英文药名: Chlorthalidone Tablets

中文药名: 氯噻酮片

药品名称

通用名: 氯噻酮片
英文名: CHLORTRALIDONE TABLETS
药品类别: 利尿药
性状: 本品为白色片。
药理毒理

(1)对水、电解质排泄的影响。
①利尿作用，尿钠、钾、氯、磷和镁等离子排泄增加，而对尿钙排泄减少。本类药物作用机制主要抑制远端小管前段和近端小管(作用较轻〉对氯化钠的重吸收，从而增加远端小管和集合管的Na＋-K＋交换，K＋分泌增多。其作用机制尚未完全明了。本类药物都能不同程度地抑制碳酸酐酶活性，故能解释其对近端小管的作用。本类药还能抑制磷酸二酯酶活性，减少肾小管对脂肪酸的摄取和线粒体氧耗，从而抑制肾小管对Na＋、Cl－的主动重吸收。
②降压作用。除利尿排钠作用外，可能还有肾外作用机制参与降压，可能是增加胃肠道对Na＋的排泄。
（2）对肾血流动力学和肾小球滤过功能的影响,由于肾小管对水,Na＋重吸收减少，肾小管内压力升高，以及流经远曲小管的水和Na+增多，刺激致密斑通过管-球反射，使肾内肾素、血管紧张素分泌增加，引起肾血管收缩，肾血流量下降，肾小球入球和出球小动脉收缩，肾小球滤过率也下降。肾血流量和肾小球滤过率下降，以及对亨氏袢无作用，是本类药物利尿作用远不如袢利尿药的主要原因。
药代动力学

口服吸收不完全，主要与细胞内碳酸酐酶结合，而与血浆蛋白结合很少，严重贫血时与血浆蛋白（主要是白蛋白）的结合增多。口服2小时起作用，达峰时间为2小时，作用持续时间为24～72小时。 T1／2为35~50小时，本药半衰期和作用持续时间显著长于其他噻嗪类药物的原因，是由于本药主要与红细胞碳酸酐酶结合，故排泄和代谢均较慢。主要以原形从尿中排泄，部分在体内被代谢，由肾外途径排泄，胆道不是主要的排泄途径。
适应症

1.水肿性疾病，排泄体内过多的钠和水，减少细胞外液容量，消除水肿。常见的包括充血性心力衰竭、肝硬化腹水、肾病综合征、急慢性肾炎水肿、慢性肾功能衰竭早期、肾上腺皮质激素和雌激素治疗所致的钠、水潴留。
2.高血压: 可单独或与其他降压药联合应用，主要用于治疗原发性高血压。
3.中枢性或肾性尿崩症。
4.肾石症: 主要用于预防含钙盐成分形成的结石。
用法用量

1.成人常用量
口服，
①治疗水肿性疾病，每日 25~100mg，或隔日100～200mg；或每日100～200mg，每周连服3日。也有每日剂量达400mg。当肾脏疾病肾小球滤过率低于每分钟10ml时，用药间歇应在24～48小时以上。
②治疗高血压，每日25～100mg，1次服用或隔日1次，并依降压效果调整剂量。与其他降压药联合应用可以用较小剂量,每日12.5mg~25mg。
2.小儿常用量 口服。按体重2mg/kg，每日1次，每周连服3日，并根据疗效调整剂量。
任何疑问，请遵医嘱！
不良反应

大多数不良反应与剂量和疗程有关。
（1）水、电解质紊乱所致的副作用较为常见。低钾血症较易发生与噻嗪类利尿药排钾作用有关，长期缺钾可损伤肾小管，严重失钾可引起肾小管上皮的空泡变化，以及引起严重快速性心率失常等异位心率。低氯性碱中毒或低氯、低钾性碱中毒、噻嗪类特别是氢氧噻嗪常明显增加氯化物的排泄。此外低钠血症亦不罕见，导致中枢神经系统症状及加重肾损害。脱水造成血容量和肾血流量减少亦可引起肾小球虑过率降低。上述水、电介质紊乱的临床常见反应有口干、烦渴、肌肉痉挛、恶心、呕吐和极度疲乏无力等。
（2）高糖血症。可使糖耐量降低，血糖升高，此可能与抑制胰岛素释放有关。
（3）高尿酸血症。干扰肾小管排泄尿酸，少数可诱发痛风发作。由于通常无关节疼痛，故高尿酸血症易被忽视。
（4）过敏反应，如皮疹、荨麻疹等，但较为少见。
（5）血白细胞减少或缺乏症、血小板减少性紫癜等亦少见。
（6）其他，如胆囊炎、胰腺炎、性功能减退、光敏感、色觉障碍等，但较罕见。
注意事项

（1）交叉过敏:与磺胺类药物、呋塞米、布美他尼、碳酸酐酶抑制剂有交叉过敏。
（2）对诊断的干扰：可致糖耐量减低、血糖、尿糖、血胆红素、血钙、血尿酸、血胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白浓度升高，血镁、钾、钠及尿钙降低。
（3）下列情况慎用：
①无尿或严重肾功能减退者（GRF<20ml/min），因本类药效果差，应用大剂量时可致药物蓄积，毒性增加;
②糖尿病;
③高尿酸血症或有痛风病史者;
④严重肝功能损害者，水、电解质紊乱可诱发肝昏迷;
⑤高钙血症;
⑥低钠血症;
⑦红斑狼疮，可加重病情或诱发活动;
⑧胰腺炎;
⑨交感神经切除者（降压作用加强）；
⑩有黄疸的婴儿。
（4）随访检查：
①血电解质；
②血糖；
③血尿酸；
④血肌酐，尿素氮；
⑤血压
（5）应从最小有效剂量开始用药，以减少副作用的发生，减少反射性肾素和醛固酮分泌。
（6）有低钾血症倾向的患者，应酌情补钾或与保钾利尿药合用。每日用药一次时，应在早晨用药，以免夜间排尿次数增加，间歇用药(非明日用药)能减少电介质紊乱发生的机会。
孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药

（1）能通过胎盘屏障，对妊娠高血压综合征无预防作用，故孕妇使用应慎重。
（2）哺乳期妇女不宜服用。
老年患者用药

老年人用药较易发生低血压、电解质紊乱和肾功能损害。
药物相互作用

（1）肾上腺皮质激素、促肾上腺皮质激素、雌激素、两性霉素B（静脉用药），能降低药的利尿作用，增加发生电解质紊乱的机会，尤其是低钾血症。
（2）非甾体类消炎镇痛药尤其是吲哚美辛，能降低本药的利尿作用，与前者抑制前列腺素合成有关。
（3）与拟交感胺类药物合用，利尿作用减弱。
（4）考来烯胺（消胆胺）能减少胃肠道对本药的吸收，故应在口服考来烯胺1小时前或4小时后服用本药。
（5）与多巴胺合用，利尿作用加强。
（6）与降压药合用时，利尿降压作用均加强。（与钙拮抗剂合用时减弱）。
（7）与抗痛风药合用时，后者应调整剂量。
（8）使抗凝药作用减弱，主要是由于利尿后机体血浆容量下降，血中凝血因子水平升高，加上利尿使肝脏血液供应改善，合成凝血因子增多。
（9）降低降糖药的作用。
（10）洋地黄类药物、胺碘酮等与本药合用时，应慎防因低钾血症引起的副作用。
（11）与锂制剂合用，因本类药物可减少肾脏对锂的清除，增加锂的肾毒性。
（12）乌洛托品与本药合用，其转化为甲醛受抑制，疗效下降。
（13）增强非去极化肌松药的作用，与血钾下降有关。
（14）与碳酸氢钠合用，发生低氯性碱中毒机会增加。
药物过量

应尽早洗胃，给予支持、对症处理，并密切随访血压、电解质和肾功能。

包装规格：

100mg*100 片
   
25mg*200 片
   
50mg*200 片

CHLORTHALIDONE  - chlorthalidone tablet
KAISER FOUNDATION HOSPITALS
DESCRIPTION
Chlorthalidone is an oral antihypertensive/diuretic. It is a monosulfamyl diuretic that differs chemically from thiazide diuretics in that a double-ring system is incorporated in its structure. It is 2-chloro-5(1-hydroxy-3-oxo-1- isoindolinyl) benzenesulfonamide with the following structural formula:

Molecular Formula: C14H11ClN2O4S

Molecular weight: 338.76

Chlorthalidone, USP is practically insoluble in water, in ether, and in chloroform; soluble in methanol; slightly soluble in ethanol.

Chlorthalidone tablets are available containing 25 mg of chlorthalidone USP and the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, microcrystalline cellulose, D and C Yellow No.10, sodium starch glycolate, pregelatinized starch, stearic acid and other inactive ingredients.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Chlorthalidone is an oral diuretic with prolonged action (48–72 hours) and low toxicity. The major portion of the drug is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. The diuretic effect of the drug occurs in approximately 2.6 hours and continues for up to 72 hours. The mean half-life following a 50 to 200 mg dose is 40 hours. In the first order of absorption, the elimination half-life is 53 hours following a 50 mg dose, and 60 hours following a 100 mg dose. Approximately 75 percent of the drug is bound to plasma proteins, 58 percent of the drug being bound to albumin. This is caused by an increased affinity of the drug to erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase. Nonrenal routes of elimination have yet to be clarified. Data are not available regarding percentage of dose as unchanged drug and metabolites, concentration of the drug in body fluids, degree of uptake by a particular organ or in the fetus, or passage across the blood-brain barrier.

The drug produces copious diuresis with greatly increased excretion of sodium and chloride. At maximal therapeutic dosage, chlorthalidone is approximately equal in its diuretic effect to comparable maximal therapeutic doses of benzothiadiazine diuretics. The site of action appears to be the cortical diluting segment of the ascending limb of Henle's loop of the nephron.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Diuretics such as chlorthalidone are indicated in the management of hypertension either as the sole therapeutic agent or to enhance the effect of other antihypertensive drugs in the more severe forms of hypertension.

Chlorthalidone is indicated as adjunctive therapy in edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and corticosteroid and estrogen therapy.

Chlorthalidone has also been found useful in edema due to various forms of renal dysfunction, such as nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, and chronic renal failure.

Usage in Pregnancy
The routine use of diuretics in an otherwise healthy woman is inappropriate and exposes mother and fetus to unnecessary hazard. Diuretics do not prevent development of toxemia of pregnancy, and there is no satisfactory evidence that they are useful in the treatment of developed toxemia. Edema during pregnancy may arise from pathologic causes or from the physiologic and mechanical consequences of pregnancy. Chlorthalidone is indicated in pregnancy when edema is due to pathologic causes, just as it is in the absence of pregnancy (however, see PRECAUTIONS, below). Dependent edema in pregnancy, resulting from restriction of venous return by the expanded uterus, is properly treated through elevation of the lower extremities and use of support hose; use of diuretics to lower intravascular volume in this case is illogical and unnecessary. There is hypervolemia during normal pregnancy that is harmful to neither the fetus nor the mother (in the absence of cardiovascular disease), but that is associated with edema, including generalized edema, in the majority of pregnant women. If this edema produces discomfort, increased recumbency will often provide relief. In rare instances, this edema may cause extreme discomfort that is not relieved by rest. In these cases, a short course of diuretics may provide relief and be appropriate.

CONTRAINDICATIONS
Anuria.

Known hypersensitivity to chlorthalidone or other sulfonamide-derived drugs.

Chlorthalidone should be used with caution in severe renal disease. In patients with renal disease, chlorthalidone or related drugs may precipitate azotemia. Cumulative effects of the drug may develop in patients with impaired renal function.

Chlorthalidone should be used with caution in patients with impaired hepatic function or progressive liver disease, since minor alterations of fluid and electrolyte balance may precipitate hepatic coma.

Sensitivity reactions may occur in patients with a history of allergy or bronchial asthma.

The possibility of exacerbation or activation of systemic lupus erythematosus has been reported with thiazide diuretics, which are structurally related to chlorthalidone. However, systemic lupus erythematosus has not been reported following chlorthalidone administration.

Hypokalemia may develop with chlorthalidone as with any other diuretic, especially with brisk diuresis when severe cirrhosis is present or during concomitant use of corticosteroids or ACTH.

Interference with adequate oral electrolyte intake will also contribute to hypokalemia. Digitalis therapy may exaggerate metabolic effects of hypokalemia especially with reference to myocardial activity.

Any chloride deficit is generally mild and usually does not require specific treatment except under extraordinary circumstances (as in liver disease or renal disease). Dilutional hyponatremia may occur in edematous patients in hot weather, appropriate therapy is water restriction, rather than administration of salt except in rare instances when the hyponatremia is life threatening. In actual salt depletion, appropriate replacement is the therapy of choice.

Hyperuricemia may occur or frank gout may be precipitated in certain patients receiving chlorthalidone. Thiazide-like diuretics have been shown to increase the urinary excretion of magnesium; this may result in hypomagnesemia.

The antihypertensive effects of the drug may be enhanced in the post-sympathectomy patient.

If progressive renal impairment becomes evident, as indicated by a rising nonprotein nitrogen or blood urea nitrogen, a careful reappraisal of therapy is necessary with consideration given to withholding or discontinuing diuretic therapy.

Calcium excretion is decreased by thiazide-like drugs. Pathological changes in the parathyroid gland with hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia have been observed in few patients on thiazide therapy. The common complications of hyperparathyroidism such as renal lithiasis, bone resorption and peptic ulceration have not been seen.

Information for Patients
Patients should inform their physician if they have: (1) had an allergic reaction to chlorthalidone or other diuretics or have asthma, (2) kidney disease, (3) liver disease, (4) gout, (5) systemic lupus erythematosus, or (6) been taking other drugs such as cortisone, digitalis, lithium carbonate, or drugs for diabetes.

Patients should be cautioned to contact their physician if they experience any of the following symptoms of potassium loss: excess thirst, tiredness, drowsiness, restlessness, muscle pains or cramps, nausea, vomiting, or increased heart rate or pulse.

Patients should also be cautioned that taking alcohol can increase the chance of dizziness occurring.

Laboratory Tests
Periodic determination of serum electrolytes to detect possible electrolyte imbalance should be performed at appropriate intervals.

All patients receiving chlorthalidone should be observed for clinical signs of fluid or electrolyte imbalance: namely, hyponatremia, hypochloremic alkalosis, and hypokalemia. Serum and urine electrolyte determinations are particularly important when the patient is vomiting excessively or receiving parenteral fluids.

Drug Interactions
Chlorthalidone may add to or potentiate the action of other antihypertensive drugs. Potentiation occurs with ganglionic peripheral adrenergic blocking drugs.

Medication such as digitalis may also influence serum electrolytes. Warning signs, irrespective of cause, are: dryness of mouth, thirst, weakness, lethargy, drowsiness, restlessness, muscle pains or cramps, muscular fatigue, hypotension, oliguria, tachycardia, and gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea and vomiting.

Insulin requirements in diabetic patients may be increased, decreased, or unchanged. Higher dosage of oral hypoglycemic agents may be required. Latent diabetes mellitus may become manifest during chlorthalidone administration.

Chlorthalidone and related drugs may increase the responsiveness to tubocurarine.

Chlorthalidone and related drugs may decrease arterial responsiveness to norepinephrine. This diminution is not sufficient to preclude effectiveness of the pressor agent for therapeutic use.

Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
Chlorthalidone and related drugs may decrease serum PBI levels without signs of thyroid disturbance.

Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects. Pregnancy Category B
Reproduction studies have been performed in the rat and the rabbit at doses up to 420 times the human dose and have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to chlorthalidone. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

Nonteratogenic Effects
Thiazides cross the placental barrier and appear in cord blood. The use of chlorthalidone and related drugs in pregnant women requires that the anticipated benefits of the drug be weighed against possible hazards to the fetus. These hazards include fetal or neonatal jaundice, thrombocytopenia, and possibly other adverse reactions that have occurred in the adult.

Nursing Mothers
Thiazides are excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from chlorthalidone, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established.

ADVERSE REACTIONS
The following adverse reactions have been observed, but there is not enough systematic collection of data to support an estimate of their frequency.

Gastrointestinal System Reactions: anorexia, gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, cramping, diarrhea, constipation, jaundice (intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice), pancreatitis.

Central Nervous System Reactions: dizziness, vertigo, paresthesias, headache, xanthopsia.

Hematologic Reactions: leukopenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia.

Dermatologic-Hypersensitivity Reactions: purpura, photosensitivity, rash, urticaria, necrotizing angiitis (vasculitis, cutaneous vasculitis), Lyell's syndrome (toxic epidermal necrolysis).

Cardiovascular Reactions: orthostatic hypotension may occur and may be aggravated by alcohol, barbiturates, or narcotics.

Other Adverse Reactions: hyperglycemia, glycosuria, hyperuricemia, muscle spasm, weakness, restlessness, impotence.

Whenever adverse reactions are moderate or severe, chlorthalidone dosage should be reduced or therapy withdrawn.

OVERDOSAGE
Symptoms of acute overdosage include nausea, weakness, dizziness, and disturbances of electrolyte balance. The oral LD50 of the drug in the mouse and the rat is more than 25,000 mg/kg body weight. The minimum lethal dose (MLD) in humans has not been established. There is no specific antidote, but gastric lavage is recommended, followed by supportive treatment. Where necessary, this may include intravenous dextrose-saline with potassium, administered with caution.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Therapy should be initiated with the lowest possible dose. This dose should be titrated according to individual patient response to gain maximal therapeutic benefit while maintaining lowest dosage possible. A single dose given in the morning with food is recommended; divided daily doses are unnecessary.

Hypertension
Initiation: Therapy, in most patients, should be initiated with a single daily dose of 25 mg. If the response is insufficient after a suitable trial, the dosage may be increased to a single daily dose of 50 mg. If additional control is required, the dosage of chlorthalidone may be increased to 100 mg once daily or a second antihypertensive drug (step 2 therapy) may be added. Dosage above 100 mg daily usually does not increase effectiveness. Increases in serum uric acid and decreases in serum potassium are dose-related over the 25–100 mg/day range.

Maintenance: Maintenance doses may be lower than initial doses and should be adjusted according to individual patient response. Effectiveness is well sustained during continued use.

Edema
Initiation: Adults, initially 50 to 100 mg daily, or 100 mg on alternate days. Some patients may require 150 to 200 mg at these intervals or up to 200 mg daily. Dosages above this level, however, do not usually produce a greater response.

Maintenance: Maintenance doses may often be lower than initial doses and should be adjusted according to individual patient response. Effectiveness is well sustained during continued use.

HOW SUPPLIED
Chlorthalidone Tablets, USP are available containing 25 mg USP.

The 25 mg tablets are light yellow, round, unscored tablets debossed with M35 on one side of the tablet and blank on the other side. They are available as follows:

NDC 0179-0015-01
bottles of 100 tablets

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP for Controlled Room Temperature.]

Protect from light.

Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP using a child-resistant closure.

ANIMAL PHARMACOLOGY
Biochemical  studies in animals have suggested reasons for the prolonged effect of chlorthalidone. Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is slow due to its low solubility. After passage to the liver, some of the drug enters the general circulation, while some is excreted in the bile, to be reabsorbed later. In the general circulation, it is distributed widely to the tissue, but is taken up in highest concentrations by the kidneys, where amounts have been found 72 hours after ingestion, long after it has disappeared from other tissues. The drug is excreted unchanged in the urine.