新型通便剂Moventig获欧盟及美国批准首个每日一次的口服外周作用μ-阿片受体拮抗剂（PAMORA） 2014年12月10日，欧盟已批准便秘药物Moventig(naloxegol)用于对通便剂（laxatives）反应不足的成人患者阿片诱导性便秘（OIC）的治疗。Moventig是欧盟批准的首个每日一次的口服外周作用μ-阿片受体拮抗剂（PAMORA）。在美国，Movantik（naloxegol）于2014年9月获FDA批准，是美国首个每日一次口服PAMORA。 上市许可持有人 阿斯利康ABSE 包装规格 12.5mgx30 25mgx30 生产商（上市国家：瑞典、英国） 阿斯利康AB MOVENTIG® (naloxegol) has been granted Marketing Authorisation by the European Commission (EC) for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to laxative(s). MOVENTIG is the first once-daily oral peripherally-acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist (PAMORA) to be approved in the European Union (EU). Opioids play an important role in chronic pain relief and work by binding to mu-receptors in the central nervous system, but they also bind to mu-receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, which can result in patients suffering from OIC. Briggs Morrison, Executive Vice President, Global Medicines Development & Chief Medical Officer, AstraZeneca, said: "Constipation is one of the most common side effects for those using opioid pain medication. We're very pleased to have received marketing authorisation for MOVENTIG, as it allows us to offer a new treatment option for the millions of patients across Europe who suffer from opioid-induced constipation and haven't responded to laxatives." The approval of MOVENTIG was based on data from the KODIAC clinical programme, which was comprised of four studies: KODIAC-4, -5, -7 and -8. KODIAC-4 and -5 were both placebo controlled, double-blind, 12 week studies assessing safety and efficacy, while KODIAC-7 was a 12 week safety extension to KODIAC-4, and KODIAC-8 was a 52 week open label, long-term safety study. The EC marketing authorisation applies to all member states of the EU, Iceland, Norway and Lichtenstein. Today's announcement follows the approval on 16 September 2014 of MOVANTIKTM (naloxegol) tablets by the US Food and Drug Administration, as the first once-daily PAMORA for the treatment of OIC in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain. About MOVENTIG® (naloxegol) MOVENTIG is a peripherally-acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist (PAMORA) specifically designed for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in adult patients on prescription opioid pain medicines. In Phase III clinical studies, MOVENTIG was administered as a once-daily tablet and was designed to block the binding of opioids to opioid receptors in tissues such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The KODIAC clinical programme was comprised of four studies: KODIAC-4, -5, -7 and -8. KODIAC-4 and -5 were identically designed, placebo controlled, double-blind, 12 week studies assessing safety and efficacy, while KODIAC-7 was a 12 week safety extension to KODIAC-4, and KODIAC-8 was a 52 week long-term safety study.  MOVENTIG is part of the exclusive worldwide licence agreement announced on 21 September 2009 between AstraZeneca and Nektar Therapeutics. MOVENTIG was developed using Nektar's oral small molecule polymer conjugate technology. Moventig 12.5 mg and 25 mg tablets 1. Name of the medicinal product Moventig 12.5 mg film-coated tablets Moventig 25 mg film-coated tablets 2. Qualitative and quantitative composition Each 12.5 mg film-coated tablet contains naloxegol oxalate equivalent to 12.5 mg naloxegol. Each 25 mg film-coated tablet contains naloxegol oxalate equivalent to 25 mg naloxegol. For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 3. Pharmaceutical form Film-coated tablet (tablet). Moventig 12.5 mg: Oval, 10.5x5.5 mm, mauve tablet. Moventig 25 mg: Oval, 13x7 mm, mauve tablet. Tablets are engraved with “nGL” on one side and the strength of the tablet on the other. 4. Clinical particulars 4.1 Therapeutic indications Moventig is indicated for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to laxative(s). For definition of inadequate response to laxative(s), see section 5.1. 4.2 Posology and method of administration Posology The recommended dose of Moventig is 25 mg once daily. When naloxegol therapy is initiated, it is recommended that all currently used maintenance laxative therapy should be halted, until clinical effect of naloxegol is determined. Special populations Elderly patients No dose adjustment is recommended based on age (see section 5.2). Renal impairment The starting dose for patients with moderate or severe renal insufficiency is 12.5 mg. If side effects impacting tolerability occur, naloxegol should be discontinued. The dose can be increased to 25 mg if 12.5 mg is well tolerated by the patient (see section 5.2). No dosage adjustment is required for patients with mild renal impairment. Hepatic impairment No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Safety and efficacy have not been established in patients with severe hepatic impairment (see section 5.2). Use in patients with severe hepatic impairment is not recommended. CYP3A4 inhibitors The starting dose for patients taking moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g. diltiazem, verapamil) is 12.5 mg once daily. The dose can be increased to 25 mg if 12.5 mg is well tolerated by the patient (see section 4.5). No dose adjustment is required for patients taking weak CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g. alprazolam, atorvastatin (see section 4.5). Patients with cancer-related pain No dose adjustment is required for patients with cancer-related pain (see sections 4.3 and 4.4). Paediatric population The safety and efficacy of naloxegol in children <18 years of age has not yet been established. Method of administration Oral use It is recommended that Moventig is taken in the morning, for patient convenience to avoid bowel movements in the middle of the night. Moventig should be taken on an empty stomach at least 30 minutes prior to the first meal of the day or 2 hours after the first meal of the day. 4.3 Contraindications Hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1 or any other opioid antagonist. Gastrointestinal obstruction Patients with known or suspected gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction or in patients at increased risk of recurrent obstruction, due to the potential for gastrointestinal perforation (see section 4.4). Conditions in patients with cancer pain • Patients with underlying cancer who are at heightened risk of GI perforation, such as those with: • underlying malignancies of gastrointestinal tract or peritoneum • recurrent or advanced ovarian cancer • vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor treatment. Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors Concomitant use with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g. clarithromycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole or telithromycin; protease inhibitors such as ritonavir, indinavir or saquinavir; grapefruit juice when consumed in large quantities), see section 4.5. 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use Conditions with increased potential for gastrointestinal perforation Rare cases of gastrointestinal perforation have been reported in the post-marketed use of peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonists in patients with advanced medical illness. Caution with regards to the use of naloxegol should be exercised in patients with any condition which might result in impaired integrity of the gastrointestinal tract wall (e.g. severe peptic ulcer disease, Crohn's Disease, active or recurrent diverticulitis, infiltrative gastrointestinal tract malignancies or peritoneal metastases). The overall benefit-risk profile for each patient should be taken into account. Patients are advised to discontinue therapy with naloxegol and promptly notify their physician if they develop unusually severe or persistent abdominal pain. Clinically important disruptions of the blood-brain barrier Naloxegol is a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist with restricted access to the central nervous system (CNS). The blood brain barrier integrity is important for minimizing naloxegol uptake into the CNS. Patients with clinically important disruptions to the blood-brain barrier (e.g. primary brain malignancies, CNS metastases or other inflammatory conditions, active multiple sclerosis, advanced Alzheimer's disease etc.) were not included in clinical studies and may be at risk for naloxegol entry into the CNS. Naloxegol should be prescribed with caution in such patients taking into account their individual benefit-risk balance with observation for potential CNS effects, such as symptoms of opioid withdrawal and/or interference with opioid-mediated analgesia. If evidence for opioid-mediated interference with analgesia or opioid withdrawal syndrome occurs, patients should be instructed to discontinue Moventig and contact their physician. Concurrent methadone use Patients taking methadone as primary therapy for their pain condition were observed in clinical trials to have a higher frequency of gastrointestinal adverse reactions (such as abdominal pain and diarrhoea) than patients not receiving methadone. In a few cases, symptoms suggestive of opioid withdrawal when taking naloxegol 25 mg were observed in patients taking methadone for their pain condition. This was observed in a higher proportion of patients taking methadone than those not taking methadone. Patients taking methadone for treatment of opioid addiction were not included in the clinical development programme and use of naloxegol in these patients should be approached with caution. Gastrointestinal adverse reactions Reports of severe abdominal pain and diarrhoea have been observed in clinical trials with the 25 mg dose, typically occurring shortly after initiation of treatment. There was a higher incidence of discontinuations in patients taking the 25 mg dose compared to placebo due to diarrhoea (0.7% for placebo versus 3.1% for naloxegol 25 mg) and abdominal pain (0.2% versus 2.9%, respectively). Patients should be advised to promptly report severe, persistent or worsening symptoms to their physician. Consideration may be given to lowering the dose to 12.5mg in patients experiencing severe gastrointestinal adverse events depending upon the response and tolerability of individual patients. Opioid withdrawal syndrome Cases of opioid withdrawal syndrome have been reported in the naloxegol clinical programme (DSM-5). Opioid withdrawal syndrome is a cluster of three or more of the following signs or symptoms: dysphoric mood, nausea or vomiting, muscle aches, lacrimation or rhinnorrhea, pupillary dilation or piloerection or sweating, diarrhoea, yawning, fever or insomnia. Opioid withdrawal syndrome typically develops within minutes to several days following administration of an opioid antagonist. If opioid withdrawal syndrome is suspected the patient should discontinue Moventig and contact their physician. Patients with CV conditions Naloxegol was not studied in the clinical trial programme in patients who had a recent history of myocardial infarction within 6 months, symptomatic congestive heart failure, overt cardiovascular (CV) disease or patients with a QT interval of ≥ 500msec. Moventig should be used with caution in these patients. A QTc study performed with naloxegol in healthy volunteers did not indicate any prolongation of the QT interval. CYP3A4 inducers Naloxegol is not recommended in patients who are taking strong CYP3A4 inducers (e.g. carbamazepine, rifampin, St. John's wort) (see section 4.5). For information regarding concomitant use with CYP3A4 inhibitors, see sections 4.2, 4.3 and 4.5. Renal impairment The starting dose for patients with moderate or severe renal insufficiency is 12.5 mg. If side effects impacting tolerability occur, naloxegol should be discontinued. The dose can be increased to 25 mg if 12.5 mg is well tolerated by the patient (see section 5.2). Severe hepatic impairment Naloxegol has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment. The use of naloxegol is not recommended in such patients. Cancer-related pain There is limited clinical experience with the use of naloxegol in OIC patients with cancer-related pain. Therefore, caution should be used when prescribing naloxegol to such patients (see section 4.3). 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction Interaction with CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers Interaction with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors In an open-label, non-randomized, fixed-sequence, 3-period, 3-treatment, crossover study to evaluate the effect of multiple doses of ketoconazole on the single dose PK of naloxegol, co-administration of ketoconazole and naloxegol resulted in a 12.9-fold (90% CI: 11.3-14.6) increase in naloxegol AUC and a 9.6-fold increase in naloxegol Cmax (90% CI: 8.1-11.3), compared to when naloxegol was administered alone. Therefore, concomitant use with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors is contraindicated (see section 4.3). Grapefruit juice has been classified as a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor when consumed in large quantities. No data are available on the concomitant use of naloxegol with grapefruit juice. Concomitant consumption of grapefruit juice while taking naloxegol should generally be avoided and considered only in consultation with a healthcare provider (see section 4.3). Interaction with moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors In an open-label, nonrandomized, fixed-sequence, 3-period, 3-treatment, crossover study to evaluate the effect of multiple doses of diltiazem on the single dose PK of naloxegol, co-administration of diltiazem and naloxegol resulted in a 3.4-fold (90% CI: 3.2-3.7) increase in naloxegol AUC and a 2.9-fold increase in naloxegol Cmax (90% CI: 2.6-3.1), compared to when naloxegol was administered alone. Therefore, a dose adjustment of naloxegol is recommended when co-administered with diltiazem and other moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors (see section 4.2). The starting dose for patients taking moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors is 12.5 mg once daily and the dose can be increased to 25 mg if 12.5 mg is well tolerated by the patient (see section 4.2). No dosage adjustment is required for patients taking weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. Interaction with strong CYP3A4 inducers In an open-label, nonrandomized, fixed-sequence, 3-period, 3-treatment, single-dose, crossover study to evaluate the effect of multiple doses of rifampin on the single dose PK of naloxegol, co-administration of rifampin and naloxegol resulted in a 89% (90% CI: 88%-90%) decrease in naloxegol AUC and a 76% decrease in naloxegol Cmax (90% CI: 69%-80%), compared to when naloxegol was administered alone. Therefore, Moventig is not recommended in patients who are taking strong CYP3A4 inducers (see section 4.4). Interaction with P-gp inhibitors A double-blind, randomized, 2-part, crossover, single centre study was conducted to evaluate the effect of quinidine on the pharmacokinetics of naloxegol and the effect of the co-administration of naloxegol and quinidine on morphine-induced miosis in healthy volunteers. Co-administration of the P-gp inhibitor quinidine resulted in a 1.4 fold increase in the AUC (90% CI: 1.3-1.5) and a 2.4 fold increase in the Cmax (90% CI: 2.2-2.8) of naloxegol. Co-administration of naloxegol and quinidine did not antagonize the morphine-induced miosis effect, suggesting that P-gp inhibition does not meaningfully change the capacity of naloxegol to cross the blood-brain barrier at therapeutic doses. As the effects of P-gp inhibitors on the PK of naloxegol were small relative to the effects CYP3A4 inhibitors, the dosing recommendations for Moventig when co-administered with medicinal products causing both P-gp and CYP3A4 inhibition should be based on CYP3A4 inhibitor status - strong, moderate or weak (see sections 4.2, 4.3 and 4.5). Paediatric population Interaction studies have only been performed in adults. 4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Pregnancy There are limited data from the use of naloxegol in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity where systemic exposures were several times above the therapeutic exposure level (see section 5.3). There is a theoretical potential for provoking opioid withdrawal in the foetus with use of an opioid receptor antagonist in the mother, who is being treated with a concurrent opioid. Naloxegol use is therefore not recommended during pregnancy. Breast-feeding It is unknown whether naloxegol is excreted in human milk. Available toxicological data in rats have shown naloxegol excreted in milk (see section 5.3). At therapeutic doses, most opioids (e.g. morphine, meperidine, methadone) are excreted into breast milk in minimal amounts. There is a theoretical possibility that naloxegol could provoke opioid withdrawal in a breast-fed neonate whose mother is taking an opioid receptor agonist. Therefore, use in breast-feeding mothers is not recommended. Fertility The effect of naloxegol on fertility in humans has not been studied. Naloxegol was found to have no effect on fertility of male and female rats at oral doses up to 1,000 mg/kg per day (greater than 1,000 times the human therapeutic exposure (AUC) at the recommended human dose of 25 mg/day). 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines Moventig has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. 4.8 Undesirable effects Summary of the safety profile In the pooled data from clinical trials the most commonly reported adverse reactions with naloxegol (≥ 5%) are: abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, headache and flatulence. The majority of gastrointestinal adverse reactions were graded as mild to moderate, occurred early in treatment and resolved with continued treatment. They were often reported as having a component of cramping discomfort. Tabulated list of adverse reactions Adverse reactions are classified according to frequency and System Organ Class. Frequency categories are defined according to the following conventions: very common (≥ 1/10), common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000) and very rare (< 1/10,000). Table 1 Adverse reactions by System Organ Class (SOC) and frequency System Organ Classification Very Common Common Uncommon Rare Infections and Infestations   Nasopharyngitis     Nervous system disorders   Headache Opioid withdrawal syndrome   Gastrointestinal disorders Abdominal paina, diarrhoea Flatulence, nausea, vomiting     Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders   Hyperhidrosis   Note: Selection of ADRs and their frequencies based on the 25 mg dose a Reflects MedDRA Preferred Terms of: “abdominal pain”, “abdominal pain upper”, “abdominal pain lower” and “gastrointestinal pain”. Description of selected adverse reactions Opioid withdrawal syndrome Naloxegol at therapeutic doses has minimal uptake across the blood brain barrier. In some patients, however, a constellation of symptoms has been reported, which resembles the syndrome of central opioid withdrawal. Most such reports were observed shortly after initial administration with the medicinal product and were mild or moderate in intensity. Reporting of suspected adverse reactions Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via: UK Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard Irelan HPRA Pharmacovigilance Earlsfort Terrace IRL - Dublin 2 Tel: +353 1 6764971 Fax: +353 1 6762517 Website: www.hpra.ie e-mail: medsafety@hpra.ie Malta ADR Reporting The Medicines Authority Post-Licensing Directorate 203 Level 3, Rue D'Argens GŻR-1368 Gżira Website: www.medicinesauthority.gov.mt e-mail: postlicensing.medicinesauthority@gov.mt 4.9 Overdose Doses of naloxegol up to 1,000 mg were administered in healthy volunteers in clinical studies. A potential CNS effect (reversal of opioid-induced miosis, as measured by pupillometry) was observed in 1 volunteer in the 250 mg group and 1 volunteer in the 1,000 mg group. In a clinical study of patients with OIC, a daily dose of 50 mg was associated with an increased incidence of intolerable gastrointestinal effects (primarily abdominal pain). No antidote is known for naloxegol and dialysis was noted to be ineffective as a means of elimination in a clinical study in patients with renal failure. If a patient on opioid therapy receives an overdose of naloxegol, the patient should be monitored closely for potential evidence of opioid withdrawal symptoms or reversal of central analgesic effect. In cases of known or suspected overdose of naloxegol, symptomatic treatment as well as monitoring of vital functions should be performed. Paediatric population The use of naloxegol in the paediatric population has not been studied. 5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs for constipation, peripheral opioid receptor antagonists ATC code: A06AH03 Mechanism of action and pharmacodynamic effects Naloxegol is a PEGylated derivative of the mu-opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. PEGylation reduces naloxegol's passive permeability and also renders the compound a substrate for the P-glycoprotein transporter. Due to poorer permeability and increased efflux of naloxegol across the blood-brain barrier, related to P-gp substrate properties, the CNS penetration of naloxegol is minimal. In vitro studies demonstrate that naloxegol is a full neutral antagonist at the mu-opioid receptor. Naloxegol acts by binding to mu-opioid receptors in the GI tract targeting the underlying causes of OIC (i.e. reduced GI motility, hypertonicity and increased fluid absorption resulting from long-term opioid treatment). Naloxegol functions as a peripherally-acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby decreasing the constipating effects of opioids without impacting opioid-mediated analgesic effects on the central nervous system. Clinical efficacy and safety The efficacy and safety of naloxegol was established in two replicate double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in patients with OIC and non-cancer related pain (Kodiac 4 and Kodiac 5). Patients taking a minimum of 30 morphine equivalent units (meu) of opioids per day for at least 4 weeks before enrolment and self-reported OIC were eligible. OIC was confirmed through a two week run in period and defined as < 3 spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs) per week on average with constipation symptoms associated with at least 25% of bowel movements. Patients were prohibited from using laxatives other than bisacodyl rescue laxative if they had not had a bowel movement for 72 hours. SBM was defined as a bowel movement without rescue laxative taken within the past 24 hours. Patients with mean Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain scores equal to or higher than 7 were not studied due to the risk of confounding the efficacy result as a result of uncontrolled pain. Patients who had a QTcF >500 msec at screening, had a recent history of myocardial infarction within 6 months before randomization, had symptomatic congestive heart failure, or had any other overt CV disease were excluded from the clinical studies. In a thorough QT/QTc study, as defined by the ICH E14 Guideline, there were no clinically important changes in HR, RR, QT, PR or QRS intervals or T wave morphology observed. In addition, no safety and tolerability concerns were identified in this study up to the highest dose given (150 mg). According to the ICH E14 Guideline, this is considered a definitively negative thorough QT/QTc study. Patients with moderate or severe hepatic insufficiency (Child's-Pugh Class B or C) were excluded from the Phase III studies (Kodiac 4 and 5). Therefore, naloxegol has not been studied in OIC patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment. Both studies were powered and stratified so that at least 50% of patients randomized to each treatment arm met baseline criteria to be categorized as a laxative inadequate responder (LIR). Definition of laxative inadequate responder To qualify as LIR, in the two weeks prior to first study visit patients had to have reported concurrent OIC symptoms of at least moderate severity while taking at least one laxative class for a minimum of four days during the pre study period. Efficacy in the patient population targeted in this SmPC Response over 12 weeks in the LIR group Efficacy and durability of effect were measured in the primary end-point as response over the 12-week treatment period to naloxegol as defined by ≥ 3 SBMs per week and a change from baseline of ≥ 1 SBM per week for at least 9 out of the 12 study weeks and 3 out of the last 4 weeks. The first of three multiplicity protected secondary endpoints was the 12-week responder rate in the LIR subgroup. There was a statistically significant difference for the 25 mg dose versus placebo for the LIR subgroup responder rate in Kodiac 4 (p=0.002) and Kodiac 5 (p=0.014). Under multiplicity testing procedure, statistical significance for the 12.5 mg treatment group versus placebo in the LIR subgroup was observed in Kodiac 4 (p=0.028) but not in Kodiac 5 (p=0.074). In Kodiac 4, response rates in the placebo, 12.5 mg and 25 mg groups in the LIR subgroup were 28.8%, 42.6% and 48.7%, while in Kodiac 5, the corresponding response rates were 31.4, 42.4% and 46.8%. In the pooled data from Kodiac 4 and Kodiac 5, responder rates in the LIR subgroup were 30.1% for placebo, 42.5% for the 12.5 mg dose, and 47.7% for the 25 mg dose, with the relative risk (95% CI) for treatment effect versus placebo of 1.410(1.106, 1.797) and 1.584(1.253, 2.001) for the 12.5 mg and 25 mg groups, respectively. Response over 12 weeks in patients with an inadequate response to at least two classes of laxative Response to naloxegol over 12 weeks was tested in the sub-group of patients with inadequate response to at least two laxative classes, approximately 20% of the patients randomized. In a pooled analysis of Kodiac 4 and Kodiac 5 (90, 88 and 99 patients in the placebo, 12.5 mg and 25 mg groups respectively), higher response rates in this population was observed for the 25 mg dose group compared with placebo (p=0.040). The responder rates in this population were placebo 30.0%, 12.5 mg 44.3% and 25 mg 44.4%. Time to first spontaneous bowel movement The time to first SBM in the LIR subgroup after taking the first dose was shorter for the 25 mg dose as compared to placebo in Kodiac 4 (p<0.001) and Kodiac 5 (p=0.002). The 12.5 mg dose in the LIR subgroup also demonstrated shorter time to first post-dose SBM as compared to placebo in Kodiac 4 (p=0.002) and Kodiac 5 (p<0.001). In Kodiac 4, placebo, 12.5 mg and 25 mg dose had median time to first post dose SBM of 43.4, 20.6, and 5.4 hours, respectively. In Kodiac 5 the corresponding times to first post dose SBM were 38.2, 12.8, and 18.1 hours, respectively. Mean number of days per week with at least one SBM There was an increase in the mean number of days per week with at least one SBM in the LIR subgroup for the 25 mg dose in Kodiak 4 and Kodiac 5 (p<0.001 in both studies) and also for the 12.5 mg dose (p=0.006 in both studies). OIC symptom improvement The 25 mg dose in the LIR subgroup improved rectal straining (Kodiac 4 p=0.043, Kodiac 5 p<0.001). Stool consistency in the LIR subgroup as measured by the Bristol stool scale improved in Kodiac 5 versus placebo (p<0.001) but not in Kodiac 4 (p=0.156). The 25 mg dose in the LIR subgroup increased mean days per week compared with placebo with at least 1 complete spontaneous bowel movement (CSBM) in both studies (Kodiac 4 p=0.002, Kodiac 5 p<0.001). Symptom responder end-point A “symptom responder” was defined as meeting both the 12-week responder criteria and demonstrating improvement in pre-specified OIC symptoms and no deterioration in symptoms. In the LIR subgroup, the 25 mg dose increased the symptom responder rates in both studies as compared to placebo (Kodiac 4 p=0.001, Kodiac 5 p=0.005). The LIR subgroup symptom responder rates in Kodiac 4 for placebo, 12.5 mg and 25 mg arms were 24.6%, 36.5% and 45.3% and the symptom responder rates in Kodiac 5 were 25.6%, 33.6% and 42.7%. Patient assessment of constipation symptoms (PAC-SYM) questionnaire Naloxegol 25 mg dose in the LIR subgroup resulted in a greater improvement (change from baseline) of patient assessment of constipation symptoms (PAC-SYM) total scores compared with placebo in both studies at 12 weeks (Kodiac 4 p=0.023, Kodiac 5 p=0.002). The 12.5 mg dose in the LIR subgroup also resulted in greater improvement in total PAC SYM at week 12 compared with placebo in both studies (p= 0.020 and p=0.001 respectively). Naloxegol 25 mg dose, compared with placebo, also resulted in greater improvement (change from baseline) of week 12 PAC-SYM rectal domain scores in both studies (p=0.004 and p<0.001, Kodiac 4 and 5, respectively) and for the stool domain scores in Kodiac 4 (p=0.031) and Kodiac 5 (p<0.001). There was no relevant impact on abdominal symptoms in either study (p=0.256 and p=0.916, Kodiac 4 and 5, respectively). Potential for interference with opioid-mediated analgesia There were no clinically relevant differences between naloxegol 12.5 mg, 25 mg, and placebo in average pain intensity, daily opioid dose or in opioid withdrawal scores over the 12-week study. In the 12-week studies (Kodiac 4 and 5), the frequency of back pain AEs was 4.3% for naloxegol 25 mg versus 2.0% for placebo, and the frequency of extremity pain AEs was 2.2% for naloxegol 25 mg, versus 0.7% for placebo. In a long-term safety study (Kodiac 8), the frequency of AE reports of back pain was 8.9% for naloxegol 25 mg versus 8.8% for usual care. For extremity pain, the rate for naloxegol 25 mg was 3.5% versus 3.3% for usual care. Safety and tolerability over an extended 12-week period Kodiac 7 was a 12-week safety extension that allowed for patients from Kodiac 4 to continue the same blinded treatment from Kodiac 4 for an additional 12 weeks (placebo, naloxegol 12.5 mg or 25 mg daily). The primary objective was to compare safety and tolerability among the three treatment groups for an additional 12 weeks (beyond that observed in Kodiac 4) using descriptive statistics. In this study, naloxegol at doses of 12.5 mg and 25 mg was generally safe and well tolerated as compared with placebo in the treatment of OIC patients with non-cancer-related pain. In all treatment groups, including placebo, improvements in PAC-SYM domains observed in Kodiac 4 were maintained for patients continuing in Kodiac 7. Long-term safety and tolerability Kodiac 8 was a Phase III, 52-week, multi-center, open-label, randomized, parallel group, safety and tolerability study of naloxegol versus usual care in the treatment of OIC in patients with non-cancer-related pain. The primary objective was to assess long-term safety and tolerability for naloxegol 25 mg and to compare with usual care treatment using descriptive statistics. Eligible patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either naloxegol 25 mg daily (qd) or usual care treatment for OIC for 52 weeks. Patients assigned to usual care followed a laxative treatment regimen for OIC determined by the investigator according to best clinical judgment, excluding peripheral mu-opioid receptor antagonists. Of the 844 patients who were randomized, 61.1% completed the study (defined as completing the 2-week follow-up visit after the 52-week treatment period). Overall 393 and 317 patients had at least 6 and 12 months exposure to naloxegol 25 mg, respectively, in this study, which met the specified exposure requirements. Long-term exposure to naloxegol 25 mg, up to 52 weeks, was generally safe and well tolerated in the treatment of OIC patients with non-cancer-related pain. During the 52-week treatment period there were no important unexpected differences in the safety and tolerability findings between the naloxegol 25 mg treatment group and the usual care treatment group. Paediatric population The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies in opioid induced constipation with Moventig in children and adolescents aged 6 months to 18 years as per Paediatric Investigation Plan (PIP) decision (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use). 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties Absorption Following oral administration, naloxegol is absorbed rapidly, with peak concentrations (Cmax) achieved at less than 2 hours. In a majority of subjects, a secondary plasma concentration peak of naloxegol was observed approximately 0.4 to 3 hours after the first peak. Enterohepatic recirculation may be an explanation as extensive biliary excretion was seen in the rat. Food effects: A high-fat meal increased the extent and rate of naloxegol absorption. The Cmax and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) were increased by approximately 30% and 45%, respectively. Distribution The mean apparent volume of distribution during the terminal phase (Vz/F) in healthy volunteers ranged from 968 to 2,140 L across dosing groups and studies. Results from a QWBA (Quantitative Whole Body Autoradiography) study in the rat and the lack of antagonism of CNS opiate effects in humans at naloxegol doses less than 250 mg, indicate minimal distribution of naloxegol into the CNS. Plasma protein binding of naloxegol in humans was low and the fraction unbound ranged from 80% to 100%. Biotransformation In a mass balance study in humans, a total of 6 metabolites were identified in plasma, urine and feces. These metabolites represented more than 32% of the administered dose and were formed via N-dealkylation, O-demethylation, oxidation and partial loss of the PEG chain. None of the metabolites were present in > 10% of the plasma concentrations of parent or total parent and metabolite- related material. Elimination Following oral administration of radiolabelled naloxegol, 68% and 16% of total administered dose were recovered in the faeces and urine, respectively. Parent naloxegol excreted in the urine accounted for less than 6% of the total administered dose. Thus renal excretion is a minor clearance pathway for naloxegol. In clinical pharmacology studies, the half-life of naloxegol at therapeutic dose ranged from 6–11 hours. Linearity/non-linearity Across the range of doses evaluated peak plasma concentration and AUC increased in a dose-proportional, or approximately dose proportional, manner. Special populations Age and gender There is a small effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of naloxegol (approximately 0.7% increase in AUC for every year increase in age). No dose adjustment is recommended for elderly patients. Patients over 65 years of age have been represented in the phase III studies. Clinical studies of naloxegol did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 75 years or over to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients, however, based on the mode of action of the active substance there are no theoretical reasons for any requirement for dose adjustments in this age group. For dose recommendations for patients with moderate or severe renal insufficiency, see section 4.2. There is no gender effect on the PK of naloxegol. Race The effect of race on the pharmacokinetics of naloxegol is small (approximately 20% decrease in the AUC of naloxegol when other groups are compared to Caucasian) and, therefore, no dose adjustment is necessary. Body weight Naloxegol exposure was found to increase with increased weight, however, the differences in exposure were not considered clinically relevant. Renal impairment As renal clearance is a minor route of elimination for naloxegol, regardless of severity (i.e. moderate, severe and end stage renal failure), the impact of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of naloxegol was minimal in most subjects. However, in 2 out of 8 patients (in both the moderate and severe renal impairment groups but not in the end stage renal failure group) up to 10-fold increases in the exposure of naloxegol were observed. In these patients renal impairment may adversely affect other clearance pathways (hepatic/gut drug metabolism, etc.) resulting in higher exposure. The starting dose for patients with moderate or severe renal insufficiency is 12.5 mg. If side effects impacting tolerability occur, naloxegol should be discontinued. The dose can be increased to 25 mg if 12.5 mg is well tolerated by the patient (see section 4.2). Exposure of naloxegol in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on haemodialysis was similar to healthy volunteers with normal renal function. Hepatic impairment Less than 20% decrease in AUC and 10% decrease in Cmax were observed in patients with mild and moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A and B). Effect of severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) on the pharmacokinetics of naloxegol was not evaluated. Use in patients with severe hepatic impairment is not recommended. Paediatric population The pharmacokinetics of naloxegol in the paediatric population has not been studied. 5.3 Preclinical safety data Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity and fertility. Embryo-foetal development studies were conducted in rats and rabbits. A potentially treatment-related increased incidence of the skeletal variant bipartite vertebral centrum and a single foetus with anorchism was seen at the highest dose tested in the rat embryo-foetal development study. A possible treatment-related foetal skeletal malformation of fused arches was noted at highest dose tested in the rabbit embryo-foetal development study, in the absence of maternal toxicity. In a separate pre- and post-natal development study in rats, body weights were lower for male pups following maternal administration at the high dose. All these effects were observed only at exposures considered sufficiently in excess of the maximum human exposure indicating little relevance to clinical use. Carcinogenicity studies of naloxegol were conducted in rats and mice. In male rats, a dose-related increase in Leydig cell adenomas and interstitial cell hyperplasia was observed at exposures considered sufficiently in excess of the maximum human exposure. The observed neoplastic changes are well known hormonal and centrally mediated effects in the rat which are not relevant for humans. Studies in suckling rats have shown that naloxegol is excreted in the milk. 6. Pharmaceutical particulars 6.1 List of excipients Tablet core mannitol (E421) cellulose microcrystalline (E460) croscarmellose sodium (E468) magnesium stearate (E470b) propyl gallate (E310) Tablet coat hypromellose (E464) titanium dioxide (E171) macrogol (E1521) iron oxide red (E172) iron oxide black (E172) 6.2 Incompatibilities Not applicable. 6.3 Shelf life 2 years 6.4 Special precautions for storage This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions. 6.5 Nature and contents of container Alu/alu blister. 12.5 mg film-coated tablets Pack sizes of 30 and 90 film-coated tablets in non-perforated blisters. Pack size of 90 x 1 film-coated tablets in perforated unit dose blisters. 25 mg film-coated tablets Pack sizes of 10, 30 and 90 film-coated tablets in non-perforated blisters. Pack size of 90 x 1 film-coated tablets in perforated unit dose blisters. Not all pack sizes may be marketed. 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling No special requirements for disposal. Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. 7. Marketing authorisation holder AstraZeneca AB SE-151 85 Södertälje Sweden 8. Marketing authorisation number(s) 12.5 mg film-coated tablets EU/1/14/962/001 EU/1/14/962/002 EU/1/14/962/003 25 mg film-coated tablets EU/1/14/962/004 EU/1/14/962/005 EU/1/14/962/006 EU/1/14/962/007 9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation Date of first authorisation: 8th December 2014 10. Date of revision of the text 8th December 2014 Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu.