英文药名: Trelstar Depot(Triptorelin Pamoate)

中文药名: 羟萘酸曲普瑞林注射液

生产厂家: Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc

药品简介
Trelstar Depot［曲普瑞林（triptorelin pamoate）］注射剂(批准日期：2000年6月)　Debio Recheereche公司的Trelstar Depot获准用于晚期前列腺癌的治标性治疗。作为不适用或不能接受睾丸切除术或雌激素治疗患者的替代治疗选择。

药品英文名
Triptorelin

药品别名
色氨瑞林、达必佳、羟萘酸曲普瑞林 Trelstar Depot、Decapeptyl

药物剂型
1.注射剂：0.1mg；
2.注射剂(储存制剂)：3.75mg。

药理作用
本品为合成的促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)十肽同类物，其结构类似戈舍瑞林，临床用其双羟萘酸盐(储存制剂)。以治疗剂量持续给药时，本品能强有力地抑制促性激素的分泌，其活性比天然的GnRH强。开始给药后，血循中的LH,FSH，睾酮以及雌二醇的水平会出现短暂性高峰。在连续长期给药后，一般在开始治疗的2～4周可观察到LH和FSH的分泌量持续下降以及睾丸和卵巢的类固醇合成明显减少。

药动学
给雄性动物肌内注射本品混悬液后，可维持治疗浓度达1个月。接受本品常用量的雄性动物，其血清睾酮水平的降低与手术阉割后所呈现的水平具有可比性。继后，有赖睾酮维持的生理功能和组织就受到了遏制。这些作用在停药后都会逆转。本品皮下注射后快速吸收，40min可达血药峰值。生理t1/2约为7.5h，前列腺癌患者可见延长，有些健康受试者则见缩短。

适应证
1.晚期前列腺癌的姑息疗法。
2.性早熟。
3.子宫内膜异位、女性不孕症和子宫肌瘤。

禁忌证
孕妇和哺乳期妇女、对本品过敏者禁用。

注意事项
1.治疗子宫肌瘤时，应定期B超检查监测子宫和肌瘤的大小。如果子宫缩小的程度超过肌瘤缩小的速度，有引起出血和脓毒血症的可能。
2.女性患者在应用曲普瑞林期间不得同时使用含雌激素的药物。在用药期间如出现闭经、月经继续来潮，应进一步检查原因。

不良反应
1.男性为性欲减退、潮红或阳痿，可有肝药酶水平增高和血栓性静脉炎。少见的可有男性乳房发育。曾有患者用药后出现肺栓塞。
2.女性为阴道干涩、性交困难、闭经和潮红，由于雌激素水平下降，长期应用会导致轻度骨质丢失，但是一般在治疗停止后6～9个月即可恢复正常。女孩可出现阴道分泌物和阴道出血，也可有抑郁、肝药酶水平增高、感觉异常及视觉障碍等。
3.个别患者会出现超敏反应(如发痒、皮疹、高热、过敏症)。
4.少见的不良反应有头痛、发热、瘙痒、皮疹、淤斑、疲乏和睡眠障碍。
5.多数患者有胃肠道反应如：恶心、腹痛、胃部不适等。注射局部可出现疼痛和瘙痒。

用法用量
1.治疗前列腺癌，肌内注射储存制剂3.0～3.75mg，每4周1次；在肌内注射之前，开始皮下注射每天0.1mg，连用7天。先给予抗雄激素(如环丙孕酮)几天，然后开始使用戈那瑞林类似物持续3周，以避免病情突变。
2.治疗子宫内膜异位症或子宫平滑肌瘤，应于月经周期的第1个5天内开始给药，剂量用法同上。
3.治疗女性不育，皮下注射每天0.1mg，作为促性腺激素的辅助用药，建议从月经期第2天开始给药，连用10～12天。4.儿童性早熟可肌内注射储存制剂，皮下注射50μg/kg，每4周1次。

药物相应作用
联合使用促性腺激素时，可能引起腹腔和(或)盆腔的疼痛。

专家点评
曲普瑞林是目前治疗中枢性性早熟最理想的药物，能迅速有效地抑制第二性征的成熟和身体呈直线生长的速度，停药后，青春期发育生物的自然过程不受影响。临床主要用于性早熟、子宫内膜异位症、女性不孕和子宫肌瘤等

剂型与规格：
注射剂(储存制剂)：3.75mg *1支 

Trelstar Depot
Generic Name: triptorelin pamoate
Dosage Form: injection
Revised: September 2005
Watson Pharma, Inc.
TRELSTAR® DEPOT 3.75 mg
(triptorelin pamoate for injectable suspension)
Trelstar Depot Description
Trelstar Depot contains a pamoate salt of triptorelin, and triptorelin is a synthetic decapeptide agonist analog of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH or GnRH) with greater potency than the naturally occurring LHRH. The chemical name of triptorelin pamoate is 5 - oxo - L - prolyl - L - histidyl - L - tryptophyl - L - seryl - L - tyrosyl - D - tryptophyl - L - leucyl - L - arginyl - L - prolylglycine amide (pamoate salt); the empirical formula is C64H82N18O13· C23H16O6 and the molecular weight is 1699.9. The structural formula is shown below.
Trelstar Depot is a sterile, lyophilized biodegradable microgranule formulation supplied as a single-dose vial containing triptorelin pamoate (3.75 mg as the peptide base), 170 mg poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycolide, 85 mg mannitol, USP, 30 mg carboxymethylcellulose sodium, USP, 2 mg polysorbate 80, NF. When 2 mL sterile water for injection is added to the vial containing Trelstar Depot and mixed, a suspension is formed which is intended as a monthly intramuscular injection. Trelstar Depot is available in 2 packaging configurations: (a) Trelstar Depot vial alone or (b) Trelstar Depot vial plus a separate pre-filled syringe that contains sterile water for injection, USP, 2 mL, pH 6 to 8.5 (Clip'n'Ject®).
Trelstar Depot - Clinical Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
Triptorelin is a potent inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion when given continuously and in therapeutic doses. Following the first administration, there is a transient surge in circulating levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and estradiol (see ADVERSE REACTIONS). After chronic and continuous administration, usually 2 to 4 weeks after initiation of therapy, a sustained decrease in LH and FSH secretion and marked reduction of testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis is observed. In men, a reduction of serum testosterone concentration to a level typically seen in surgically castrated men is obtained. Consequently, the result is that tissues and functions that depend on these hormones for maintenance become quiescent. These effects are usually reversible after cessation of therapy.
Following a single intramuscular (IM) injection of Trelstar Depot to healthy male volunteers, serum testosterone levels first increased, peaking on day 4, and declined thereafter to low levels by week 4. Similar testosterone profiles were observed in patients with advanced prostate cancer, when injected with Trelstar Depot. In healthy volunteers, testosterone serum levels returned to near baseline by week 8.
Pharmacokinetics
Results of pharmacokinetic investigations conducted in healthy men indicate that after intravenous (IV) bolus administration, triptorelin is distributed and eliminated according to a 3-compartment model and corresponding half-lives are approximately 6 minutes, 45 minutes, and 3 hours.
Absorption
Triptorelin pamoate is not active when given orally. Intramuscular injection of the depot formulation provides plasma concentrations of triptorelin over a period of 1 month. The pharmacokinetic parameters following a single IM injection of 3.75 mg of Trelstar Depot to 20 healthy male volunteers are listed in Table 1. The plasma concentrations declined to 0.084 ng/mL at 4 weeks.
Distribution
The volume of distribution following an IV bolus dose of 0.5 mg of triptorelin peptide was 30-33 L in healthy male volunteers. There is no evidence that triptorelin, at clinically relevant concentrations, binds to plasma proteins.
Metabolism
The metabolism of triptorelin in humans is unknown, but is unlikely to involve hepatic microsomal enzymes (cytochrome P-450). However, the effect of triptorelin on the activity of other drug metabolizing enzymes is unknown. Thus far, no metabolites of triptorelin have been identified. Pharmacokinetic data suggest that C-terminal fragments produced by tissue degradation are either completely degraded in the tissues, or rapidly degraded in plasma, or cleared by the kidneys.
Excretion
Triptorelin is eliminated by both the liver and the kidneys. Following IV administration of 0.5 mg triptorelin peptide to 6 healthy male volunteers with a creatinine clearance of 149.9 mL/min, 41.7% of the dose was excreted in urine as intact peptide with a total triptorelin clearance of 211.9 mL/min. This percentage increased to 62.3% in patients with liver disease who have a lower creatinine clearance (89.9 mL/min). It has also been observed that the non-renal clearance of triptorelin (patient anuric, CIcreat=0) was 76.2 mL/min, thus indicating that the nonrenal elimination of triptorelin is mainly dependent on the liver (see Special Populations).
Special Populations
Renal and Hepatic Impairment
After an IV injection of 0.5 mg triptorelin peptide, the two distribution half-lives were unaffected by renal and hepatic impairment, but renal insufficiency led to a decrease in total triptorelin clearance proportional to the decrease in creatinine clearance as well as an increase in volume of distribution and consequently an increase in elimination half-life (Table 2). The decrease in triptorelin clearance was more pronounced in subjects with liver insufficiency, but the half-life was prolonged similarly in subjects with renal insufficiency, since the volume of distribution was only minimally increased.
Age and Race
The effects of age and race on triptorelin pharmacokinetics have not been systematically studied. However, pharmacokinetic data obtained in young healthy male volunteers aged 20 to 22 years with an elevated creatinine clearance (approximately 150 mL/min) indicates that triptorelin was eliminated twice as fast in this young population (see Special Populations, Renal and Hepatic Impairment) as compared to patients with moderate renal insufficiency. This is related to the fact that triptorelin clearance is partly correlated to total creatinine clearance, which is well known to decrease with age.
Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions
No pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies have been conducted with triptorelin (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions).
Clinical Trials
Trelstar Depot was studied in a randomized, active control trial of 277 men with advanced prostate cancer. The clinical trial population consisted of 59.9% Caucasian, 39.3% Black, and 0.8% Other. There was no difference observed with triptorelin response between racial groups. Men were between 47 and 89 years of age (71 mean). Patients received either Trelstar Depot or an approved GnRH agonist monthly for 9 months. The primary efficacy endpoints were both achievement of castration by Day 29 and maintenance of castration from Day 57 through Day 253.
Castration levels of serum testosterone (≤ 1.735 nmol/L) were achieved in 91.2% of Trelstar Depot patients at Day 29 and in 97.7% of patients at Day 57.
Maintenance of castration levels of serum testosterone from Day 57 through Day 253 was found in 96.4% of Trelstar Depot patients.
The presence of an acute-on-chronic flare phenomenon was also studied as a secondary efficacy endpoint. Serum LH levels were measured at 2 hours after repeat Trelstar Depot administration on Days 85 and 169. One hundred twenty-four of 126 evaluable patients (98.4%) on Day 85 had a serum LH level of ≤ 1.0 IU/L at 2 hours after dosing, indicating desensitization of the pituitary gonadotroph receptors.
Indications and Usage for Trelstar Depot
Trelstar Depot is indicated in the palliative treatment of advanced prostate cancer. It offers an alternative treatment for prostate cancer when orchiectomy or estrogen administration are either not indicated or unacceptable to the patient.
Contraindications
Trelstar Depot is contraindicated in individuals with a known hypersensitivity to triptorelin or any other component of the product, other LHRH agonists or LHRH. Three postmarketing reports of anaphylactic shock and seven postmarketing reports of angioedema related to triptorelin administration have been reported since 1986 (see WARNINGS).
Trelstar Depot may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman.
Warnings
Initially, triptorelin, like other LHRH agonists, causes a transient increase in serum testosterone levels. As a result, isolated cases of worsening of signs and symptoms of prostate cancer during the first weeks of treatment have been reported with LHRH agonists. Patients may experience worsening of symptoms or onset of new symptoms, including bone pain, neuropathy, hematuria, or urethral or bladder outlet obstruction. Cases of spinal cord compression, which may contribute to paralysis with or without fatal complications, have been reported with LHRH agonists.
If spinal cord compression or renal impairment develops, standard treatment of these complications should be instituted, and in extreme cases an immediate orchiectomy considered.
Trelstar Depot should not be administered to individuals who are hypersensitive to triptorelin, other LHRH agonists, or LHRH. In the event of a hypersensitivity reaction, therapy with Trelstar Depot should be discontinued immediately and the appropriate supportive and symptomatic care should be administered.
Precautions
General
Patients with metastatic vertebral lesions and/or with upper or lower urinary tract obstruction should be closely observed during the first few weeks of therapy (see WARNINGS). Hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions have been reported with triptorelin with other LHRH agonists (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS).
Laboratory Tests
Response to Trelstar Depot should be monitored by measuring serum levels of testosterone and prostate-specific antigen.
Drug Interactions
No drug-drug interaction studies involving triptorelin have been conducted. In the absence of relevant data as a precaution, hyperprolactinemic drugs should not be prescribed concomitantly with Trelstar Depot since hyperprolactinemia reduces the number of pituitary GnRH receptors.
Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
Chronic or continuous administration of triptorelin in therapeutic doses results in suppression of pituitary-gonadal axis. Diagnostic tests of the pituitary-gonadal function conducted during treatment and after cessation of therapy may therefore be misleading.
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects
Pregnancy Category X (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). Trelstar Depot is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant while receiving the drug. Studies in pregnant rats administered triptorelin at doses of 2, 10, and 100 µg/kg/day (approximately equivalent to 0.2, 0.8, and 8 times the recommended human therapeutic dose based on body surface area) during the period of organogenesis displayed maternal toxicity and embryotoxicity, but no fetotoxicity or teratogenicity. Similarly, no teratogenic effects were observed when mice were administered doses of 2, 20, and 200 µg/kg/day (approximately equivalent to 0.1, 0.7, and 7 times the recommended human therapeutic dose based on body surface area). If this drug is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, she should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
In rats, doses of 120, 600, and 3000 µg/kg given every 28 days (approximately 0.3, 2.0, and 8 times the recommended human therapeutic dose based on body surface area) resulted in increased mortality with a drug treatment period of 13-19 months. The incidence of benign and malignant pituitary tumors and histiosarcomas were increased in a dose related manner. No oncogenic effect was observed in mice administered triptorelin for 18 months at doses up to 6000 µg/kg every 28 days (approximately 8 times the human therapeutic dose based on body surface area).
Mutagenicity studies performed with triptorelin using bacterial and mammalian systems (in vitro Ames test and chromosomal aberration test in CHO cells and an in vivo mouse micronucleus test) provided no evidence of mutagenic potential.
After 60 days of treatment followed by a minimum of four estrus cycles prior to mating, triptorelin, at doses of 2, 20, and 200 µg/kg/day in saline (approximately 0.2, 2.0, and 16 times the recommended human therapeutic dose based on body surface area) or 20 µg/kg/day in slow release microspheres, had no effect on the fertility or general reproductive performance of female rats. Treatment did not elicit embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, or any effects on the development of the offspring (F1 generation) or their reproductive performance.
No studies were conducted to assess the effect of triptorelin on male fertility.
Geriatric Use
Prostate cancer occurs primarily in an older patient population. Clinical studies with Trelstar Depot have been conducted primarily in patients ≥ 65 years.
Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether Trelstar Depot is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, and because the effects of Trelstar Depot on lactation and/or the breastfed child have not been determined, Trelstar Depot should not be used by nursing mothers.
Pediatric Use
Trelstar Depot has not been studied in pediatric patients.
Adverse Reactions
In the majority of patients, testosterone levels increased above baseline during the first week following the initial injection, declining thereafter to baseline levels or below by the end of the second week of treatment. The transient increase in testosterone levels may be associated with temporary worsening of disease signs and symptoms, including bone pain, hematuria, and bladder outlet obstruction. Isolated cases of spinal cord compression with weakness or paralysis of the lower extremities have occurred (see WARNINGS).
In a controlled, comparative clinical trial, the following adverse reactions were reported to have a possible or probable relationship to therapy as ascribed by the treating physician in 1% or more of the patients receiving triptorelin (Table 3). Often, causality is difficult to assess in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Reactions considered not drug-related are excluded.
Changes in Laboratory Values During Treatment: There were no clinically meaningful changes in laboratory values during or following therapy with Trelstar Depot.
Pituitary apoplexy: During post-marketing surveillance, rare cases of pituitary apoplexy (a clinical syndrome secondary to infarction of the pituitary gland) have been reported after the administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. In a majority of these cases, a pituitary adenoma was diagnosed with a majority of pituitary apoplexy cases occurring within 2 weeks of the first dose, and some within the first hour. In these cases, pituitary apoplexy has presented as sudden headache, vomiting, visual changes, ophthalmoplegia, altered mental status, and sometimes cardiovascular collapse. Immediate medical attention has been required.
Overdosage
The pharmacological properties of triptorelin and its mode of administration make accidental or intentional overdosage unlikely. There were no reported overdoses in clinical trials. In single dose toxicity studies in mice and rats, the subcutaneous LD50 of triptorelin was 400 mg/kg in mice and 250 mg/kg in rats, approximately 7000 and 4000 times, respectively, the usual human dose. If overdosage occurs however, therapy should be discontinued immediately and the appropriate supportive and symptomatic treatment administered.
Trelstar Depot Dosage and Administration
Trelstar Depot Must Be Administered Under the Supervision of a Physician.
The recommended dose of Trelstar Depot is 3.75 mg incorporated in a depot formulation and is administered monthly as a single intramuscular injection. The lyophilized microgranules are to be reconstituted in sterile water. No other diluent should be used.
Reconstitute in accord with the following:
For Trelstar Depot:
Using a syringe fitted with a sterile 20-gauge needle, withdraw 2 mL sterile water for injection, USP, and after removing the flip-off seal from the vial, inject into the vial.
Shake well to thoroughly disperse particles to obtain a uniform suspension. The suspension will appear milky.
Withdraw the entire content of the reconstituted suspension into the syringe and inject it immediately.
For the Trelstar Depot Clip'n'Ject® single-dose delivery system, see adjacent INSTRUCTIONS FOR CLIP'N'JECT® USE section.
The suspension should be discarded if not used immediately after reconstitution.
As with other drugs administered by intramuscular injection, the injection site should be altered periodically.
Dosage Adjustments: Patients with renal or hepatic impairment showed 2- to 4-fold higher exposure than young healthy males. The clinical consequences of this increase, as well as the potential need for dose adjustment, is unknown.
How is Trelstar Depot Supplied
Trelstar Depot (NDC 52544-153-02) is supplied in a single-dose vial with a flip-off seal containing sterile lyophilized triptorelin pamoate microgranules equivalent to 3.75 mg triptorelin peptide base, incorporated in a biodegradable copolymer of lactic and glycolic acids. A single dose vial of Trelstar Depot contains triptorelin pamoate (3.75 mg as peptide base units), poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycolide (170 mg), mannitol, USP (85 mg), carboxymethylcellulose sodium, USP (30 mg), and polysorbate 80, NF (2 mg).
Trelstar Depot (NDC 52544-153-76) is also supplied in the Trelstar Depot Clip'n'Ject®single-dose delivery system consisting of a vial with a flip-off seal containing sterile lyophilized triptorelin pamoate microgranules equivalent to 3.75 mg of triptorelin peptide base, incorporated in a biodegradable copolymer of lactic and glycolic acids, and a pre-filled syringe containing sterile water for injection, USP, 2 mL, pH 6 to 8.5.
When mixed with sterile water for injection, Trelstar Depot is administered every 28 days as a single intramuscular injection.
Store at 20-25°C (68-77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].