2007年9月5日，欧洲药品局人用药品委员会建议批准拜耳和Genzyme公司合作研制的肿瘤药MabCampath（在美国称Campath）作为一线药物治疗慢性B淋巴细胞白血病（B-CLL）。 欧洲药品局人用药品委员会发表肯定意见，赞成MabCampath (alemtuzumab)治疗不适于fludarabine结合化疗的慢性B淋巴细胞白血病患者。该药已获准治疗原先接受烷化剂治疗的及fludarabine治疗无效的此类患者。 人用药品委员会赞成依据来自一项国际开放标签III期临床试验，将MabCampath对原先未经治疗的慢性B淋巴细胞白血病患者的疗效与苯丁酸氮芥（chlorambucil）相比，结果证明，MabCampath显示更高的无恶化存活率，并将疾病恶化或死亡风险降低42%。与苯丁酸氮芥相比，接受MabCampath治疗后，患者显示更高的总体完全应答率，并具有可控制安全范围。患者的无治疗间隔期延长，中间期为2年。 拜耳-先灵制药公司董事会成员Gunnar Riemann表示，人用药品委员会建议批准MabCampath“强调说明MabCampath很有潜力成为慢性B淋巴细胞白血病标准治疗药物”。 目前，已有越来越多的肿瘤专家在早期治疗中选择Campath。 MabCampath 30 mg/ml concentrate for solution for infusionAle 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MabCampath 30 mg/ml concentrate for solution for infusion 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION One ml contains 30 mg of alemtuzumab. Each vial contains 30 mg of alemtuzumab. Alemtuzumab is a genetically engineered humanised IgG1 kappa monoclonal antibody specific for a 21-28 kD lymphocyte cell surface glycoprotein (CD52). The antibody is produced in mammalian cell (Chinese Hamster Ovary) suspension culture in a nutrient medium. For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM Concentrate for solution for infusion. Colourless to slightly yellow concentrate. 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1 Therapeutic indications MabCampath is indicated for the treatment of patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) for whom fludarabine combination chemotherapy is not appropriate. 4.2 Posology and method of administration MabCampath should be administered under the supervision of a physician experienced in the use of cancer therapy. Posology During the first week of treatment, MabCampath should be administered in escalating doses: 3 mg on day 1, 10 mg on day 2 and 30 mg on day 3 assuming that each dose is well tolerated. Thereafter, the recommended dose is 30 mg daily administered 3 times weekly on alternate days up to a maximum of 12 weeks. In most patients, dose escalation to 30 mg can be accomplished in 3-7 days. However, if acute moderate to severe adverse reactions such as hypotension, rigors, fever, shortness of breath, chills, rashes and bronchospasm (some of which may be due to cytokine release) occur at either the 3 mg or 10 mg dose levels, then those doses should be repeated daily until they are well tolerated before further dose escalation is attempted (see section 4.4). Median duration of treatment was 11.7 weeks for first-line patients and 9.0 weeks for previously treated patients. Once a patient meets all laboratory and clinical criteria for a complete response, MabCampath should be discontinued and the patient monitored. If a patient improves (i.e. achieves a partial response or stable disease) and then reaches a plateau without further improvement for 4 weeks or more, then MabCampath should be discontinued and the patient monitored. Therapy should be discontinued if there is evidence of disease progression. Concomitant medicinal products Premedications Patients should be premedicated with oral or intravenous steroids, an appropriate antihistamine and analgesic 30-60 minutes prior to each MabCampath infusion during dose escalation and as clinically indicated thereafter (see section 4.4). Prophylactic antibiotics Antibiotics and antivirals should be administered routinely to all patients throughout and following treatment (see section 4.4). Dose modification guidelines There are no dose modifications recommended for severe lymphopenia given the mechanism of action of MabCampath. In the event of serious infection or severe haematological toxicity MabCampath should be interrupted until the event resolves. It is recommended that MabCampath should be interrupted in patients whose platelet count falls to < 25,000/μl or whose absolute neutrophil count (ANC) drops to < 250/μl. MabCampath may be reinstituted after the infection or toxicity has resolved. MabCampath should be permanently discontinued if autoimmune anaemia or autoimmune thrombocytopenia appears. The following table outlines the recommended procedure for dose modification following the occurrence of haematological toxicity while on therapy: Haematologic values Dose modification* ANC < 250/μl and/or platelet count 25,000/μl For first occurrence Withhold MabCampath therapy. Resume MabCampath at 30 mg when ANC 500/μl and platelet count 50,000/μl. For second occurrence Withhold MabCampath therapy. Resume MabCampath at 10 mg when ANC 500/μl and platelet count 50,000/μl. For third occurrence Discontinue MabCampath therapy. 50% decrease from baseline in patients initiating therapy with a baseline ANC 250/μl and/or a baseline platelet count 25,000/μl For first occurrence Withhold MabCampath therapy. Resume MabCampath at 30 mg upon return to baseline value(s). For second occurrence Withhold MabCampath therapy. Resume MabCampath at 10 mg upon return to baseline value(s). For third occurrence Discontinue MabCampath therapy. *If the delay between dosing is  7 days, initiate therapy at MabCampath 3 mg and escalate to 10 mg and then to 30 mg as tolerated Special populations Elderly (over 65 years of age) Recommendations are as stated above for adults. Patients should be monitored carefully (see section 4.4). Patients with renal or hepatic impairment No studies have been conducted. Paediatric population The safety and efficacy of MabCampath in children aged less than 17 years of age have not been established. No data are available. Method of administration The MabCampath solution must be prepared according to the instructions provided in section 6.6. All doses should be administered by intravenous infusion over approximately 2 hours. 4.3 Contraindications - Hypersensitivity to alemtuzumab, to murine proteins or to any of the excipients. - Active systemic infections. - HIV. - Active second malignancies. - Pregnancy. 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use Acute adverse reactions, which may occur during initial dose escalation and some of which may be due to the release of cytokines, include hypotension, chills/rigors, fever, shortness of breath and rashes. Additional reactions include nausea, urticaria, vomiting, fatigue, dyspnoea, headache, pruritus, diarrhoea and bronchospasm. The frequency of infusion reactions was highest in the first week of therapy, and declined in the second or third week of treatment, in patients treated with MabCampath both as first line therapy and in previously treated patients. If these events are moderate to severe, then dosing should continue at the same level prior to each dose escalation, with appropriate premedication, until each dose is well tolerated. If therapy is withheld for more than 7 days, MabCampath should be reinstituted with gradual dose escalation. Transient hypotension has occurred in patients receiving MabCampath. Caution should be used in treating patients with ischaemic heart disease, angina and/or in patients receiving an antihypertensive medicinal product. Myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest have been observed in association with MabCampath infusion in this patient population. Assessment and ongoing monitoring of cardiac function (e.g. echocardiography, heart rate and body weight) should be considered in patients previously treated with potentially cardiotoxic agents. It is recommended that patients be premedicated with oral or intravenous steroids 30 - 60 minutes prior to each MabCampath infusion during dose escalation and as clinically indicated. Steroids may be discontinued as appropriate, once dose escalation has been achieved. In addition, an oral antihistamine, e.g. diphenhydramine 50 mg, and an analgesic, e.g. paracetamol 500 mg, may be given. In the event that acute infusion reactions persist, the infusion time may be extended up to 8 hours from the time of reconstitution of MabCampath in solution for infusion. Profound lymphocyte depletion, an expected pharmacological effect of MabCampath, inevitably occurs and may be prolonged. CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts begin to rise from weeks 8-12 during treatment and continue to recover for several months following the discontinuation of treatment. In patients receiving MabCampath as first line therapy, the recovery of CD4+ counts to 200 cells/µl occurred by 6 months post-treatment, however, at 2 months post-treatment the median was 183 cells/μl. In previously treated patients receiving MabCampath, the median time to reach a level of 200 cells/μl is 2 months following last infusion with MabCampath but may take more than 12 months to approximate pretreatment levels. This may predispose patients to opportunistic infections. It is highly recommended that anti-infective prophylaxis (e.g. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 1 tablet twice daily, 3 times weekly, or other prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) and an effective oral anti-herpes agent, such as famciclovir, 250 mg twice daily) should be initiated while on therapy and for a minimum of 2 months following completion of treatment with MabCampath or until the CD4+ count has recovered to 200 cells/μl or greater, whichever is the later. The potential for an increased risk of infection-related complications may exist following treatment with multiple chemotherapeutic or biological agents. Because of the potential for Transfusion Associated Graft Versus Host Disease (TAGVHD) it is recommended that patients who have been treated with MabCampath receive irradiated blood products. Asymptomatic laboratory positive Cytomegalovirus (CMV) viraemia should not necessarily be considered a serious infection requiring interruption of therapy. Ongoing clinical assessment should be performed for symptomatic CMV infection during MabCampath treatment and for at least 2 months following completion of treatment. Transient grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurs very commonly by weeks 5-8 following initiation of treatment. Transient grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia occurs very commonly during the first 2 weeks of therapy and then begins to improve in most patients. Therefore, haematological monitoring of patients is indicated. If a severe haematological toxicity develops, MabCampath treatment should be interrupted until the event resolves. Treatment may be reinstituted following resolution of the haematological toxicity (see section 4.2). MabCampath should be permanently discontinued if autoimmune anaemia or autoimmune thrombocytopenia appears. Complete blood counts and platelet counts should be obtained at regular intervals during MabCampath therapy and more frequently in patients who develop cytopenias. It is not proposed that regular and systematic monitoring of CD52 expression should be carried out as routine clinical practice. However, if retreatment is considered, it may be prudent to confirm the presence of CD52 expression. In data available from first line patients treated with MabCampath, loss of CD52 expression was not observed around the time of disease progression or death. Patients may have allergic or hypersensitivity reactions to MabCampath and to murine or chimeric monoclonal antibodies. Medicinal products for the treatment of hypersensitivity reactions, as well as preparedness to institute emergency measures in the event of reaction during administration is necessary (see section 4.2). Males and females of childbearing potential should use effective contraceptive measures during treatment and for 6 months following MabCampath therapy (see sections 4.6 and 5.3). No studies have been conducted which specifically address the effect of age on MabCampath disposition and toxicity. In general, older patients (over 65 years of age) tolerate cytotoxic therapy less well than younger individuals. Since CLL occurs commonly in this older age group, these patients should be monitored carefully (see section 4.2). In the studies in first line and previously treated patients no substantial differences in safety and efficacy related to age were observed; however the sizes of the databases are limited. 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction Although no formal drug interaction studies have been performed with MabCampath, there are no known clinically significant interactions of MabCampath with other medicinal products. Because MabCampath is a recombinant humanized protein, a P450 mediated drug-drug interaction would not be expected. However, it is recommended that MabCampath should not be given within 3 weeks of other chemotherapeutic agents. Although it has not been studied, it is recommended that patients should not receive live viral vaccines in, at least, the 12 months following MabCampath therapy. The ability to generate a primary or anamnestic humoral response to any vaccine has not been studied. 4.6 Pregnancy and lactation Pregnancy MabCampath is contraindicated during pregnancy. Human IgG is known to cross the placental barrier; MabCampath may cross the placental barrier as well and thus potentially cause foetal B and T cell lymphocyte depletion. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with MabCampath. It is not known if MabCampath can cause foetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Males and females of childbearing capacity should use effective contraceptive measures during treatment and for 6 months following MabCampath therapy (see section 5.3). Lactation It is not known whether MabCampath is excreted in human milk. If treatment is needed, breast-feeding should be discontinued during treatment and for at least 4 weeks following MabCampath therapy. Fertility There are no definitive studies of MabCampath which assess its impact on fertility. It is not known if MabCampath can affect human reproductive capacity (see section 5.3). 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. However, caution should be exercised as confusion and somnolence have been reported. 4.8 Undesirable effects The tables below report adverse reactions by MedDRA system organ classes (MedDRA SOCs). The frequencies are based on clinical trial data. The most appropriate MedDRA term is used to describe a certain reaction and its synonyms and related conditions. The frequencies are defined as: very common ( 1/10), common ( 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon ( 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare ( 1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000). No information is available for events that occur at lower frequency, due to the size of the population studied; n=147 for first line treated patients and n=149 for previously treated patients. The most frequent adverse reactions with MabCampath are: infusion reactions (pyrexia, chills, hypotension, urticaria, nausea, rash, tachycardia, dyspnoea), cytopenias (neutropenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, anaemia), infections (CMV viraemia, CMV infection, other infections), gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, emesis, abdominal pain), and neurological symptoms (insomnia, anxiety). The most frequent serious adverse reactions are cytopenias, infusion reactions, and immunosuppression/infections. Undesirable effects in first line patients Safety data in first-line B-CLL patients are based on adverse reactions that occurred on study in 147 patients enrolled in a randomized, controlled study of MabCampath as a single agent administered at a dose of 30 mg intravenously three times weekly for up to 12 weeks, inclusive of dose escalation period. Approximately 97% of first-line patients experienced adverse reactions; the most commonly reported reactions in first line patients usually occurred in the first week of therapy. Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects observed during treatment or within 30 days following the completion of treatment with MabCampath are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. System organ class Very common Common Uncommon Infections and infestations Cytomegalovirus viraemia Cytomegalovirus infection Pneumonia Bronchitis Pharyngitis Oral candidiasis Sepsis Staphylococcal bacteraemia Tuberculosis Bronchopneumonia Herpes ophthalmicus Beta haemolytic streptococcal infection Candidiasis Genital candidiasis Urinary tract infection Cystitis Body tinea Nasopharyngitis Rhinitis Blood and lymphatic system disorder   Febrile neutropenia Neutropenia Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia Anaemia Agranulocytosis Lymphopenia Lymphadenopathy Epistaxis Immune system disorders     Anaphylactic reaction Hypersensitivity Metabolism and nutrition disorders   Weight decreased Tumour lysis syndrome Hyperglycaemia Protein total decreased Anorexia Psychiatric disorders   Anxiety   Nervous system disorders   Syncope Dizziness Tremor Paraesthesia Hypoesthesia Headache Vertigo Eye disorders     Conjunctivitis Cardiac disorders   Cyanosis Bradycardia Tachycardia Sinus tachycardia Cardiac arrest Myocardial infarction Angina pectoris Atrial fibrillation Arrhythmia supraventricular Sinus bradycardia Supraventricular extrasystoles Vascular disorders Hypotension Hypertension Orthostatic hypotension Hot flush Flushing Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders   Bronchospasm Dyspnoea Hypoxia Pleural effusion Dysphonia Rhinorrhoea Gastrointestinal disorders Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Ileus Oral discomfort Stomach discomfort Diarrhoea Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Urticaria Rash Dermatitis allergic Pruritus Hyperhidrosis Erythema Rash pruritic Rash macular Rash erythematous Dermatitis Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders   Myalgia Musculoskeletal pain Back pain Bone pain Arthralgia Musculoskeletal chest pain Muscle spasms Renal and urinary disorders     Urine output decreased Dysuria General disorders and administration site conditions Fever Chills Fatigue Asthenia Mucosal inflammation Infusion site erythema Localised oedema Infusion site oedema Malaise Acute infusion reactions including fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, fatigue, rash, urticaria, dyspnoea, headache, pruritus and diarrhoea have been reported. The majority of these reactions are mild to moderate in severity. Acute infusion reactions usually occur during the first week of therapy and substantially decline thereafter. Grade 3 or 4 infusion reactions are uncommon after the first week of therapy. Undesirable effects in previously treated patients Safety data in previously treated B-CLL patients are based on 149 patients enrolled in single-arm studies of MabCampath (Studies 1, 2, and 3). More than 80% of previously treated patients may be expected to experience adverse reactions; the most commonly reported reactions usually occur during the first week of therapy. Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. System organ class Very common Common Uncommon Infections and infestations Sepsis Pneumonia Herpes simplex Cytomegalovirus infection Pneumocystis jiroveci infection Pneumonitis Fungal infection Candidiasis Herpes zoster Abscess Urinary tract infection Sinusitis Bronchitis Upper respiratory tract infection Pharyngitis Infection Bacterial infection Viral infection Fungal dermatitis Laryngitis Rhinitis Onychomycosis Neoplasms, benign, malignant and unspecified (incl. cysts and polyps)     Lymphoma – like disorder Blood and lymphatic system disorder Granulocytopenia Thrombocytopenia Anaemia Febrile neutropenia Pancytopenia Leukopenia Lymphopenia Purpura Aplasia bone marrow Disseminated intravascular coagulation Haemolytic anaemia, Decreased haptoglobin Bone marrow depression Epistaxis Gingival bleeding Haematology test abnormal Immune system disorders     Allergic reaction       Severe anaphylactic and other hypersensitivity reactions Metabolism and nutrition disorders Anorexia Hyponatraemia Hypocalcaemia Weight decrease Dehydration Thirst Hypokalaemia Diabetes mellitus aggravated Psychiatric disorders   Confusion Anxiety Depression Somnolence Insomnia Depersonalisation Personality disorder Abnormal thinking Impotence Nervousness Nervous system disorders Headache Vertigo Dizziness Tremor Paresthesia Hypoesthesia Hyperkinesia Taste loss Syncope Abnormal gait Dystonia Hyperesthesia Neuropathy Taste perversion Eye disorders   Conjunctivitis Endophthalmitis Ear and labyrinth disorders     Deafness Tinnitus Cardiac disorders   Palpitation Tachycardia Cardiac arrest Myocardial infarction Atrial fibrillation Supraventricular tachycardia Arrhythmia Bradycardia Abnormal ECG Vascular disorders Hypotension Hypertension Vasospasm Flushing Peripheral ischaemia Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Dyspnoea Hypoxia Haemoptysis Bronchospasm Coughing Stridor Throat tightness Pulmonary infiltration Pleural effusion Breath sounds decreased Respiratory disorder Gastrointestinal disorders Vomiting Nausea Diarrhoea Gastrointestinal haemorrhage Ulcerative stomatitis Stomatitis Abdominal pain Dyspepsia Constipation Flatulence Gastroenteritis Tongue ulceration Gingivitis Hiccup Eructation Dry mouth Hepatobiliary disorders   Hepatic function abnormal   Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Pruritus Urticaria Rash Hyperhidrosis Bullous eruption Erythematous rash Maculo-papular rash Skin disorder Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders   Arthralgia Myalgia Skeletal pain Back pain Leg pain Hypertonia Renal and urinary disorders     Haematuria Urinary incontinence Urine flow decreased Polyuria Renal function abnormal General disorders and administration site conditions Chills Fever Fatigue Chest pain Influenza-like symptoms Mucositis Oedema mouth Oedema Asthenia Malaise Temperature change sensation Infusion site reaction Pain Pulmonary oedema Peripheral oedema Periorbital oedema Mucosal ulceration Infusion site bruising Infusion site dermatitis Infusion sit Undesirable effects observed during post-marketing surveillance Infusion reactions: Serious and sometimes fatal reactions, including bronchospasm, hypoxia, syncope, pulmonary infiltrates, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory arrest, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, acute cardiac insufficiency and cardiac arrest have been observed. Severe anaphylactic and other hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactic shock and angioedema, have been reported following MabCampath administration. These symptoms can be ameliorated or avoided if premedication and dose escalation are utilised (see section 4.4). Infections and infestations: Serious and sometimes fatal viral (e.g. adenovirus, parainfluenza, hepatitis B, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)), bacterial (including tuberculosis and atypical mycobacterioses, nocardiosis), protozoan (e.g. toxoplasma gondii), and fungal (e.g. rhinocerebral mucormycosis) infections, including those due to reactivation of latent infections have occurred during post-marketing surveillance. The recommended anti-infective prophylaxis treatment appears to be effective in reducing the risk of PCP and herpes infections (see section 4.4). EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders, in some cases fatal, have been reported. Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Severe bleeding reactions have been reported. Immune system disorders: Serious and sometimes fatal autoimmune phenomena including autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, aplastic anaemia, Guillain Barré syndrome and its chronic form, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy have been reported. A positive Coombs test has also been observed. Fatal Transfusion Associated Graft Versus Host Disease (TAGVHD) has also been reported. Metabolism and nutritional disorders: Tumour lysis syndrome with fatal outcome has been reported. Nervous system disorders: Intracranial haemorrhage has occurred with fatal outcome, in patients with thrombocytopenia. Cardiac disorders: Congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and decreased ejection fraction have been reported in patients previously treated with potentially cardiotoxic agents. 4.9 Overdose Patients have received repeated unit doses of up to 240 mg of MabCampath. The frequency of grade 3 or 4 adverse events, such as fever, hypotension and anaemia, may be higher in these patients. There is no known specific antidote for MabCampath. Treatment consists of discontinuation of MabCampath and supportive therapy. 5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, monoclonal antibodies, ATC code: L01XC04. Alemtuzumab is a genetically engineered humanised IgG1 kappa monoclonal antibody specific for a 21-28 kD lymphocyte cell surface glycoprotein (CD52) expressed primarily on the surface of normal and malignant peripheral blood B and T cell lymphocytes. Alemtuzumab was generated by the insertion of six complementarity-determining regions from an IgG2a rat monoclonal antibody into a human IgG1 immunoglobulin molecule. Alemtuzumab causes the lysis of lymphocytes by binding to CD52, a highly expressed, non-modulating antigen which is present on the surface of essentially all B and T cell lymphocytes as well as monocytes, thymocytes and macrophages. The antibody mediates the lysis of lymphocytes via complement fixation and antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity. The antigen has been found on a small percentage (< 5%) of granulocytes, but not on erythrocytes or platelets. Alemtuzumab does not appear to damage haematopoietic stem cells or progenitor cells. First line B-CLL patients The safety and efficacy of MabCampath were eva luated in a Phase 3, open-label, randomized comparative trial of first line (previously untreated) Rai stage I-IV B-CLL patients requiring therapy (Study 4). MabCampath was shown to be superior to chlorambucil as measured by the primary endpoint progression free survival (PFS) (see Figure 1). Figure 1: Progression free survival in first line study (by treatment group) The secondary objectives included complete response (CR) and overall response (CR or partial response) rates using the 1996 NCIWG criteria, the duration of response, time to alternative treatment and safety of the two treatment arms. Summary of first-line patient population and outcomes Independent review of response rate and duration   MabCampath n=149 Chlorambucil n=148 P value Median Age (Years) 59 60 Not Applicable Rai Stage III/IV Disease 33.6% 33.1% Not Applicable Overall Response Rate 83.2% 55.4% <0.0001* Complete Response 24.2% 2.0% <0.0001* MRD negative**** 7.4% 0.0% 0.0008* Partial Response 59.1% 53.4% Not Applicable Duration of Response**, CR or PR (Months) K-M median (95% Confidence Interval) N=124 16.2 (11.5, 23.0) N=82 12.7 (10.2, 14.3) Not Applicable Time to Alternative Treatment (Months) K-M median (95% Confidence Interval) 23.3 (20.7, 31.0) 14.7 (12.6, 16.8) 0.0001*** *Pearson chi-square test or Exact test ** Duration of best response *** log-rank test stratified by Rai group (Stage I-II vs III-IV) **** by 4-colour flow Cytogenetic Analyses in first line B-CLL patients: The cytogenetic profile of B-CLL has been increasingly recognized as providing important prognostic information and may predict response to certain therapies. Of the first-line patients (n=282) in whom baseline cytogenetic (FISH) data were available in Study 4, chromosomal aberrations were detected in 82%, while normal karyotype was detected in 18%. Chromosomal aberrations were categorized according to Döhner's hierarchical model. In first line patients, treated with either MabCampath or chlorambucil, there were 21 patients with the 17p deletion, 54 patients with 11q deletion, 34 patients with trisomy 12, 51 patients with normal karyotype and 67 patients with sole 13q deletion. ORR was superior in patients with any 11q deletion (87% v 29%; p<0.0001) or sole deletion 13q (91% v 62%; p=0.0087) treated with MabCampath compared to chlorambucil. A trend toward improved ORR was observed in patients with 17p deletion treated with MabCampath (64% v 20%; p=0.0805). Complete remissions were also superior in patients with sole 13q deletion treated with MabCampath (27% v 0%; p=0.0009). Median PFS was superior in patients with sole 13q deletion treated with MabCampath (24.4 v 13.0 months; p=0.0170 stratified by Rai Stage). A trend towards improved PFS was observed in patients with 17p deletion, trisomy 12 and normal karyotype, which did not reach significance due to small sample size. Assessment of CMV by PCR: In the randomized controlled trial in first line patients (Study 4), patients in the MabCampath arm were tested weekly for CMV using a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay from initiation through completion of therapy, and every 2 weeks for the first 2 months following therapy. In this study, asymptomatic positive PCR only for CMV was reported in 77/147 (52.4%) of MabCampath-treated patients; symptomatic CMV infection was reported less commonly in 23/147 MabCampath treated patients (16%). In the MabCampath arm 36/77 (46.8%) of patients with asymptomatic PCR positive CMV received antiviral therapy and 47/77 (61%) of these patients had MabCampath therapy interrupted. The presence of asymptomatic positive PCR for CMV or symptomatic PCR positive CMV infection during treatment with MabCampath had no measurable impact on progression free survival (PFS). Previously treated B-CLL patients: Determination of the efficacy of MabCampath is based on overall response and survival rates. Data available from three uncontrolled B-CLL studies are summarised in the following table: Efficacy parameters Study 1 Study 2 Study 3 Number of Patients 93 32 24 Diagnostic Group B-CLL pts who had received an alkylating agent and had failed fludarabine B-CLL pts who had failed to respond or relapsed following treatment with conventional chemotherapy B-CLL (plus a PLL) pts who had failed to respond or relapsed following treatment with fludarabine Median Age (years) 66 57 62 Disease Characteristics (%) Rai Stage III/IV B Symptoms   76 42   72 31   71 21 Prior Therapies (%): Alkylating Agents Fludarabine   100 100   100 34   92 100 Number of Prior Regimens (range) 3 (2-7) 3 (1-10) 3 (1-8) Initial Dosing Regimen Gradual escalation from 3 to 10 to 30 mg Gradual escalation from 10 to 30 mg Gradual escalation from 10 to 30 mg Final Dosing Regimen 30 mg iv 3 x weekly 30 mg iv 3 x weekly 30 mg iv 3 x weekly Overall Response Rate (%) (95% Confidence Interval) Complete Response Partial Response 33 (23-43) 2 31 21 (8-33) 0 21 29 (11-47) 0 29 Median Duration of Response (months) (95% Confidence Interval) 7 (5-8) 7 (5-23) 11 (6-19) Median time to Response (months) (95% Confidence Interval) 2 (1-2) 4 (1-5) 4 (2-4) Progression-Free Survival (months) (95% Confidence Interval) 4 (3-5) 5 (3-7) 7 (3-9) Survival (months): (95% Confidence Interval) All patients Responders     16 (12-22) 33 (26-NR)     26 (12-44) 44 (28-NR)     28 (7-33) 36 (19-NR) NR = not reached 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties Pharmacokinetics were characterised in MabCampath-naive patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) who had failed previous therapy with purine analogues. MabCampath was administered as a 2 hour intravenous infusion, at the recommended dosing schedule, starting at 3 mg and increasing to 30 mg, 3 times weekly, for up to 12 weeks. MabCampath pharmacokinetics followed a 2-compartment model and displayed non-linear elimination kinetics. After the last 30 mg dose, the median volume of distribution at steady-state was 0.15 l/kg (range: 0.1-0.4 l/kg), indicating that distribution was primarily to the extracellular fluid and plasma compartments. Systemic clearance decreased with repeated administration due to decreased receptor-mediated clearance (i.e. loss of CD52 receptors in the periphery). With repeated administration and consequent plasma concentration accumulation, the rate of elimination approached zero-order kinetics. As such, half-life was 8 hours (range: 2-32 hours) after the first 30 mg dose and was 6 days (range: 1-14 days) after the last 30 mg dose. Steady-state concentrations were reached after about 6 weeks of dosing. No apparent difference in pharmacokinetics between males and females was observed nor was any apparent age effect observed. 5.3 Preclinical safety data Preclinical eva luation of alemtuzumab in animals has been limited to the cynomolgus monkey because of the lack of expression of the CD52 antigen on non-primate species. Lymphocytopenia was the most common treatment-related effect in this species. A slight cumulative effect on the degree of lymphocyte depletion was seen in repeated dose studies compared to single dose studies. Lymphocyte depletion was rapidly reversible after cessation of dosing. Reversible neutropenia was seen following daily intravenous or subcutaneous dosing for 30 days, but not following single doses or daily dosing for 14 days. Histopathology results from bone marrow samples revealed no remarkable changes attributable to treatment. Single intravenous doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg produced moderate to severe dose related hypotension accompanied by a slight tachycardia. MabCampath Fab binding was observed in lymphoid tissues and the mononuclear phagocyte system. Significant Fab binding was also observed in the male reproductive tract (epididymis, sperm, seminal vesicle) and the skin. No other findings, in the above toxicity studies, provide information of significant relevance to clinical use. No short or long term animal studies have been conducted with MabCampath to assess carcinogenic and mutagenic potential. 6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS 6.1 List of excipients Disodium edetate Polysorbate 80 Potassium chloride Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium chloride Dibasic sodium phosphate Water for injections 6.2 Incompatibilities This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6. There are no known incompatibilities with other medicinal products. However, other medicinal products should not be added to the MabCampath infusion or simultaneously infused through the same intravenous line. 6.3 Shelf life Unopen vial: 3 years. Reconstituted solution: MabCampath contains no antimicrobial preservative. MabCampath should be used within 8 hours after dilution. Solutions may be stored at 15°C-30°C or refrigerated. This can only be accepted if preparation of the solution takes place under strictly aseptic conditions and the solution is protected from light. 6.4 Special precautions for storage Store in a refrigerator (2°C-8°C). Do not freeze. Store in the original package in order to protect from light. For storage conditions of the reconstituted medicinal product, see section 6.3. 6.5 Nature and contents of container Clear type I glass vial, closed with a rubber stopper, containing 1 ml of concentrate. Pack size: carton of 3 vials. 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling The vial contents should be inspected for particulate matter and discolouration prior to administration. If particulate matter is present or the concentrate is coloured, then the vial should not be used. MabCampath contains no antimicrobial preservatives, therefore, it is recommended that MabCampath should be prepared for intravenous infusion using aseptic techniques and that the diluted solution for infusion should be administered within 8 hours after preparation and protected from light. The required amount of the vial contents should be added to 100 ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for infusion or glucose (5%) solution for infusion. The bag should be inverted gently to mix the solution. Care should be taken to ensure the sterility of the prepared solution particularly as it contains no antimicrobial preservatives. Other medicinal products should not be added to the MabCampath infusion solution or simultaneously infused through the same intravenous line (see section 4.5). Caution should be exercised in the handling and preparation of the MabCampath solution. The use of latex gloves and safety glasses is recommended to avoid exposure in case of breakage of the vial or other accidental spillage. Women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant should not handle MabCampath. Procedures for proper handling and disposal should be observed. Any spillage or waste material should be disposed of by incineration. 7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER Genzyme Europe BV Gooimeer 10 1411 DD Naarden Netherlands 8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S) EU/1/01/193/002 9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION Date of first authorisation: 06/07/2001 Date of latest renewal: 10/07/2011 10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT 05/2011 Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency: http://www.ema.europa.eu. MabCampath®一種CLL的治療 MabCampath® 為第一及現時唯一一種被美國藥物及食物管理局准許使用在B細胞型 CLL 的新的藥物。 MabCampath®是一種單克隆抗體，能有效對化療沒有效用的病人產生療效。 MabCampath® 的原理是針對CD52抗原，這種抗原主要分佈在B及T細胞的表面，MabCampath® 由於是一種抗體，會在淋巴細胞表面與CD 52抗原結合，並會引導身體的免疫系統破壞及吞噬在血液及骨髓結合後的細胞。 【一】其他名： Campath、Mabcampath,坎帕斯 【二】来源： 利用基因重组及单克隆抗体技术生产的人源性抗CD52单克隆抗体。 【三】药物机制： 本品是CD52单抗，与表达CD52的细胞结合后，可以通过抗体领带的溶解作用破坏白血病细胞。CD52表达于所有B细胞、T细胞、NK细胞、多数单核巨噬细胞、部分粒细胞表面，而红细胞和造血干细胞不表达。皮肤细胞和男性生殖器（附睾、精子、精襄）细胞也表达CD52。成熟精子表达CD52，但是精原细胞和不成熟精子不表达。 【四】药代动力学： 慢性淋巴细胞白血病（CLL）患者每周静脉输液3次，每次30mg,治疗6周后，达到稳态血药浓度。最大血药浓度（Cmax）和曲线下面积（AUC）与用药剂量有关。平均半衰期（T1/2）为12天。本品存在较大的个体差异。随着治疗中恶性淋巴细胞数降低，本品血药浓度会有调高。 【五】药物相互作用： 尚无正式有关本品与其他药物间相互作用的研究报道。 【六】适应证： 本品为抗细胞表面CD52抗原的单克隆抗体，FDA批准此药用于治疗对烷化剂和氟达拉滨耐药的进展期CLL。此外，已进行的临床研究还包括非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）、多发性硬化症及其他自身免疫性疾病、实体器官移植及骨髓移植后移植抗宿主病（GVHD）等。 【七】单药有效率： 治疗烷化剂和氟达拉滨耐药的进展期CLL单药有效率为21%-33%。 【八】剂型： 每支（3ml）Campath含有30mg Alemtuzumab,24.0mg氯化钠，3.5mg磷酸氢二钠，0.6mg氯化钾，0.6mg磷酸二氢钾，0.3mg polysorbate 80,0.056mg依地酸二钠。不含防腐剂。 【九】剂量： 起始剂量：3mg/d，静脉输液持续2小时。如患者可以耐受，剂量可增加至10mg/d，如还可以耐受，加量至30mg,隔日用药，每周3次，持续12周。（建议每次剂量不超过30mg,或者每周累积剂量不超过90mg). 【十】给药途径： 本品只能静脉点滴，不能静脉注射或者静脉冲击给药。 【十一】配伍： 尚无相关资料。 【十二】禁忌证： 全身活动性感染、免疫缺陷症（如HIV血清学检查阳性）、已知对本品中Campath和其他添加成分有I型超每反应和过敏史的患者。 【十三】不良反应： 1.输液相关副作用：寒战、发热、恶心、呕吐、低血压、皮疹、乏力、荨麻疹、呼吸困难、瘙痒、头痛、腹泻。 2.全身副作用：发热、乏力、疼痛、衰弱、水肿、脓血症、单纯疱疹、念珠菌病、病毒感染和其他病原菌感染。 3.血液系统：全血减少、骨髓增生低下、贫血、中性粒细胞减少、血小板减少、淋巴细胞减少、紫癜。 4.循环系统：低血压、高血压、心律失常（心动过速）。 5.中枢和外周神经系统痢疾：头痛眩晕、颤抖。 6.消化系统：食欲不振、呕吐、腹泻、胃炎、溃疡性口炎、粘膜炎、腹痛、消化不良、便秘。 7.肌肉骨骼：肌痛、骨痛、背痛、胸痛。 8.精神病变：失眠、抑郁、嗜睡。 9.呼吸系统：呼吸困难、咳嗽、支气管炎、肺炎、咽炎、鼻炎、支气管痉挛。 10.皮肤病变：皮疹、斑丘疹、红斑疹、多汗。 【十四】临床应用规程： 1.用药前检测血常规、肝肾功能、血压、心电图、免疫功能。 2.静脉输液30分钟前予以苯海拉明50mg和对乙酰氨基酚650mg预防和减轻输液反应。如果出现严重输液反应，予以氢化可的松200mg. 3.用药前予以磺胺类药物和法昔洛韦及类似药物预防感染，直至停药后2个月或者CD4+细胞达到200000000/l以上。 4.每周检查外周血全血细胞计数，如果出现中性粒细胞减少、血小板减少则需增加检查频次。定基检测CD4+细胞直至达到200000000/l以上。 5.首次出现ANC<250000000/l以上，和/或血小板≤25000000000/L.则需要停药，直至ANC≥500000000/L.和血小板≥50000000000/L。重新用药时，停药时间在7天之内者，剂量同停药前；如停药时间超过7天，则从3mg起用，渐渐加量至10mg,30mg。 6.如果第二次出现ANC<250000000/L,和/或血小板≤25000000000/L，则需要停药，直至ANC≥500000000/L.和血小板≥50000000000/L。重新用药时，停药时间在7天之内者，剂量为10mg/d；如停药时间超过7天，则从3mg/d起用，并只能加量至10mg/d. 7.如果第三次出现ANC<250000000/L,和/或血小板≤25000000000/L，则永久停药。 8.如果患者用药前ANC<500000000/L，和/或血小板≤25000000000/L，则于ANC和/或血小板减少至用药前50%以下时停药。在ANC和/或血小板调高至用药前水平时，重新开始用药。如果停药时间超过7天，则从3mg起用，渐渐加量至10mg/30mg. 9.使用时100ml0.9%无菌生理盐水或者5%葡萄糖稀释，轻轻颠倒混匀。丢掉用过的注射器和剩余药品。每次输液持续时间2小时以上。 【十五】贮存： 原药2-8℃(36-46℃）避光保存，严禁冻存。稀释后室温（15-30℃）避光保存，8小时内使用。 【包装规格】 30毫克/3毫升/支。欧洲及美国等：3支/盒  日本的包装是一支一盒