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中文药名: Sandostatin Lar Depot(octreotide)
中文药名: 善龙（奥曲肽注射剂）
生产厂家: Novartis
药品名称
【药品名称】善龙
【成分】醋酸奥曲肽 octreotide acetate(妊娠分级: B)
【药物分类】脑垂体激素和相关药物
【性状】
醋酸奥曲肽的分子式：C49H66N10O10S2，nCH3COOH，分子量：1019.3，按游离肽计。
本品为白色或类白色粉末，装在5 mL I型硼硅酸盐管状玻璃瓶内，丁基橡胶塞。每个包装还包括：2 瓶（1支储备）溶剂，用于将药物溶解为2 mL溶液、以及1支5 mL注射器和两个针头（0.9×40 mm）；注射器 CE0123。
适应症
已证实的使用：
*肢端肥大症
用于下列肢端肥大症患者的治疗：在皮下注射标准剂量的善宁后，病情已充分控制；不适合外科手术、放疗或治疗无效的患者，或在放疗充分发挥疗效前，处于潜在反应阶段的患者。
*胃肠胰内分泌肿瘤
伴有功能性胃肠胰内分泌肿瘤相关症状的患者，已经用皮下注射善宁治疗得到充分控制。
*伴有类癌综合征特征的类癌 。
*血管活性肠肽瘤。
*胰高糖素瘤。
*胃泌素瘤/卓－艾综合征。
*胰岛素瘤（用于术前低血糖的预防和维持）。
*生长激素释放因子腺瘤。
用法用量
本品仅能通过臀部肌肉深部注射给药，而决不能静脉注射。如果穿入血管要更换注射部位。反复注射应当轮流选择左侧或右侧不同的臀部肌肉注射。
*肢端肥大症
对使用标准剂量皮下注射善宁已完全控制的患者，本品的推荐初始剂量为20 mg，每隔4周给药1次，共3月。治疗可以在最后一次皮下注射善宁后1天开始。此后剂量应当根据血清GH和生长因子C（IGF-1）的浓度以及临床症状和体征决定。
如果3月后临床症状和体征以及生化参数（GH和IGF-1）尚未完全控制（GH>2.5 ug/L）时，剂 量应当增至30 mg，每隔4周给药1次。如GH≤ (smaller than or equal to) 2.5 ug/L，则继续使用20 mg治疗，每4周给药1次。
如果使用20 mg治疗3月后，GH的浓 度持续低于1 ug/L，IGF-1的浓度正常以及临床上肢端肥大症的可逆的症状和体征消失，本品的剂量可降至10 mg。鉴于如此低的剂量，要密切观察监测血清GH和IGF-1的浓度以及临床症状和体征。
对于不适合外科手术、放疗、多巴胺激动剂治疗或治疗无效的患者，或在放疗发挥充分疗效前病情处于潜在反应阶段的患者，建议在开始上述使用本品治疗前，先短期使用皮下注射善宁以评估奥曲肽治疗的耐受性和疗效。
*胃肠胰内分泌肿瘤
已使用皮下注射善宁治疗的患者：对于症状已完全由皮下注射善宁控制的患者，建议本品的初始剂量为20 mg，每隔4周给药1次。原有的皮下注射善宁的有效剂量治疗应当维续到第一次注射本品后至少2周（有的患者则需维持3-4周）。
从未使用皮下注射善宁治疗的患者：建议开始使用本品治疗前，应短期（约2周）每日3次皮下注射善宁0.1 mg，以评估奥曲肽治疗反应和全身耐受性。
剂量调整
使用本品治疗3个月后，对于症状和生化 指标已完全控制的患者，本品剂量应当降至10 mg，每隔4周给药1次。
使用本品治疗3个月症状仅部分控制的患者，剂量应当增至30 mg，每隔4周给药1次。
使用本品治疗胃肠胰肿瘤期间，患者的症状会一度更明显。此时建议加用皮下注射善宁，其剂量与使用本品之前相同。这对于治疗的最初2月使血奥曲肽达到治疗水平尤为重要。
肾功能损害患者的使用：当皮下注射善宁治疗时，肾功能损害不会影响血奥曲肽的曲线下面积（AUC）。因此本品的剂量不必调整。
肝功能损害患者的使用：通过皮下和静脉途径给予善宁的研究发现肝硬化患者的清除力可能下降，而脂肪肝患者则不然。鉴于奥曲肽较宽的治疗窗，肝硬化患者的本品的剂量不需调整。
不良反应
最常见的不良反应为局部反应和胃肠道症状。
*局部反应：注射部位可能出现对本品的局部反应（疼痛、罕见的水肿和 皮疹）。这些通常很轻微且短暂。
胃肠道症状：胃肠道反应包括食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、腹部痉挛、腹胀、胀气、稀便、腹泻和脂肪泻。虽然大便脂肪排出量可能 增加，但目前无资料证实使用奥曲肽治疗（包括长期治疗）会由于吸收不良导致营养缺乏。个别罕见病例胃肠道反应类似急性肠梗阻，伴有进行性腹部膨胀、严重的上腹痛、肌紧张和腹胀。
胆石形成：长期使用本品可能会造成胆囊结石形成。
全身反应：有报道个别罕见病例使用本品治疗后出现暂时的脱发以及过敏反应。
胰腺：由于可以抑制GH、胰高糖素和胰岛素的分泌，本品可能影响葡萄糖的调节，可能损伤餐后糖耐量。个别使用皮下注射本品治疗的罕见病例，长期用药可能有 永久性的高血糖，也观察到有低血糖的发生。有报道少数患者在接受治疗后的最初的几小时或几天发生急性胰腺炎。也有报道长期使用善宁的患者会因胆石症导致胰腺炎的发生。
肝脏：有个别报道在使用奥曲肽后出现肝功受损。它们包括：非胆汁淤积性急性肝炎，停用皮下注射善宁后转氨酶恢复正常。
缓慢发生的高胆红素血症伴碱性磷酸酶、γ-谷氨酰转移酶的增高，以及转氨酶的轻度增高。
其它：同时给予奥曲肽及溴隐亭，可以增加溴隐亭的生物利用度。
禁忌症
对于奥曲肽或制剂中任何成分过敏者。
注意事项
由于分泌GH的垂体瘤有增大的可能，从而导致严重的并发症（如视野受限），因此要密切监察所有的患者，一旦发现有肿瘤增大的证据，建议改用其它的治疗方法。
已报道长期皮下注射善宁治疗的患者中有15-30%的患者有胆石形成，一般人群（40-60岁）的患者病率为5-20%。长期使用本品治疗的肢端肥大症和胃肠胰肿瘤患者的资料显示：与皮下注射善宁的患者相比，使用本品治疗没有导致胆囊结石发生率的增加。然而仍建议在使用本品治疗前和治疗后约每隔6月进行胆囊超声检查。治疗期间发生的胆囊结石通 常是无症状的；有症状的结石应当使用药物（胆酸）或手术治疗。
对于胰岛素依赖的I型糖尿病患者，本品可能影响机体对血糖的调节功能，所需治疗量的胰岛素 可能会有所降低。皮下注射本品治疗，对于非糖尿病患者和有部分胰岛素受损的II型糖尿病患者，可能导致餐后血糖升高，因此建议注意监测糖耐量以及相应降糖治疗。
胰岛素瘤患者：由于奥曲肽抑制生长激素和胰高糖素的作用强于对胰岛素的抑制，且对胰岛素的抑制时间较短，因此奥曲肽有可能加重并延长低血糖的发作。应密切观察此类患者。
孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药
动物生殖研究显示对胎儿无任何危害。但目前尚无使用本品治疗妊娠和哺乳妇女的经验。此类患者仅在绝对需要的情况下方可使用。
儿童用药
目前尚无儿童使用本品的经验。
老年患者用药
皮下注射善宁的研究发现，65岁以上的患者的剂量不需要调整。因此这些患者也不须调整本品的剂量。
药物相互作用
已发现奥曲肽可降低肠道对环孢素的吸收，也可减慢对西咪替丁的吸收。
同时使用奥曲肽及溴隐亭，可以增加溴隐亭的生物利用度。
有限发表的数据显示，生长抑素类似物由于对生长激素的抑制作用可能减慢通过细胞色素P450酶代谢的物质的清除。虽然尚不能断言奥曲肽具有这样的效应，但对同时使用主要通过CYP3A4代谢且治疗指数窄的药物，如奎尼丁和特非那定等时，应特别注意。
药物过量
目前没有过量使用本品的资料，但癌症患者每隔2周使用剂量达90 mg的本品后没有出现未预料的反应。曾经报道一成年患者在单剂 静脉推注1.0 mg后的症状和体征：短暂的心率下降、面部潮红、腹部痉挛、腹泻、胃内空虚感及恶心。以上所有症状及体征于24小时内消失。如有过量，须进行对症治疗。
用药须知
本品仅能通过臀部肌肉深部注射给药。重复注射应轮流选择左、右臀部肌肉。
本品肌肉注射的使用方法指导: 仅用于臀部肌 肉深部注射，仅在立即注射前准备，须由有经验的医务人员严格按下列指导操作。
将本品置于室温下，使其温度与室温相同。揭开本品小瓶的小帽。
轻敲小瓶以确保粉末在小瓶的底部。
打开一支溶剂安瓿。如果开瓶时安瓿破损，丢弃并使用包装中的备用安瓿。
给5 mL注射器（包装内）安装上针头。
将1支安瓿内的溶剂吸入注射器，并调整至2 mL。
将针头从本品小瓶的橡皮塞中心插入。
小心地将溶剂沿小瓶内壁注入小瓶，抽出小瓶内多余的空气。
不要晃动小瓶直到本品粉末完全被溶剂浸湿（大约2-5分钟）。一旦完全浸湿，轻旋小瓶直到形成均一悬浮液。不要猛烈地摇动小瓶。不要倒置药瓶，避免形成絮状凝结物，否则不可使用。
立即将2 mL空气吸入注射器，将针头从橡皮塞插入。将2毫升空气注入小瓶，针头朝下，小瓶呈45度角斜置，缓慢将瓶内所有的溶液吸入注射器。
立即更换针头（包装内提供）。
轻轻倒置注射器以保证悬浮液的均一。注射前应迅速倒置注射器一次，排出空气，消毒注射部位。将针头扎入左侧或右侧臀部肌肉并回抽以确保没有穿入血管。立即深部肌肉注射。
*注射用本品微球仅能单剂使用，而不能用其他物质稀释或混合。因此没有与其他溶液和物质的配伍数据记录。
贮藏
为延长贮存期，本品小瓶应当保存在2-8°C的冰箱内并避免冻结和光照。注射前约24小时，本品应放置在室温下。配制后的本品溶液应当立即使用。
包装规格：
·10mg*1瓶
·20mg*1瓶
·30mg*1瓶
SANDOSTATIN - octreotide injection, solution
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation
DESCRIPTION Sandostatin® (octreotide acetate) Injection, a cyclic octapeptide prepared as a clear sterile solution of octreotide, acetate salt, in a buffered lactic acid solution for administration by deep subcutaneous (intrafat) or intravenous injection. Octreotide acetate, known chemically as L-Cysteinamide, D-phenylalanyl-L-cysteinyl-L-phenylalanyl-D-tryptophyl-L-lysyl-L-threonyl-N-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl]-, cyclic (2→7)-disulfide; [R-(R*, R*)] acetate salt, is a long-acting octapeptide with pharmacologic actions mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin.
Sandostatin Injection is available as: sterile 1-mL ampuls in 3 strengths, containing 50, 100, or 500 mcg octreotide (as acetate), and sterile 5-mL multi-dose vials in 2 strengths, containing 200 and 1000 mcg/mL of octreotide (as acetate).
Each ampul also contains:
lactic acid, USP 3.4 mg
mannitol, USP 45 mg
sodium bicarbonate, USP qs to pH 4.2 ± 0.3
water for injection, USP qs to 1 mL
Each mL of the multi-dose vials also contains:
lactic acid, USP 3.4 mg
mannitol, USP 45 mg
phenol, USP 5.0 mg
sodium bicarbonate, USP qs to pH 4.2 ± 0.3
water for injection, USP qs to 1 mL
Lactic acid and sodium bicarbonate are added to provide a buffered solution, pH to 4.2 ± 0.3.
The molecular weight of octreotide acetate is 1019.3 (free peptide, C49H66N10O10S2) and its amino acid sequence is:
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Sandostatin® (octreotide acetate) exerts pharmacologic actions similar to the natural hormone, somatostatin. It is an even more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than somatostatin. Like somatostatin, it also suppresses LH response to GnRH, decreases splanchnic blood flow, and inhibits release of serotonin, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, secretin, motilin, and pancreatic polypeptide.
By virtue of these pharmacological actions, Sandostatin has been used to treat the symptoms associated with metastatic carcinoid tumors (flushing and diarrhea), and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) secreting adenomas (watery diarrhea).
Sandostatin substantially reduces growth hormone and/or IGF-I (somatomedin C) levels in patients with acromegaly.
Single doses of Sandostatin have been shown to inhibit gallbladder contractility and to decrease bile secretion in normal volunteers. In controlled clinical trials the incidence of gallstone or biliary sludge formation was markedly increased (see WARNINGS).
Sandostatin suppresses secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
Pharmacokinetics After subcutaneous injection, octreotide is absorbed rapidly and completely from the injection site. Peak concentrations of 5.2 ng/mL (100-mcg dose) were reached 0.4 hours after dosing. Using a specific radioimmunoassay, intravenous and subcutaneous doses were found to be bioequivalent. Peak concentrations and area under the curve values were dose proportional after intravenous single doses up to 200 mcg and subcutaneous single doses up to 500 mcg and after subcutaneous multiple doses up to 500 mcg t.i.d. (1500 mcg/day).
In healthy volunteers the distribution of octreotide from plasma was rapid (tα1/2 = 0.2 h), the volume of distribution (Vdss) was estimated to be 13.6 L, and the total body clearance ranged from 7 L/hr to 10 L/hr. In blood, the distribution into the erythrocytes was found to be negligible and about 65% was bound in the plasma in a concentration-independent manner. Binding was mainly to lipoprotein and, to a lesser extent, to albumin.
The elimination of octreotide from plasma had an apparent half-life of 1.7 to 1.9 hours compared with 1-3 minutes with the natural hormone. The duration of action of Sandostatin is variable but extends up to 12 hours depending upon the type of tumor. About 32% of the dose is excreted unchanged into the urine. In an elderly population, dose adjustments may be necessary due to a significant increase in the half-life (46%) and a significant decrease in the clearance (26%) of the drug.
In patients with acromegaly, the pharmacokinetics differ somewhat from those in healthy volunteers. A mean peak concentration of 2.8 ng/mL (100-mcg dose) was reached in 0.7 hours after subcutaneous dosing. The volume of distribution (Vdss) was estimated to be 21.6 ± 8.5 L and the total body clearance was increased to 18 L/h. The mean percent of the drug bound was 41.2%. The disposition and elimination half-lives were similar to normals.
In patients with renal impairment the elimination of octreotide from plasma was prolonged and total body clearance reduced. In mild renal impairment (ClCR 40-60 mL/min) octreotide t1/2 was 2.4 hours and total body clearance was 8.8 L/hr, in moderate impairment (ClCR 10-39 mL/min) t1/2 was 3.0 hours and total body clearance 7.3 L/hr, and in severely renally impaired patients not requiring dialysis (ClCR <10 mL/min) t1/2 was 3.1 hours and total body clearance was 7.6 L/hr. In patients with severe renal failure requiring dialysis, total body clearance was reduced to about half that found in healthy subjects (from approximately 10 L/hr to 4.5 L/hr).
Patients with liver cirrhosis showed prolonged elimination of drug, with octreotide t1/2 increasing to 3.7 hr and total body clearance decreasing to 5.9 L/hr, whereas patients with fatty liver disease showed t1/2 increased to 3.4 hr and total body clearance of 8.2 L/hr.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Acromegaly Sandostatin® (octreotide acetate) is indicated to reduce blood levels of growth hormone and IGF-I (somatomedin C) in acromegaly patients who have had inadequate response to or cannot be treated with surgical resection, pituitary irradiation, and bromocriptine mesylate at maximally tolerated doses. The goal is to achieve normalization of growth hormone and IGF-I (somatomedin C) levels (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). In patients with acromegaly, Sandostatin reduces growth hormone to within normal ranges in 50% of patients and reduces IGF-I (somatomedin C) to within normal ranges in 50%-60% of patients. Since the effects of pituitary irradiation may not become maximal for several years, adjunctive therapy with Sandostatin to reduce blood levels of growth hormone and IGF-I (somatomedin C) offers potential benefit before the effects of irradiation are manifested.
Improvement in clinical signs and symptoms or reduction in tumor size or rate of growth were not shown in clinical trials performed with Sandostatin; these trials were not optimally designed to detect such effects.
Carcinoid Tumors Sandostatin is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors where it suppresses or inhibits the severe diarrhea and flushing episodes associated with the disease.
Sandostatin studies were not designed to show an effect on the size, rate of growth or development of metastases.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Tumors (VIPomas) Sandostatin is indicated for the treatment of the profuse watery diarrhea associated with VIP-secreting tumors. Sandostatin studies were not designed to show an effect on the size, rate of growth or development of metastases.
CONTRAINDICATIONS Sensitivity to this drug or any of its components.
WARNINGS Single doses of Sandostatin® (octreotide acetate) have been shown to inhibit gallbladder contractility and decrease bile secretion in normal volunteers. In clinical trials (primarily patients with acromegaly or psoriasis), the incidence of biliary tract abnormalities was 63% (27% gallstones, 24% sludge without stones, 12% biliary duct dilatation). The incidence of stones or sludge in patients who received Sandostatin for 12 months or longer was 52%. Less than 2% of patients treated with Sandostatin for 1 month or less developed gallstones. The incidence of gallstones did not appear related to age, sex or dose. Like patients without gallbladder abnormalities, the majority of patients developing gallbladder abnormalities on ultrasound had gastrointestinal symptoms. The symptoms were not specific for gallbladder disease. A few patients developed acute cholecystitis, ascending cholangitis, biliary obstruction, cholestatic hepatitis, or pancreatitis during Sandostatin therapy or following its withdrawal. One patient developed ascending cholangitis during Sandostatin therapy and died.
PRECAUTIONS
General Sandostatin® (octreotide acetate) alters the balance between the counter-regulatory hormones, insulin, glucagon and growth hormone, which may result in hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Sandostatin also suppresses secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone, which may result in hypothyroidism. Cardiac conduction abnormalities have also occurred during treatment with Sandostatin. However, the incidence of these adverse events during long-term therapy was determined vigorously only in acromegaly patients who, due to their underlying disease and/or the subsequent treatment they receive, are at an increased risk for the development of diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, and cardiovascular disease. Although the degree to which these abnormalities are related to Sandostatin therapy is not clear, new abnormalities of glycemic control, thyroid function and ECG developed during Sandostatin therapy as described below.
Risk of Pregnancy with Normalization of IGF-1 and GH
Although acromegaly may lead to infertility, there are reports of pregnancy in acromegalic women. In women with active acromegaly who have been unable to become pregnant, normalization of GH and IGF-1 may restore fertility. Female patients of childbearing potential should be advised to use adequate contraception during treatment with octreotide.
The hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia which occurs during Sandostatin therapy is usually mild, but may result in overt diabetes mellitus or necessitate dose changes in insulin or other hypoglycemic agents. Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia occurred on Sandostatin in 3% and 16% of acromegalic patients, respectively. Severe hyperglycemia, subsequent pneumonia, and death following initiation of Sandostatin therapy was reported in one patient with no history of hyperglycemia.
In patients with concomitant Type I diabetes mellitus, Sandostatin Injection and Sandostatin LAR® Depot (octreotide acetate for injectable suspension) are likely to affect glucose regulation, and insulin requirements may be reduced. Symptomatic hypoglycemia, which may be severe, has been reported in these patients. In non-diabetics and Type II diabetics with partially intact insulin reserves, Sandostatin Injection or Sandostatin LAR Depot administration may result in decreases in plasma insulin levels and hyperglycemia. It is therefore recommended that glucose tolerance and antidiabetic treatment be periodically monitored during therapy with these drugs.
In acromegalic patients, 12% developed biochemical hypothyroidism only, 8% developed goiter, and 4% required initiation of thyroid replacement therapy while receiving Sandostatin. Baseline and periodic assessment of thyroid function (TSH, total and/or free T4) is recommended during chronic therapy.
In acromegalics, bradycardia (<50 bpm) developed in 25%; conduction abnormalities occurred in 10% and arrhythmias occurred in 9% of patients during Sandostatin therapy. Other EKG changes observed included QT prolongation, axis shifts, early repolarization, low voltage, R/S transition, and early R wave progression. These ECG changes are not uncommon in acromegalic patients. Dose adjustments in drugs such as beta-blockers that have bradycardia effects may be necessary. In one acromegalic patient with severe congestive heart failure, initiation of Sandostatin therapy resulted in worsening of CHF with improvement when drug was discontinued. Confirmation of a drug effect was obtained with a positive rechallenge.
Several cases of pancreatitis have been reported in patients receiving Sandostatin therapy.
Sandostatin may alter absorption of dietary fats in some patients.
In patients with severe renal failure requiring dialysis, the half-life of Sandostatin may be increased, necessitating adjustment of the maintenance dosage.
Depressed vitamin B12 levels and abnormal Schilling’s tests have been observed in some patients receiving Sandostatin therapy, and monitoring of vitamin B12 levels is recommended during chronic Sandostatin therapy.
Information for Patients Careful instruction in sterile subcutaneous injection technique should be given to the patients and to other persons who may administer Sandostatin Injection.
Laboratory Tests Laboratory tests that may be helpful as biochemical markers in determining and following patient response depend on the specific tumor. Based on diagnosis, measurement of the following substances may be useful in monitoring the progress of therapy:
Acromegaly: Growth Hormone, IGF-I (somatomedin C) Responsiveness to Sandostatin may be evaluated by determining growth hormone levels at 1-4 hour intervals for 8-12 hours post dose. Alternatively, a single measurement of IGF-I (somatomedin C) level may be made two weeks after drug initiation or dosage change.
Carcinoid: 5-HIAA (urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid), plasma serotonin, plasma Substance P
VIPoma: VIP (plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide)
Baseline and periodic total and/or free T4 measurements should be performed during chronic therapy (see PRECAUTIONS – General).
Drug Interactions Sandostatin has been associated with alterations in nutrient absorption, so it may have an effect on absorption of orally administered drugs. Concomitant administration of Sandostatin with cyclosporine may decrease blood levels of cyclosporine and result in transplant rejection.
Patients receiving insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, or agents to control fluid and electrolyte balance, may require dose adjustments of these therapeutic agents.
Concomitant administration of octreotide and bromocriptine increases the availability of bromocriptine. Limited published data indicate that somatostatin analogs might decrease the metabolic clearance of compounds known to be metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, which may be due to the suppression of growth hormones. Since it cannot be excluded that octreotide may have this effect, other drugs mainly metabolized by CYP3A4 and which have a low therapeutic index (e.g., quinidine, terfenadine) should therefore be used with caution.
Drug Laboratory Test Interactions No known interference exists with clinical laboratory tests, including amine or peptide determinations.
Carcinogenesis/Mutagenesis/Impairment of Fertility Studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated no mutagenic potential of Sandostatin.
No carcinogenic potential was demonstrated in mice treated subcutaneously for 85-99 weeks at doses up to 2000 mcg/kg/day (8x the human exposure based on body surface area). In a 116-week subcutaneous study in rats, a 27% and 12% incidence of injection site sarcomas or squamous cell carcinomas was observed in males and females, respectively, at the highest dose level of 1250 mcg/kg/day (10x the human exposure based on body surface area) compared to an incidence of 8%-10% in the vehicle-control groups. The increased incidence of injection site tumors was most probably caused by irritation and the high sensitivity of the rat to repeated subcutaneous injections at the same site. Rotating injection sites would prevent chronic irritation in humans. There have been no reports of injection site tumors in patients treated with Sandostatin for up to 5 years. There was also a 15% incidence of uterine adenocarcinomas in the 1250 mcg/kg/day females compared to 7% in the saline-control females and 0% in the vehicle-control females. The presence of endometritis coupled with the absence of corpora lutea, the reduction in mammary fibroadenomas, and the presence of uterine dilatation suggest that the uterine tumors were associated with estrogen dominance in the aged female rats which does not occur in humans.
Sandostatin did not impair fertility in rats at doses up to 1000 mcg/kg/day, which represents 7x the human exposure based on body surface area.
Pregnancy Category B There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of octreotide use in pregnant women. Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at doses up to 16 times the highest recommended human dose based on body surface area and revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to octreotide. However, because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
In postmarketing data, a limited number of exposed pregnancies have been reported in patients with acromegaly. Most women were exposed to octreotide during the first trimester of pregnancy at doses ranging from 100-300 mcg/day of Sandostatin s.c. or 20-30 mg/month of Sandostatin LAR, however some women elected to continue octreotide therapy throughout pregnancy. In cases with a known outcome, no congenital malformations were reported.
Nursing Mothers It is not known whether octreotide is excreted into human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when octreotide is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric Use Safety and efficacy of Sandostatin Injection in the pediatric population have not been demonstrated.
No formal controlled clinical trials have been performed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Sandostatin in pediatric patients under age 6 years. In post-marketing report, serious adverse events, including hypoxia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and death, have been reported with Sandostatin use in children, most notably in children under 2 years of age. The relationship of these events to octreotide has not been established as the majority of these pediatric patients had serious underlying co-morbid conditions.
The efficacy and safety of Sandostatin using the Sandostatin LAR Depot formulation was examined in a single randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, six–month pharmacokinetics study in 60 pediatric patients age 6-17 years with hypothalamic obesity resulting from cranial insult. The mean octreotide concentration after 6 doses of 40 mg Sandostatin LAR Depot administered by IM injection every four weeks was approximately 3 ng/ml. Steady-state concentrations was achieved after 3 injections of a 40 mg dose. Mean BMI increased 0.1 kg/m2 in Sandostatin LAR Depot-treated subjects compared to 0.0 kg/m2 in saline control-treated subjects. Efficacy was not demonstrated. Diarrhea occurred in 11 of 30 (37%) patients treated with Sandostatin LAR Depot. No unexpected adverse events were observed. However, with Sandostatin LAR Depot 40 mg once a month, the incidence of new cholelithiasis in this pediatric population (33%) was higher than that seen in other adults indications such as acromegaly (22%) or malignant carcinoid syndrome (24%), where Sandostatin LAR Depot was 10 to 30 mg once a month.
Geriatric Use Clinical studies of Sandostatin did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Gallbladder Abnormalities Gallbladder abnormalities, especially stones and/or biliary sludge, frequently develop in patients on chronic Sandostatin® (octreotide acetate) therapy (see WARNINGS).
Cardiac In acromegalics, sinus bradycardia (<50 bpm) developed in 25%; conduction abnormalities occurred in 10% and arrhythmias developed in 9% of patients during Sandostatin therapy (see PRECAUTIONS – General).
Gastrointestinal Diarrhea, loose stools, nausea and abdominal discomfort were each seen in 34%-61% of acromegalic patients in U.S. studies although only 2.6% of the patients discontinued therapy due to these symptoms. These symptoms were seen in 5%-10% of patients with other disorders.
The frequency of these symptoms was not dose-related, but diarrhea and abdominal discomfort generally resolved more quickly in patients treated with 300 mcg/day than in those treated with 750 mcg/day. Vomiting, flatulence, abnormal stools, abdominal distention, and constipation were each seen in less than 10% of patients.
In rare instances, gastrointestinal side effects may resemble acute intestinal obstruction, with progressive abdominal distension, severe epigastric pain, abdominal tenderness and guarding.
Hypo/Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia occurred in 3% and 16% of acromegalic patients, respectively, but only in about 1.5% of other patients. Symptoms of hypoglycemia were noted in approximately 2% of patients.
Hypothyroidism In acromegalics, biochemical hypothyroidism alone occurred in 12% while goiter occurred in 6% during Sandostatin therapy (see PRECAUTIONS – General). In patients without acromegaly, hypothyroidism has only been reported in several isolated patients and goiter has not been reported.
Other Adverse Events Pain on injection was reported in 7.7%, headache in 6% and dizziness in 5%. Pancreatitis was also observed (see WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS).
Other Adverse Events 1% -4% Other events (relationship to drug not established), each observed in 1%-4% of patients, included fatigue, weakness, pruritus, joint pain, backache, urinary tract infection, cold symptoms, flu symptoms, injection site hematoma, bruise, edema, flushing, blurred vision, pollakiuria, fat malabsorption, hair loss, visual disturbance and depression.
Other Adverse Events <1% Events reported in less than 1% of patients and for which relationship to drug is not established are listed: Gastrointestinal: hepatitis, jaundice, increase in liver enzymes, GI bleeding, hemorrhoids, appendicitis, gastric/peptic ulcer, gallbladder polyp; Integumentary: rash, cellulitis, petechiae, urticaria, basal cell carcinoma; Musculoskeletal: arthritis, joint effusion, muscle pain, Raynaud’s phenomenon; Cardiovascular: chest pain, shortness of breath, thrombophlebitis, ischemia, congestive heart failure, hypertension, hypertensive reaction, palpitations, orthostatic BP decrease, tachycardia; CNS: anxiety, libido decrease, syncope, tremor, seizure, vertigo, Bell’s Palsy, paranoia, pituitary apoplexy, increased intraocular pressure, amnesia, hearing loss, neuritis; Respiratory: pneumonia, pulmonary nodule, status asthmaticus; Endocrine: galactorrhea, hypoadrenalism, diabetes insipidus, gynecomastia, amenorrhea, polymenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, vaginitis; Urogenital: nephrolithiasis, hematuria; Hematologic: anemia, iron deficiency, epistaxis; Miscellaneous: otitis, allergic reaction, increased CK, weight loss.
Evaluation of 20 patients treated for at least 6 months has failed to demonstrate titers of antibodies exceeding background levels. However, antibody titers to Sandostatin were subsequently reported in three patients and resulted in prolonged duration of drug action in two patients. Anaphylactoid reactions, including anaphylactic shock, have been reported in several patients receiving Sandostatin.
OVERDOSAGE A limited number of accidental overdoses of Sandostatin® in adults have been reported. In adults, the doses ranged from 2,400–6,000 micrograms/day administered by continuous infusion (100-250 micrograms/hour) or subcutaneously (1,500 micrograms t.i.d.). Adverse events in some patients included arrhythmia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, brain hypoxia, pancreatitis, hepatitis steatosis, hepatomegaly, lactic acidosis, flushing, diarrhea, lethargy, weakness, and weight loss.
Sandostatin Injection given in intravenous boluses of 1 mg (1000 mcg) to healthy volunteers did not result in serious ill effects, nor did doses of 30 mg (30,000 mcg) given intravenously over 20 minutes and of 120 mg (120,000 mcg) given intravenously over 8 hours to research patients.
If overdose occurs, symptomatic management is indicated. Up-to-date information about the treatment of overdose can often be obtained from the National Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222.
Drug Abuse and Dependence There is no indication that Sandostatin has potential for drug abuse or dependence. Sandostatin levels in the central nervous system are negligible, even after doses up to 30,000 mcg.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Sandostatin® (octreotide acetate) may be administered subcutaneously or intravenously. Subcutaneous injection is the usual route of administration of Sandostatin for control of symptoms. Pain with subcutaneous administration may be reduced by using the smallest volume that will deliver the desired dose. Multiple subcutaneous injections at the same site within short periods of time should be avoided. Sites should be rotated in a systematic manner.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. Do not use if particulates and/or discoloration are observed. Proper sterile technique should be used in the preparation of parenteral admixtures to minimize the possibility of microbial contamination. Sandostatin is not compatible in Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) solutions because of the formation of a glycosyl octreotide conjugate which may decrease the efficacy of the product.
Sandostatin is stable in sterile isotonic saline solutions or sterile solutions of dextrose 5% in water for 24 hours. It may be diluted in volumes of 50-200 mL and infused intravenously over 15-30 minutes or administered by IV push over 3 minutes. In emergency situations (e.g., carcinoid crisis) it may be given by rapid bolus.
The initial dosage is usually 50 mcg administered twice or three times daily. Upward dose titration is frequently required. Dosage information for patients with specific tumors follows.
Acromegaly Dosage may be initiated at 50 mcg t.i.d. Beginning with this low dose may permit adaptation to adverse gastrointestinal effects for patients who will require higher doses. IGF-I (somatomedin C) levels every 2 weeks can be used to guide titration. Alternatively, multiple growth hormone levels at 0-8 hours after Sandostatin® (octreotide acetate) administration permit more rapid titration of dose. The goal is to achieve growth hormone levels less than 5 ng/mL or IGF-I (somatomedin C) levels less than 1.9 U/mL in males and less than 2.2 U/mL in females. The dose most commonly found to be effective is 100 mcg t.i.d., but some patients require up to 500 mcg t.i.d. for maximum effectiveness. Doses greater than 300 mcg/day seldom result in additional biochemical benefit, and if an increase in dose fails to provide additional benefit, the dose should be reduced. IGF-I (somatomedin C) or growth hormone levels should be re-evaluated at 6-month intervals.
Sandostatin should be withdrawn yearly for approximately 4 weeks from patients who have received irradiation to assess disease activity. If growth hormone or IGF-I (somatomedin C) levels increase and signs and symptoms recur, Sandostatin therapy may be resumed.
Carcinoid Tumors The suggested daily dosage of Sandostatin during the first 2 weeks of therapy ranges from 100-600 mcg/day in 2-4 divided doses (mean daily dosage is 300 mcg). In the clinical studies, the median daily maintenance dosage was approximately 450 mcg, but clinical and biochemical benefits were obtained in some patients with as little as 50 mcg, while others required doses up to 1500 mcg/day. However, experience with doses above 750 mcg/day is limited.
VIPomas Daily dosages of 200300 mcg in 2-4 divided doses are recommended during the initial 2 weeks of therapy (range 150-750 mcg) to control symptoms of the disease. On an individual basis, dosage may be adjusted to achieve a therapeutic response, but usually doses above 450 mcg/day are not required.
HOW SUPPLIED Sandostatin® (octreotide acetate) Injection is available in 1-mL ampuls and 5-mL multi-dose vials as follows:
Ampuls 50 mcg/mL octreotide (as acetate)
Package of 10 ampuls NDC 0078-0180-01
100 mcg/mL octreotide (as acetate)
Package of 10 ampuls NDC 0078-0181-01
500 mcg/mL octreotide (as acetate)
Package of 10 ampuls NDC 0078-0182-01
Multi -Dose Vials 200 mcg/mL octreotide (as acetate)
Box of one NDC 0078-0183-25
1000 mcg/mL octreotide (as acetate)
Box of one NDC 0078-0184-25
Storage For prolonged storage, Sandostatin ampuls and multi-dose vials should be stored at refrigerated temperatures 2ºC-8ºC (36ºF-46ºF) and store in outer carton in order to protect from light. At room temperature, (20ºC-30ºC or 70ºF-86ºF), Sandostatin is stable for 14 days if protected from light. The solution can be allowed to come to room temperature prior to administration. Do not warm artificially. After initial use, multiple-dose vials should be discarded within 14 days. Ampuls should be opened just prior to administration and the unused portion discarded. Dispose unused product or waste properly.
REV: JANUARY 2010 T2010-24
Manufactured by:
Novartis Pharma Stein AG
Stein, Switzerland
Distributed by:
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation
East Hanover, NJ 07936 |
