of 16 cycles (48 weeks).
A total of 768 patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either the combination of FARYDAK, bortezomib, dexamethasone (n=387) or placebo, bortezomib, dexamethasone (n=381), stratified by prior use of bortezomib and the number of prior lines of anti-myeloma therapy. Demographics and baseline disease characteristics were balanced between arms. The median age was 63 years (range 28 to 84); 42% of patients were older than 65 years; 53% of patients were male; Caucasians comprised 65% of the study population, Asians 30%, and blacks 3%. The ECOG performance status was 0 to 1 in 93% of patients. The median number of prior therapies was 1; 48% of patients received 2 or 3 prior lines of therapy. More than half (57%) of the patients had prior stem cell transplantation. The most common prior antineoplastic therapies were corticosteroids (90%), melphalan (80%), thalidomide (53%), cyclophosphamide (47%), bortezomib (44%), and lenalidomide (19%). The median duration of follow-up was 29 months in both arms.
The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), using modified European Bone Marrow Transplant Group (EBMT) criteria, as assessed by the investigators. In the overall trial population, the median PFS (95% CI) was 12 months (10.3, 12.9) in the FARYDAK, bortezomib, dexamethasone arm and 8.1 months (7.6, 9.2) in the placebo, bortezomib, dexamethasone arm, [HR: 0.63 (95% CI: 0.52, 0.76)]. At the time of interim analysis, overall survival was not statistically different between arms. The approval of FARYDAK was based upon the efficacy and safety in a prespecified subgroup analysis of 193 patients who had received prior treatment with both bortezomib and an immunomodulatory agent and a median of 2 prior therapies as the benefit:risk appeared to be greater in this more heavily pretreated population than in the overall trial population. Of these 193 patients, 76% of them had received ≥2 prior lines of therapy. The median PFS (95% CI) was 10.6 months (7.6, 13.8) in the FARYDAK, bortezomib, and dexamethasone arm and 5.8 months (4.4, 7.1) in the placebo, bortezomib, and dexamethasone arm [HR: 0.52 (0.36, 0.76]. Efficacy results are summarized in Table 6 and the Kaplan- Meier curves for PFS are provided in Figure 1.
Table 6: Efficacy Results from the Multiple Myeloma Trial in Patients who Received Prior Treatment with Bortezomib and an Immunomodulating Agent

FARYDAK bortezomib and dexamethasone N=94	Placebo bortezomib and dexamethasone N=99
Progression-free Survival
Median, months [95% CI]	10.6 [7.6, 13.8]	5.8 [4.4, 7.1]
Hazard ratio [95% CI]1	0.52 (0.36, 0.76)

1 Hazard ratio obtained from stratified Cox model
Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier Plot of Progression-Free Survival in Patients with Multiple Myeloma who Received Prior Treatment with Both Bortezomib and an Immunomodulatory Agent
In the subgroup of patients who had received prior treatment with both bortezomib and an immunomodulatory agent (n=193), the overall response rate using modified EBMT criteria was 59% in the FARYDAK, bortezomib, and dexamethasone arm and 41% in the placebo, bortezomib, and dexamethasone arm. Response rates are summarized in Table 7.
Table 7: Response Rates

FARYDAK bortezomib and dexamethasone N=94	Placebo bortezomib and dexamethasone N=99
Overall response	55 (58.5%)	41 (41.4%)
[95% CI]	(47.9, 68.6)	(31.6, 51.8)
Complete response	8 (8.5%)	2 (2.0%)
Near complete response	13 (13.8%)	7 (7.1%)
Partial response	34 (36.2%)	32 (32.3%)

15 REFERENCES
1. OSHA Hazardous Drugs. OSHA. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardousdrugs/index.html
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
How Supplied
FARYDAK 10 mg: Size # 3 light green opaque capsule, radial markings on cap with black ink “LBH 10 mg” and two radial bands with black ink on body, containing white to almost white powder.
FARYDAK 15 mg: Size #1 orange opaque capsule, radial markings on cap with black ink “LBH 15 mg” and two radial bands with black ink on body, containing white to off-white powder.
FARYDAK 20 mg: Size #1 red opaque capsule, radial markings on cap with black ink “LBH 20 mg” and two radial bands with black ink on body, containing white to off-white powder.
FARYDAK capsules are packaged in PVC/PCTFE blister packs.
10 mg
Blister packs containing 6 capsules ………………………….…….NDC 0078-0650-06
15 mg
Blister packs containing 6 capsules ………………………….…….NDC 0078-0651-06
20 mg
Blister packs containing 6 capsules ………………………….…….NDC 0078-0652-06
Storage and Handling
Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F), excursions permitted between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F). Store blister pack in original carton to protect from light.FARYDAK capsules should not be opened, crushed, or chewed. Direct contact of the powder in FARYDAK capsules with the skin or mucous membranes should be avoided. If such contact occurs wash thoroughly. Personnel should avoid exposure to crushed and/or broken capsules.
FARYDAK is a cytotoxic drug. Follow special handling and disposal procedures [see References (15)1].
17  PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Dosing and Administration
Instruct patients to take FARYDAK exactly as prescribed and not to change their dose or to stop taking FARYDAK unless they are told to do so by their healthcare provider. If a patient misses a dose, advise them to take their dose as soon possible and up to 12 hours after the specified dose time. If vomiting occurs advise the patient not to repeat the dose, but to take the next usual prescribed dose on schedule.
Cardiac Toxicity/Electrocardiographic Changes
Inform patients to report chest pain or discomfort, changes in heart beat (fast or slow), palpitations, lightheadedness, fainting, dizziness, blue discoloration of lips, shortness of breath, and swelling of lower limbs or skin as these may be warning signs of a heart problem.
Bleeding Risk
Inform patients that FARYDAK is associated with thrombocytopenia. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider right away if they experience any signs of bleeding and inform patients that it might take longer than usual for them to stop bleeding. Advise patients of the need to monitor blood chemistry and hematology prior to the start of FARYDAK therapy and periodically thereafter.
Infections
Inform patients of the risk of neutropenia and severe and life-threatening infections. Instruct patients to contact their physician immediately if they develop a fever and/or any exhibit any signs of infection.
Gastrointestinal Toxicities
Inform patients that FARYDAK can cause severe nausea, vomiting and diarrhea which may require medication for treatment. Advise patients to contact their physician at the start of diarrhea, for persistent vomiting, or signs of dehydration. Inform patients to consult with their physicians prior to using medications with laxative properties.
Pregnancy
Inform patients that FARYDAK can cause fetal harm. Advise women of reproductive potential to avoid pregnancy while taking FARYDAK. Advise women of reproductive potential to use effective contraception while taking FARYDAK and for at least 1 month after the last dose of the drug.
Advise sexually active men to use condoms while receiving FARYDAK and for at least 3 months following the last dose of the drug.
首个HDAC抑制剂Farydak获得FDA批准上市，用于治疗复发的多发性骨髓瘤
诺华HDAC抑制剂Farydak（panobinostat，LBH589）获得FDA批准，治疗复发的多发性骨髓瘤
2月23日，美国FDA批准诺华的HDAC抑制剂Farydak（通用名：panobinostat）上市，用于和硼替佐米、地塞米松联合使用，治疗之前接受过硼替佐米和一种免疫调节剂治疗但复发的多发性骨髓瘤。Farydak是首个获得FDA批准用于治疗多发性骨髓瘤的HDAC抑制剂。
组蛋白的乙酰化和去乙酰化修饰是基因转录调控的关键机制之一。前者由组蛋白乙酰转移酶（HAT）调控，后者通过组蛋白去乙酰化酶（HDACs）完成。HAT促使染色体的解聚，激活转录；而HDACs则封闭DNA，抑制转录过程。HAT/HDACs平衡的紊乱使基因表达失控，引起包括肿瘤、特发性肺纤维化（IPF）、慢性肾脏疾病、心力衰竭、系统性硬化等多种疾病。因为对肿瘤细胞的迁移、侵袭、和转移，以及肿瘤血管生成都起着重要作用，HDACs在过去二十年一直是一个热门的抗癌分子靶点。在Farydak之前，美国FDA已经在2006年10月和2009年11月分别批准了Vorinostat和Romidepsin两个HDAC抑制剂，用于治疗皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤（CTCL）。Farydak是第3个获得FDA批准上市的HDAC抑制剂，但是首个获批用于治疗多发性骨髓瘤的HDAC抑制剂。
多年来 HDAC抑制剂一直受到制药企业的青睐，但其临床结果却不尽人意。随着尤其是免疫疗法等颠覆性产品的出现，HDAC抑制剂渐渐淡出抗癌药开发的主流。目前开发的HDAC抑制剂结构上主要分为四类，它们分别是脂肪酸、氧肟酸、环肽、和苯酰胺的衍生物。这些化合物的成药性都不是最好。比如Farydak和Vorinostat都属氧肟酸类HDAC抑制剂，这类化合物通常在体内代谢快，半衰期较短，口服生物利用度较难优化。美国FDA的抗肿瘤专家小组在2014年11月审核了Farydak的申报材料，但认为其治疗多发性骨髓瘤的疗效并不明显超越毒副作用的风险，不推荐批准上市。诺华随后又补充了Farydak的申报材料，进一步限制了本品的治疗范围。FDA据此批准了Farydak和硼替佐米以及地塞米松的三联方案用于治疗之前至少接受过2次治疗但复发的多发性骨髓瘤患者，其中1次采用硼替佐米化疗，另一次采用免疫调节剂治疗。
支持本次FDA决定的主要是一个含有193位受试者参与的积极临床结果。这些患者之前都至少接受过硼替佐米和一种免疫调节剂治疗过，但又复发的多发性骨髓瘤病人。在这个实验中，Farydak/硼替佐米/地塞米松三联组合治疗组和硼替佐米/地塞米松二联组合对照组相比，无进展生存期（PFS）从对照组的5.8个月延长至三联组合治疗组的10.6个月。应答率也从对照组的41%提高到三联组合的59%。
虽然Farydak的三联方案获得FDA批准，但笔者认为其商业前景并不乐观。首先Farydak伴有黑框警告，提醒医务人员和患者Farydak治疗组发生过严重腹泻、严重甚至致命性的心血管事件、心律失常、以及心电图（ECG）发生变化等严重不良事件。因为这些风险，Farydak被列入FDA的“风险评估和应对计划”（Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy，REMS）。
其次，Farydak三联方案虽然和硼替佐米/地塞米松对照组相比延长了患者的无进展生存期，但还没有获得总生存期的数据，癌症治疗的最终目标还是总生存期的改善，而象最近药源讨论的来那度胺/地塞米松组合能明显延长患者的生存期。第三，Farydak本次获批的适应症是多发性骨髓瘤的三线用药，市场有限。而已经披露的临床数据显示，Farydak/硼替佐米/地塞米松组合和目前一线多发性骨髓瘤药物相比不具优势，临床开发潜力有限。