英文药名: Cogentin(Benztropine Mesylate Tablets)

中文药名: 甲磺酸苄片

药品名称

通用名称：苯扎托品
英文名：Benzatropine
其它中文名：苯甲托品、苯唑托品、甲磺酸苯扎托品、氢溴酸苯甲托品、苄托品
其它英文名：Benzatrapine Hydrobromide、Benzatropine Mesylate、Benztropine、Benztropine Mesylate、Benztropme、Cogentin
药理作用　

有抗胆硷、抗组胺和局麻作用。口服吸收快而完全，口服后１小时开始起作用，肌内或静脉注射数分钟内作用开始，作用持续24小时。其他可参阅盐酸苯海索。
适应症　　

用于治疗帕金森病、震颤麻痹及药物引起的锥体外系反应综合征。可改善肌强直和震颤。其他参阅盐酸苯海索。
用法用量　　

1．口服成人常用量；帕金森病，一日 1—2mg，以后视需要及耐受情况逐渐增量，一般每日最大量不超过 6mg，分 3次服。有些病人只要睡前服 0.5—1mg。脑炎后帕金森综合征的大多数病人每日 2mg，分 1—2次服。药物诱发的锥体外系反应，一次 1—4mg，一日 1—2次。由镇静剂新近诱发的锥体外系反应，一次量 1—2mg，每日 2—3次。老年病人对本品较敏感，应酌情减量。小儿 3岁以下不用本品，3岁或 3岁以上用量由医生酌情。
2．肌内或静脉注射成人常用量：帕金森病，一日 1—2mg，用量视需要与耐受力而定。药物诱发的锥体外系反应，一次 1—4mg，一日 1—2次。
任何疑问，请遵医嘱！
给药说明　　

(1)老年病人可能更敏感。
(2)3岁以上儿童剂量因病情而定。
规格

甲磺酸苯扎托品片(1)0.5mg(2)1mg(3)2mg

Cogentin®
(benztropine mesylate injection)

Rx only
DESCRIPTION
Benztropine mesylate is a synthetic compound containing structural features found in atropine and diphenhydramine.

It is designated chemically as 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1] octane, 3-(diphenylmethoxy)-,endo, methanesulfonate. Its empirical formula is C21H25NO•CH4O3S, and its structural formula is:

Benztropine mesylate is a crystalline white powder, very soluble in water, and has a molecular weight of 403.54.

Cogentin (benztropine mesylate) is supplied as a sterile injection for intravenous and intramuscular use.

Each milliliter of the injection contains:

Benztropine mesylate - 1 mg

Sodium chloride - 9 mg

Water for injection q.s - 1 mL

ACTIONS

Cogentin possesses both anticholinergic and antihistaminic effects, although only the former have established as therapeutically significant in the management of parkinsonism.

In the isolated guinea pig ileum, the anticholinergic activity of this drug is about equal to that of atropine; however, when administered orally to unanesthetized cats, it is only about half as active as atropine.

In laboratory animals, its antihistaminic activity and duration of action approach those of pyrilamine maleate.

INDICATIONS

For use as an adjunct in the therapy of all forms of parkinsonism.

Useful also in the control of extrapyramidal disorders (except tardive dyskinesia - see PRECAUTIONS) due to neuroleptic drugs (e.g., phenothiazines).

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Hypersensitivity to any component of Cogentin injection.

Because of its atropine-like side effects, this drug is contraindicated in pediatric patients under three years of age, and should be used with caution in older pediatric patients.

WARNINGS

Safe use in pregnancy has not been established.

Cogentin may impair mental and/or physical abilities required for performance of hazardous tasks, such as operating machinery or driving a motor vehicle.

When Cogentin is given concomitantly with phenothiazines, haloperidol, or other drugs with anticholinergic or antidopaminergic activity, patients should be advised to report gastrointestinal complaints, fever or heat intolerance promptly. Paralytic ileus, hyperthermia and heat stroke, all of which have sometimes been fatal, have occurred in patients taking anticholinergic-type antiparkinsonism drugs, including Cogentin, in combination with phenothiazines and/or tricyclic antidepressants.

Since Cogentin contains structural features of atropine, it may produce anhidrosis. For this reason, it should be administered with caution during hot weather, especially when given concomitantly with other atropine-like drugs to the chronically ill, the alcoholic, those who have central nervous system disease, and those who do manual labor in a hot environment. Anhidrosis may occur more readily when some disturbance of sweating already exists. If there is evidence of anhidrosis, the possibility of hyperthermia should be considered. Dosage should be decreased at the discretion of the physician so that the ability to maintain body heat equilibrium by perspiration is not impaired. Severe anhidrosis and fatal hyperthermia have occurred.

PRECAUTIONS

General

Since Cogentin has cumulative action, continued supervision is advisable. Patients with a tendency to tachycardia and patients with prostatic hypertrophy should be observed closely during treatment.

Dysuria may occur, but rarely becomes a problem. Urinary retention has been reported with Cogentin.

The drug may cause complaints of weakness and inability to move particular muscle groups, especially in large doses. For example, if the neck has been rigid and suddenly relaxes, it may feel weak, causing some concern. In this event, dosage adjustment is required.

Mental confusion and excitement may occur with large doses, or in susceptible patients. Visual hallucinations have been reported occasionally. Furthermore, in the treatment of extrapyramidal disorders due to neuroleptic drugs (e.g., phenothiazines), in patients with mental disorders, occasionally there may be intensification of mental symptoms. In such cases, antiparkinsonian drugs can precipitate a toxic psychosis. Patients with mental disorders should be kept under careful observation, especially at the beginning of treatment or if dosage is increased.

Tardive dyskinesia may appear in some patients on long-term therapy with phenothiazines and related agents, or may occur after therapy when these drugs have been discontinued. Antiparkinsonism agents do not alleviate the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, and in some instances may aggravate them. Cogentin is not recommended for use in patients with tardive dyskinesia.

The physician should be aware of the possible occurrence of glaucoma. Although the drug does not appear to have any adverse effect on simple glaucoma, it probably should not be used in angle-closure glaucoma.

Drug Interactions

Antipsychotic drugs such as phenothiazines or haloperidol; tricyclic antidepressants (see WARNINGS).

Pediatric use

Because of the atropine-like side effects, Cogentin should be used with caution in pediatric patients over three years of age (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

ADVERSE REACTIONS

The adverse reactions below, most of which are anticholinergic in nature, have been reported and within each category are listed in order of decreasing severity.

Cardiovascular: Tachycardia.

Digestive: Paralytic ileus, constipation, vomiting, nausea, dry mouth.

If dry mouth is so severe that there is difficulty in swallowing or speaking, or loss of appetite and weight, reduce dosage, or discontinue the drug temporarily.

Slight reduction in dosage may control nausea and still give sufficient relief of symptoms. Vomiting may be controlled by temporary discontinuation, followed by resumption at a lower dosage.

Nervous System: Toxic psychosis, including confusion, disorientation, memory impairment, visual hallucinations; exacerbation of pre-existing psychotic symptoms; nervousness; depression; listlessness; numbness of fingers.

Special Senses: Blurred vision, dilated pupils.

Urogenital: Urinary retention, dysuria.

Metabolic/Immune or Skin: Occasionally, an allergic reaction, e.g., skin rash, develops. If this cannot be controlled by dosage reduction, the medication should be discontinued.

Other: Heat stroke, hyperthermia, fever.

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Lundbeck Inc. at 1-800-455-1141 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or .

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Since there is no significant difference in onset of effect after intravenous or intramuscular injection, usually there is no need to use the intravenous route. The drug is quickly effective after either route, with improvement sometimes noticeable a few minutes after injection. In emergency situations, when the condition of the patient is alarming, 1 to 2 mL of the injection normally will provide quick relief. If the parkinsonian effect begins to return, the dose can be repeated.

Because of cumulative action, therapy should be initiated with a low dose which is increased gradually at five or six-day intervals to the smallest amount necessary for optimal relief. Increases should be made in increments of 0.5 mg, to a maximum of 6 mg, or until optimal results are obtained without excessive adverse reactions.

Postencephalitic and Idiopathic Parkinsonism: The usual daily dose is 1 to 2 mg, with a range of 0.5 to 6 mg parenterally.

As with any agent used in parkinsonism, dosage must be individualized according to age and weight, and the type of parkinsonism being treated. Generally, older patients, and thin patients cannot tolerate large doses. Most patients with postencephalitic parkinsonism need fairly large doses and tolerate them well. Patients with a poor mental outlook are usually poor candidates for therapy.

In idiopathic parkinsonism, therapy may be initiated with a single daily dose of 0.5 to 1 mg at bedtime. In some patients, this will be adequate; in others 4 to 6 mg a day may be required.

In postencephalitic parkinsonism, therapy may be initiated in most patients with 2 mg a day in one or more doses. In highly sensitive patients, therapy may be initiated with 0.5 mg at bedtime, and increased as necessary.

Some patients experience greatest relief when given the entire dose at bedtime; others react more favorably to divided doses, two to four times a day. Frequently, one dose a day is sufficient, and divided doses may be unnecessary or undesirable.

The long duration of action of this drug makes it particularly suitable for bedtime medication when its effects may last throughout the night, enabling patients to turn in bed during the night more easily, and to rise in the morning.

When Cogentin is started, do not terminate therapy with other antiparkinsonian agents abruptly. If the other agents are to be reduced or discontinued, it must be done gradually. Many patients obtain greatest relief with combination therapy.

Cogentin may be used concomitantly with carbidopa-levodopa, or with levodopa, in which case periodic dosage adjustment may be required in order to maintain optimum response.

Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Disorders: In treating extrapyramidal disorders due to neuroleptic drugs (e.g., phenothiazines), the recommended dosage is 1 to 4 mg once or twice a day parenterally. Dosage must be individualized according to the need of the patient. Some patients require more than recommended; others do not need as much.

In acute dystonic reactions, 1 to 2 mL of the injection usually relieves the condition quickly.

When extrapyramidal disorders develop soon after initiation of treatment with neuroleptic drugs (e.g., phenothiazines), they are likely to be transient. One to 2 mg of Cogentin two or three times a day usually provides relief within one or two days. After one or two weeks, the drug should be withdrawn to determine the continued need for it. If such disorders recur, Cogentin can be reinstituted.

Certain drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders that develop slowly may not respond to Cogentin.

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration.

OVERDOSAGE

Manifestations: May be any of those seen in atropine poisoning or antihistamine overdosage: CNS depression, preceded or followed by stimulation; confusion; nervousness; listlessness; intensification of mental symptoms or toxic psychosis in patients with mental illness being treated with neuroleptic drugs (e.g., phenothiazines); hallucinations (especially visual); dizziness; muscle weakness; ataxia; dry mouth; mydriasis; blurred vision; palpitations; tachycardia; elevated blood pressure; nausea; vomiting; dysuria; numbness of fingers; dysphagia; allergic reactions, e.g., skin rash; headache; hot, dry, flushed skin; delirium; coma; shock; convulsions; respiratory arrest; anhidrosis; hyperthermia; glaucoma; constipation.

Treatment: Physostigmine salicylate, 1 to 2 mg, SC or IV, reportedly will reverse symptoms of anticholinergic intoxication.** A second injection may be given after 2 hours if required. Otherwise treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Induce emesis or perform gastric lavage (contraindicated in precomatose, convulsive, or psychotic states). Maintain respiration. A short-acting barbiturate may be used for CNS excitement, but with caution to avoid subsequent depression; supportive care for depression (avoid convulsant stimulants such as picrotoxin, pentylenetetrazol, or bemegride); artificial respiration for severe respiratory depression; a local miotic for mydriasis and cycloplegia; ice bags or other cold applications and alcohol sponges for hyperpyrexia, a vasopressor and fluids for circulatory collapse. Darken room for photophobia.

   ** Duvoisin, R.C.; Katz, R.J.; Amer. Med. Ass. 206: 1963-1965, Nov. 25, 1968

HOW SUPPLIED

Injection Cogentin, 1 mg per mL, is a clear, colorless solution and is supplied in boxes of 5 x 2 mL ampules.

NDC 67386-611-52

Recommended Storage: Store at 20-25°C (68-77°F). See USP controlled room temperature.

Manufactured by: Hospira, Inc., McPherson, KS 67460, U.S.A.

For: Lundbeck Inc., Deerfield, IL 60015, U.S.A.

® Registered trademark of Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.

Revised: December 2010