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尼洛替尼胶囊|Tasigna Capsules(Nilotinib Capsules)

2012-09-13 01:13:47  作者:新特药房  来源:本站原创  浏览次数:479  文字大小:【】【】【
简介:英文药名:Tasigna(Nilotinib Capsules) 中文药名:达希纳(尼洛替尼胶囊) 生产厂家:诺华Novartis 药品介绍 尼洛替尼 (nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate)是由诺华制药公司(Novartis harms. ...

英文药名:Tasigna(Nilotinib Capsules)

中文药名:达希纳(尼洛替尼胶囊)

生产厂家:美国诺华制药
药品介绍
尼洛替尼(nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate)是由诺华制药公司(Novartis harms.Inc)开发的一种口服酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,商品名Tasigna。该药为口服胶囊剂,于2007年10月获美国FDA批准上市,是用于治疗慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)的二线药物。


HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use TASIGNA safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for TASIGNA.
TASIGNA® (nilotinib) Capsules for oral use
Initial U.S. Approval: 2007
WARNING: QT PROLONGATION AND SUDDEN DEATHS See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.
Tasigna prolongs the QT interval. Prior to Tasigna administration and periodically, monitor for hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia and correct deficiencies (5.2). Obtain ECGs to monitor the QTc at baseline, seven days after initiation, and periodically thereafter, and following any dose adjustments (5.2, 5.3, 5.7, 5.15).
Sudden deaths have been reported in patients receiving nilotinib (5.3). Do not administer Tasigna to patients with hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or long QT syndrome (4, 5.2).
Avoid use of concomitant drugs known to prolong the QT interval and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (5.8).
Avoid food 2 hours before and 1 hour after taking the dose (5.9).
RECENT MAJOR CHANGES
Warnings and Precautions (5)     1/2015
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Tasigna is a kinase inhibitor indicated for:
The treatment of newly diagnosed adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ CML) in chronic phase.
The treatment of chronic phase (CP) and accelerated phase (AP) Ph+ CML in adult patients resistant to or intolerant to prior therapy that included imatinib. (1.2)
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Recommended Dose: Newly diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP: 300 mg orally twice-daily. Resistant or intolerant Ph+ CML-CP and CML-AP: 400 mg orally twice-daily. (2.1)
Take each Tasigna dose approximately 12 hours apart. Tasigna must be taken on an empty stomach. Avoid food for at least 2 hours before the dose is taken and avoid food for at least 1 hour after the dose is taken. (2.1)
Swallow the capsules whole with water. (2.1)
Dose adjustment may be required for hematologic and non-hematologic toxicities, and drug interactions. (2.2)
A lower starting dose is recommended in patients with hepatic impairment (at baseline). (2.2)
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
150 mg and 200 mg hard capsules (3)
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Do not use in patients with hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or long QT syndrome. (4)
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
Myelosuppression: Associated with neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia. CBC should be done every 2 weeks for the first 2 months, then monthly. Reversible by withholding dose. Dose reduction may be required. (5.1)
QT Prolongation: Tasigna prolongs the QT interval. Correct hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia prior to administration and monitor periodically. (5.2) Avoid drugs known to prolong the QT interval and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. (5.8)  Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment (5.10). Obtain ECGs at baseline, seven days after initiation, and periodically thereafter, as well as following any dose adjustments. (5.2, 5.3, 5.7, 5.14)
Sudden deaths: Sudden deaths have been reported in patients with resistant or intolerant Ph+ CML receiving Tasigna. Ventricular repolarization abnormalities may have contributed to their occurrence. (5.3)
Cardiac and Arterial Vascular Occlusive Events: Cardiovascular events including ischemic heart disease, peripheral arterial occlusive disease and ischemic cerebrovascular events have been reported in patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML receiving Tasigna. Cardiovascular status should be evaluated and cardiovascular risk factors monitored and managed during Tasigna therapy. (5.4)
Pancreatitis and elevated serum lipase: Monitor serum lipase monthly or as clinically indicated. In case lipase elevations are accompanied by abdominal symptoms, interrupt doses and consider appropriate diagnostics to exclude pancreatitis. (5.5)
Hepatotoxicity: Tasigna may result in elevations in bilirubin, AST/ALT, and alkaline phosphatase. Monitor hepatic function tests monthly or as clinically indicated. (5.6)
Electrolyte abnormalities: Tasigna can cause hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and hyponatremia. Correct electrolyte abnormalities prior to initiating Tasigna and monitor periodically during therapy. (5.7, 5.15)
Hepatic impairment: Tasigna exposure is increased in patients with impaired hepatic function (at baseline). A dose reduction is recommended in these patients and QT interval should be monitored closely. (5.10)
Tumor lysis syndrome: Tumor lysis syndrome cases have been reported in Tasigna treated patients with resistant or intolerant CML. Due to potential for tumor lysis syndrome, maintain adequate hydration and correct uric acid levels prior to initiating therapy with Tasigna. (5.11)
Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage from various sites was reported in patients with newly diagnosed CML and observed in the postmarketing reports of patients receiving Tasigna therapy. (5.12)
Drug interactions: Avoid concomitant use of strong inhibitors or inducers of CYP3A4. If patients must be coadministered a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, dose reduction should be considered and the QT interval should be monitored closely. (5.8)
Food effects: Food increases blood levels of Tasigna. Avoid food 2 hours before and 1 hour after a dose. (5.9)
Total gastrectomy: More frequent follow-up of these patients should be considered. If necessary, dose increase may be considered. (5.13)
Embryo-fetal toxicity: Fetal harm can occur when administered to a pregnant woman. Women should be advised not to become pregnant when taking Tasigna. (5.16)
Fluid retention: Pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, and severe fluid retention have occurred in patients receiving Tasigna. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms such as unexpected rapid weight gain, swelling, and shortness of breath. (5.17)
ADVERSE REACTIONS
The most commonly reported non-hematologic adverse reactions (≥20% in patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP, resistant or intolerant Ph+ CML-CP, or resistant or intolerant Ph+ CML-AP) were nausea, rash, headache, fatigue, pruritus, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, constipation, arthralgia, nasopharyngitis, pyrexia, and night sweats. Hematologic adverse drug reactions include myelosuppression: thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and anemia. (6.1)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact NOVARTIS Pharmaceuticals Corporation at 1-888-669-6682 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Tasigna is an inhibitor of CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6. It may also induce CYP2B6, CYP2C8 and CYP2C9. Therefore, Tasigna may alter serum concentration of other drugs (7.1)
CYP3A4 inhibitors may affect serum concentration (7.2)
CYP3A4 inducers may affect serum concentration (7.2)
USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
Should not breastfeed (8.3)
No data to support use in pediatrics (8.4)
A lower starting dose is recommended in patients with hepatic impairment (at baseline). (2.2, 8.7)
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION and Medication Guide.
Revised: 10/2015
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
1  INDICATIONS AND USAGE
1.1 Newly Diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP
Tasigna (nilotinib) is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ CML) in chronic phase. The effectiveness of Tasigna is based on major molecular response and cytogenetic response rates [see Clinical Studies (14.1)].
1.2 Resistant or Intolerant Ph+ CML-CP and CML-AP
Tasigna is indicated for the treatment of chronic phase and accelerated phase Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (Ph+ CML) in adult patients resistant or intolerant to prior therapy that included imatinib. The effectiveness of Tasigna is based on hematologic and cytogenetic response rates [see Clinical Studies (14.2)].
2  DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Recommended Dosing
Tasigna should be taken twice-daily at approximately 12-hour intervals and must be taken on an empty stomach. No food should be consumed for at least 2 hours before the dose is taken and for at least 1 hour after the dose is taken. Advise patients to swallow the capsules whole with water [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.9), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
For patients who are unable to swallow capsules, the contents of each capsule may be dispersed in 1 teaspoon of applesauce (puréed apple). The mixture should be taken immediately (within 15 minutes) and should not be stored for future use [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Tasigna may be given in combination with hematopoietic growth factors such as erythropoietin or G-CSF if clinically indicated. Tasigna may be given with hydroxyurea or anagrelide if clinically indicated.
Newly Diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP
The recommended dose of Tasigna is 300 mg orally twice-daily [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Resistant or Intolerant Ph+ CML-CP and CML-AP
The recommended dose of Tasigna (nilotinib) is 400 mg orally twice-daily [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
2.2 Dose Adjustments or Modifications
QT Interval Prolongation:
Table 1: Dose Adjustments for QT Prolongation

ECGs with a QTc
>480 msec









1. Withhold Tasigna, and perform an analysis of serum potassium and magnesium, and if below lower limit of normal, correct with supplements to within normal limits. Concomitant medication usage must be reviewed.
2. Resume within 2 weeks at prior dose if QTcF returns to <450 msec and to within 20 msec of baseline.
3. If QTcF is between 450 msec and 480 msec after 2 weeks, reduce the dose to 400 mg once-daily.
4. If, following dose-reduction to 400 mg once-daily, QTcF returns to >480 msec, Tasigna should be discontinued.
5. An ECG should be repeated approximately 7 days after any dose adjustment.
Myelosuppression
Withhold or dose reduce Tasigna for hematological toxicities (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia) that are not related to underlying leukemia (Table 2).
Table 2: Dose Adjustments for Neutropenia and Thrombocytopenia

Newly diagnosed Ph+ CML in chronic phase at 300 mg twice-daily


Resistant or intolerant Ph+ CML in chronic phase or accelerated phase at 400 mg twice-daily
ANC* <1.0 x 109/L and/or platelet counts <50 x 109/L







1. Stop Tasigna, and monitor blood counts
2. Resume within 2 weeks at prior dose if ANC >1.0 x 109/L and platelets >50 x 109/L
3. If blood counts remain low for >2 weeks, reduce the dose to 400 mg once-daily




ANC=absolute neutrophil count
See Table 3 for dose adjustments for elevations of lipase, amylase, bilirubin, and/or hepatic transaminases [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
Table 3: Dose Adjustments for Selected Non-hematologic Laboratory Abnormalities 

Elevated serum lipase or amylase ≥Grade 3 1. Withhold Tasigna, and monitor serum lipase or amylase
2. Resume treatment at 400 mg once-daily if serum lipase or amylase returns to ≤Grade 1
Elevated bilirubin ≥Grade 3 1. Withhold Tasigna, and monitor bilirubin
2. Resume treatment at 400 mg once-daily if bilirubin returns to ≤Grade 1
Elevated hepatic transaminases
≥Grade 3
1. Withhold Tasigna, and monitor hepatic transaminases
2. Resume treatment at 400 mg once-daily if hepatic transaminases returns to ≤Grade 1
Other Non-hematologic Toxicities
If other clinically significant moderate or severe non-hematologic toxicity develops, withhold dosing, and resume at 400 mg once-daily when the toxicity has resolved. If clinically appropriate, escalation of the dose back to 300 mg (newly diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP) or 400 mg (resistant or intolerant Ph+ CML-CP and CML-AP) twice-daily should be considered. For Grade 3 to 4 lipase elevations, dosing should be withheld, and may be resumed at 400 mg once-daily. Test serum lipase levels monthly or as clinically indicated. For Grade 3 to 4 bilirubin or hepatic transaminase elevations, dosing should be withheld, and may be resumed at 400 mg once-daily. Test bilirubin and hepatic transaminases levels monthly or as clinically indicated [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5, 5.6), Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].
Hepatic Impairment
If possible, consider alternative therapies. If Tasigna must be administered to patients with hepatic impairment, consider the following dose reduction:
Table 4: Dose Adjustments for Hepatic Impairment (At Baseline)

Newly diagnosed Ph+ CML in chronic phase at 300 mg twice-daily Mild, Moderate, or Severe* An initial dosing regimen of 200 mg twice-daily followed by dose escalation to 300 mg twice-daily based on tolerability



Resistant or intolerant Ph+ CML in chronic phase or accelerated phase at 400 mg twice-daily
Mild or Moderate* An initial dosing regimen of 300 mg twice-daily followed by dose escalation to 400 mg twice-daily based on tolerability
Severe* A starting dose of 200 mg twice-daily followed by a sequential dose escalation to 300 mg twice-daily and then to 400 mg twice-daily based on tolerability
Mild=mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A); Moderate=moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B); Severe=severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10), Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].
Concomitant Strong CYP3A4 Inhibitors
Avoid the concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin, atazanavir, indinavir, nefazodone, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin, voriconazole). Avoid grapefruit products since they may also increase serum concentrations of nilotinib. Should treatment with any of these agents be required, therapy with Tasigna should be interrupted. If patients must be coadministered a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, based on pharmacokinetic studies, consider a dose reduction to 300 mg once-daily in patients with resistant or intolerant Ph+ CML or to 200 mg once-daily in patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP. However, there are no clinical data with this dose adjustment in patients receiving strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. If the strong inhibitor is discontinued, a washout period should be allowed before the Tasigna dose is adjusted upward to the indicated dose. For patients who cannot avoid use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, monitor closely for prolongation of the QT interval [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.8), Drug Interactions (7.2)].
Concomitant Strong CYP3A4 Inducers
Avoid the concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inducers (e.g., dexamethasone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, rifampin, rifabutin, rifapentine, phenobarbital). Also inform patients not to take St. John’s Wort since these agents may reduce the concentration of Tasigna. Based on the nonlinear pharmacokinetic profile of nilotinib, increasing the dose of Tasigna when coadministered with such agents is unlikely to compensate for the loss of exposure [see Drug Interactions (7.2)].
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
150 mg red opaque hard gelatin capsules with black axial imprint “NVR/BCR.”
200 mg light yellow opaque hard gelatin capsules with a red axial imprint “NVR/TKI.”
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
Do not use in patients with hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or long QT syndrome [see Boxed Warning].
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Myelosuppression
Treatment with Tasigna can cause Grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and anemia. Perform complete blood counts every 2 weeks for the first 2 months and then monthly thereafter, or as clinically indicated. Myelosuppression was generally reversible and usually managed by withholding Tasigna temporarily or dose reduction [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].
5.2 QT Prolongation
Tasigna has been shown to prolong cardiac ventricular repolarization as measured by the QT interval on the surface ECG in a concentration-dependent manner [see Adverse Reactions (6.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12.6)]. Prolongation of the QT interval can result in a type of ventricular tachycardia called torsade de pointes, which may result in syncope, seizure, and/or death. ECGs should be performed at baseline, 7 days after initiation of Tasigna, and periodically as clinically indicated and following dose adjustments [see Warnings and Precautions (5.15)].
Tasigna should not be used in patients who have hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia or long QT syndrome. Before initiating Tasigna and periodically, test electrolyte, calcium and magnesium blood levels. Hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia must be corrected prior to initiating Tasigna and these electrolytes should be monitored periodically during therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.15)].
Significant prolongation of the QT interval may occur when Tasigna is inappropriately taken with food and/or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors and/or medicinal products with a known potential to prolong QT. Therefore, coadministration with food must be avoided and concomitant use with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors and/or medicinal products with a known potential to prolong QT should be avoided [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8, 5.9)]. The presence of hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia may further prolong the QT interval [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7, 5.15)].
5.3 Sudden Deaths
Sudden deaths have been reported in 0.3% of patients with CML treated with nilotinib in clinical studies of 5,661 patients. The relative early occurrence of some of these deaths relative to the initiation of nilotinib suggests the possibility that ventricular repolarization abnormalities may have contributed to their occurrence.
5.4 Cardiac and Arterial Vascular Occlusive Events
Cardiovascular events, including arterial vascular occlusive events, were reported in a randomized, clinical trial in newly diagnosed CML patients and observed in the postmarketing reports of patients receiving nilotinib therapy. With a median time on therapy of 60 months in the clinical trial, cardiovascular events, including arterial vascular occlusive events, occurred in 9.3% and 15.2% of patients in the Tasigna 300 and 400 mg bid arms, respectively, and in 3.2% in the imatinib arm. These included cases of cardiovascular events including ischemic heart disease-related cardiac events (5.0% and 9.4% in the Tasigna 300 mg and 400 mg bid arms respectively, and 2.5% in the imatinib arm), peripheral arterial occlusive disease (3.6% and 2.9% in the Tasigna 300 mg and 400 mg bid arms respectively, and 0% in the imatinib arm), and ischemic cerebrovascular events (1.4% and 3.2% in the Tasigna 300 mg and 400 mg bid arms respectively, and 0.7% in the imatinib arm). If acute signs or symptoms of cardiovascular events occur, advise patients to seek immediate medical attention. The cardiovascular status of patients should be evaluated and cardiovascular risk factors should be monitored and actively managed during Tasigna therapy according to standard guidelines [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].
5.5 Pancreatitis and Elevated Serum Lipase
Tasigna can cause increases in serum lipase. Patients with a previous history of pancreatitis may be at greater risk of elevated serum lipase. If lipase elevations are accompanied by abdominal symptoms, interrupt dosing and consider appropriate diagnostics to exclude pancreatitis. Test serum lipase levels monthly or as clinically indicated.
5.6 Hepatotoxicity
Tasigna may result in hepatotoxicity as measured by elevations in bilirubin, AST/ALT, and alkaline phosphatase. Monitor hepatic function tests monthly or as clinically indicated [see Warnings and Precautions (5.15)].
5.7  Electrolyte Abnormalities
The use of Tasigna can cause hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and hyponatremia. Correct electrolyte abnormalities prior to initiating Tasigna and during therapy. Monitor these electrolytes periodically during therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.15)].
5.8  Drug Interactions
Avoid administration of Tasigna with agents that may increase nilotinib exposure (e.g., strong CYP3A4 inhibitors) or anti-arrhythmic drugs (including, but not limited to amiodarone, disopyramide, procainamide, quinidine and sotalol) and other drugs that may prolong QT interval (including, but not limited to chloroquine, clarithromycin, haloperidol, methadone, moxifloxacin and pimozide). Should treatment with any of these agents be required, interrupt therapy with Tasigna. If interruption of treatment with Tasigna is not possible, patients who require treatment with a drug that prolongs QT or strongly inhibits CYP3A4 should be closely monitored for prolongation of the QT interval [see Boxed Warning, Dosage and Administration (2.2), Drug Interactions (7.2)].
5.9 Food Effects
The bioavailability of nilotinib is increased with food, thus Tasigna must not be taken with food. No food should be consumed for at least 2 hours before and for at least 1 hour after the dose is taken. Also avoid grapefruit products and other foods that are known to inhibit CYP3A4 [see Boxed Warning, Drug Interactions (7.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
5.10  Hepatic Impairment
Nilotinib exposure is increased in patients with impaired hepatic function. Use a lower starting dose for patients with mild to severe hepatic impairment (at baseline) and monitor the QT interval frequently [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].
5.11 Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Tumor lysis syndrome cases have been reported in Tasigna treated patients with resistant or intolerant CML. Malignant disease progression, high WBC counts and/or dehydration were present in the majority of these cases. Due to potential for tumor lysis syndrome, maintain adequate hydration and correct uric acid levels prior to initiating therapy with Tasigna.
5.12 Hemorrhage
In a randomized trial in patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML in chronic phase comparing Tasigna and imatinib, Grade 3 or 4 hemorrhage occurred in 1.1% of patients in the Tasigna 300 mg bid arm, in 1.8% patients in the Tasigna 400 mg bid arm, and 0.4% of patients in the imatinib arm. GI hemorrhage occurred in 2.9% and 5.1% of patients in the Tasigna 300 mg bid and 400 mg bid arms and in 1.4% of patients in the imatinib arm, respectively. Grade 3 or 4 events occurred in 0.7% and 1.4% of patients in the Tasigna 300 mg bid and 400 mg bid arms, respectively, and in no patients in the imatinib arm.
5.13 Total Gastrectomy
Since the exposure of nilotinib is reduced in patients with total gastrectomy, perform more frequent monitoring of these patients. Consider dose increase or alternative therapy in patients with total gastrectomy [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
5.14 Lactose
Since the capsules contain lactose, Tasigna is not recommended for patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, severe lactase deficiency with a severe degree of intolerance to lactose-containing products, or of glucose-galactose malabsorption.
5.15 Monitoring Laboratory Tests
Complete blood counts should be performed every 2 weeks for the first 2 months and then monthly thereafter. Perform chemistry panels, including electrolytes, calcium, magnesium, liver enzymes, lipid profile, and glucose prior to therapy and periodically. ECGs should be obtained at baseline, 7 days after initiation and periodically thereafter, as well as following dose adjustments [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. Monitor lipid profiles and glucose periodically during the first year of Tasigna therapy and at least yearly during chronic therapy. Should treatment with any HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (a lipid lowering agent) be needed to treat lipid elevations, evaluate the potential for a drug-drug interaction before initiating therapy as certain HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are metabolized by the CYP3A4 pathway [see Drug Interactions (7.1)]. Assess glucose levels before initiating treatment with Tasigna and monitor during treatment as clinically indicated. If test results warrant therapy, physician should follow their local standards of practice and treatment guidelines.
5.16 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity
There are no adequate and well controlled studies of Tasigna in pregnant women. However, Tasigna may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Nilotinib caused embryo-fetal toxicities in animals at maternal exposures that were lower than the expected human exposure at the recommended doses of nilotinib. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Women of child-bearing potential should avoid becoming pregnant while taking Tasigna [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
5.17  Fluid Retention
In the randomized trial in patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML in chronic phase, severe (Grade 3 or 4) fluid retention occurred in 3.9% and 2.9% of patients receiving Tasigna 300 mg bid and 400 mg bid, respectively, and in 2.5% of patients receiving imatinib. Effusions (including pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites) or pulmonary edema, were observed in 2.2% and 1.1% of patients receiving Tasigna 300 mg bid and 400 mg bid, respectively, and in 2.1% of patients receiving imatinib. Effusions were severe (Grade 3 or 4) in 0.7% and 0.4% of patients receiving Tasigna 300 mg bid and 400 mg bid, respectively, and in no patients receiving imatinib. Similar events were also observed in postmarketing reports. Monitor patients for signs of severe fluid retention (e.g., unexpected rapid weight gain or swelling) and for symptoms of respiratory or cardiac compromise (e.g., shortness of breath) during Tasigna treatment; evaluate etiology and treat patients accordingly. 
6  ADVERSE REACTIONS
The following serious adverse reactions can occur with Tasigna and are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the package insert [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5)].
Myelosuppression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
QT Prolongation [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]
Sudden Deaths [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
Cardiac and Arterial Vascular Occlusive Events [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
Pancreatitis and Elevated Serum Lipase [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]
Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]
Electrolyte Abnormalities [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]
Hemorrhage [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)]
Fluid Retention [see Warnings and Precautions (5.17)]
6.1  Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
In Patients with Newly Diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP
The data below reflect exposure to Tasigna from a randomized trial in patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML in chronic phase treated at the recommended dose of 300 mg twice-daily (n=279). The median time on treatment in the nilotinib 300 mg twice-daily group was 61 months (range 0.1 to 71 months). The median actual dose intensity was 593 mg/day in the nilotinib 300 mg twice-daily group.
The most common (>10%) non-hematologic adverse drug reactions were rash, pruritus, headache, nausea, fatigue, alopecia, myalgia, and upper abdominal pain. Constipation, diarrhea, dry skin, muscle spasms, arthralgia, abdominal pain, peripheral edema, vomiting, and asthenia were observed less commonly (≤10% and >5%) and have been of mild to moderate severity, manageable and generally did not require dose reduction.
Increase in QTcF >60 msec from baseline was observed in 1 patient (0.4%) in the 300 mg twice-daily treatment group. No patient had an absolute QTcF of >500 msec while on study drug.
The most common hematologic adverse drug reactions (all grades) were myelosuppression including: thrombocytopenia (18%), neutropenia (15%) and anemia (8%). See Table 7 for Grade 3/4 laboratory abnormalities.
Discontinuation due to adverse reactions, regardless of relationship to study drug, was observed in 10% of patients.
In Patients with Resistant or Intolerant Ph+ CML-CP and CML-AP
In the single open-label multicenter clinical trial, a total of 458 patients with Ph+ CML-CP and CML-AP resistant to or intolerant to at least one prior therapy including imatinib were treated (CML-CP=321; CML-AP=137) at the recommended dose of 400 mg twice-daily.
The median duration of exposure in days for CML-CP and CML-AP patients is 561 (range 1 to 1096) and 264 (range 2 to 1160), respectively. The median dose intensity for patients with CML-CP and CML-AP is 789 mg/day (range 151 to 1110) and 780 mg/day (range 150 to 1149), respectively and corresponded to the planned 400 mg twice-daily dosing.
The median cumulative duration in days of dose interruptions for the CML-CP patients was 20 (range 1 to 345), and the median duration in days of dose interruptions for the CML-AP patients was 23 (range 1 to 234).
In patients with CML-CP, the most commonly reported non-hematologic adverse drug reactions (≥10%) were rash, pruritus, nausea, fatigue, headache, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting and myalgia. The common serious drug-related adverse reactions (≥1% and <10%) were thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and anemia.
In patients with CML-AP, the most commonly reported non-hematologic adverse drug reactions (≥10%) were rash, pruritus and fatigue. The common serious adverse drug reactions (≥1% and <10%) were thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, pneumonia, leukopenia, intracranial hemorrhage, elevated lipase and pyrexia.
Sudden deaths and QT prolongation were reported. The maximum mean QTcF change from baseline at steady-state was 10 msec. Increase in QTcF >60 msec from baseline was observed in 4.1% of the patients and QTcF of >500 msec was observed in 4 patients (<1%) [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.3), Clinical Pharmacology (12.6)].
Discontinuation due to adverse drug reactions was observed in 16% of CML-CP and 10% of CML-AP patients.
Most Frequently Reported Adverse Reactions
Tables 5 and 6 show the percentage of patients experiencing non-hematologic adverse reactions (excluding laboratory abnormalities) regardless of relationship to study drug. Adverse reactions reported in greater than 10% of patients who received at least 1 dose of Tasigna are listed.
Table 5: Most Frequently Reported Non-hematologic Adverse Reactions (Regardless of Relationship to Study Drug) in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP (≥10% in Tasigna 300 mg Twice-Daily or Imatinib 400 mg Once-Daily Groups) 60-Month Analysisa

Patients with Newly Diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP
TASIGNA
300 mg
twice-daily
Imatinib
400 mg
once-daily
TASIGNA
300 mg
twice-daily
Imatinib
400 mg
once-daily
N=279 N=280 N=279 N=280
Body System and Preferred Term All Grades (%) CTC Gradesb 3/4 (%)
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Rash 38 19 <1 2
Pruritus 21 7 <1 0
Alopecia 13 7 0 0
Dry skin 12 6 0 0
Gastrointestinal disorders Nausea 22 41 2 2
Constipation 20 8 <1 0
Diarrhea 19 46 1 4
Vomiting 15 27 <1 <1
Abdominal pain upper 18 14 1 <1
Abdominal pain 15 12 2 0
Dyspepsia 10 12 0 0
Nervous system disorders Headache 32 23 3 <1
Dizziness 12 11 <1 <1
General disorders and administration site conditions Fatigue 23 20 1 1
Pyrexia 14 13 <1 0
Asthenia 14 12 <1 0
Peripheral edema 9 20 <1 0
Face edema <1 14 0 <1
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Myalgia 19 19 <1 <1
Arthralgia 22 17 <1 <1
Muscle spasms 12 34 0 1
Pain in extremity 15 16 <1 <1
Back pain 19 17 1 1
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Cough 17 13 0 0
Oropharyngeal pain 12 6 0 0
Dyspnea 11 6 2 <1
Infections and infestations Nasopharyngitis 27 21 0 0
Upper respiratory tract infection 17 14 <1 0
Influenza 13 9 0 0
Gastroenteritis 7 10 0 <1
Eye disorders Eyelid edema 1 19 0 <1
Periorbital edema <1 15 0 0
Psychiatric disorders Insomnia 11 9 0 0
Vascular disorder Hypertension 10 4 1 <1
aExcluding laboratory abnormalities
bNCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, Version 3.0
Table 6: Most Frequently Reported Non-hematologic Adverse Reactions in Patients with Resistant or Intolerant Ph+ CML Receiving Tasigna 400 mg Twice-Daily (Regardless of Relationship to Study Drug) (≥10% in any Group) 24-Month Analysisa

Body System and Preferred Term CML-CP CML-AP
N=321 N=137
All Grades (%) CTC Gradesb 3/4 (%) All Grades (%) CTC Gradesb 3/4 (%)
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Rash 36 2 29 0
Pruritus 32 <1 20 0
Night sweat 12 <1 27 0
Alopecia 11 0 12 0
Gastrointestinal disorders Nausea 37 1 22 <1
Constipation 26 <1 19 0
Diarrhea 28 3 24 2
Vomiting 29 <1 13 0
Abdominal pain 15 2 16 3
Abdominal pain upper 14 <1 12 <1
Dyspepsia 10 <1 4 0
Nervous system disorders Headache 35 2 20 1
General disorders and administration site conditions Fatigue 32 3 23 <1
Pyrexia 22 <1 28 2
Asthenia 16 0 14 1
Peripheral edema 15 <1 12 0
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Myalgia 19 2 16 <1
Arthralgia  26 2 16 0
Muscle spasms 13 <1 15 0
Bone pain 14 <1 15 2
Pain in extremity 20 2 18 1
Back pain 17 2 15 <1
Musculoskeletal pain 11 <1 12 1
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Cough 27 <1 18 0
Dyspnea 15 2 9 2
Oropharyngeal pain 11 0 7 0
Infections and infestations Nasopharyngitis 24 <1 15 0
Upper respiratory tract infection 12 0 10 0
Metabolism and nutrition disorders Decreased appetitec 15 <1 17 <1
Psychiatric disorders Insomnia 12 1 7 0
aExcluding laboratory abnormalities
bNCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, Version 3.0
cAlso includes preferred term anorexia
Laboratory Abnormalities
Table 7 shows the percentage of patients experiencing treatment-emergent Grade 3/4 laboratory abnormalities in patients who received at least one dose of Tasigna.
Table 7: Percent Incidence of Clinically Relevant Grade 3/4* Laboratory Abnormalities 

Patient Population
Newly Diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP Resistant or Intolerant Ph+
CML-CP CML-AP
TASIGNA 300 mg
twice-daily
N=279
(%)
Imatinib 400 mg
once-daily
N=280
(%)
TASIGNA 400 mg
twice-daily
N=321
(%)
TASIGNA 400 mg
twice-daily
N=137
(%)
Hematologic Parameters
Thrombocytopenia 10 9 301 423
Neutropenia 12 22 312 424
Anemia 4 6 11 27
Biochemistry Parameters
Elevated lipase 9 4 18 18
Hyperglycemia 7 <1 12 6
Hypophosphatemia 8 10 17 15
Elevated bilirubin (total) 4 <1 7 9
Elevated SGPT (ALT) 4 3 4 4
Hyperkalemia 2 1 6 4
Hyponatremia 1 <1 7 7
Hypokalemia <1 2 2 9
Elevated SGOT (AST) 1 1 3 2
Decreased albumin 0 <1 4 3
Hypocalcemia <1 <1 2 5
Elevated alkaline phosphatase 0 <1 <1 1
Elevated creatinine 0 <1 <1 <1
NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0
1CML-CP: Thrombocytopenia: 12% were Grade 3, 18% were Grade 4
2CML-CP: Neutropenia: 16% were Grade 3, 15% were Grade 4
3CML-AP: Thrombocytopenia: 11% were Grade 3, 32% were Grade 4
4CML-AP: Neutropenia: 16% were Grade 3, 26% were Grade 4
Elevated total cholesterol (all grades) occurred in 28% (Tasigna 300 mg bid) and 4% (imatinib). Elevated triglycerides (all grades) occurred in12% and 8% of patients in the Tasigna and imatinib arms, respectively. Hyperglycemia (all grades) occurred in 50% and 31% of patients in the Tasigna and imatinib arms, respectively.
Most common biochemistry laboratory abnormalities (all grades) were alanine aminotransferase increased (72%), blood bilirubin increased (59%), aspartate aminotransferase increased (47%), lipase increased (28%), blood glucose increased (50%), blood cholesterol increased (28%), and blood triglyceride increased (12%).
6.2  Additional Data from Clinical Trials
The following adverse drug reactions were reported in patients in the Tasigna clinical studies at the recommended doses. These adverse drug reactions are ranked under a heading of frequency, the most frequent first using the following convention: common (≥1% and <10%), uncommon (≥0.1% and <1%), and unknown frequency (single events). For laboratory abnormalities, very common events (≥10%), which were not included in Tables 5 and 6, are also reported. These adverse reactions are included based on clinical relevance and ranked in order of decreasing seriousness within each category, obtained from 2 clinical studies:
Newly diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP 60 month analysis and,
Resistant or intolerant Ph+ CML-CP and CMP-AP 24 months’ analysis.
Infections and Infestations: Common: folliculitis. Uncommon: pneumonia, bronchitis, urinary tract infection, candidiasis (including oral candidiasis). Unknown frequency: sepsis, subcutaneous abscess, anal abscess, furuncle, tinea pedis.
Neoplasms Benign, Malignant, and Unspecified: Common: skin papilloma. Unknown frequency: oral papilloma, paraproteinemia.
Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: Common: leukopenia, eosinophilia, febrile neutropenia, pancytopenia, lymphopenia. Unknown frequency: thrombocythemia, leukocytosis.
Immune System Disorders: Unknown frequency: hypersensitivity.
Endocrine Disorders: Uncommon: hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism. Unknown frequency: hyperparathyroidism secondary, thyroiditis.
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: Very Common: hypophosphatemia. Common: electrolyte imbalance (including hypomagnesemia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia), diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia. Uncommon: gout, dehydration, increased appetite. Unknown frequency: hyperuricemia, hypoglycemia.
Psychiatric Disorders: Common: depression, anxiety. Unknown frequency: disorientation, confusional state, amnesia, dysphoria.
Nervous System Disorders: Common: peripheral neuropathy, hypoesthesia, paresthesia. Uncommon: intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, cerebral infarction, migraine, loss of consciousness (including syncope), tremor, disturbance in attention, hyperesthesia. Unknown frequency: basilar artery stenosis, brain edema, optic neuritis, lethargy, dysesthesia, restless legs syndrome.
Eye Disorders: Common: eye hemorrhage, eye pruritus, conjunctivitis, dry eye (including xerophthalmia). Uncommon: vision impairment, vision blurred, visual acuity reduced, photopsia, hyperemia (scleral, conjunctival, ocular), eye irritation, conjunctival hemorrhage. Unknown frequency: papilloedema, diplopia, photophobia, eye swelling, blepharitis, eye pain, chorioretinopathy, conjunctivitis allergic, ocular surface disease.
Ear and Labyrinth Disorders: Common: vertigo. Unknown frequency: hearing impaired, ear pain, tinnitus.
Cardiac Disorders: Common: angina pectoris, arrhythmia (including atrioventricular block, cardiac flutter, extrasystoles, atrial fibrillation, tachycardia, bradycardia), palpitations, electrocardiogram QT prolonged. Uncommon: cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, cardiac murmur, coronary artery stenosis, myocardial ischemia, pericardial effusion, cyanosis. Unknown frequency: ventricular dysfunction, pericarditis, ejection fraction decrease.
Vascular Disorders: Common: flushing. Uncommon: hypertensive crisis, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, intermittent claudication, arterial stenosis limb, hematoma, arteriosclerosis. Unknown frequency: shock hemorrhagic, hypotension, thrombosis, peripheral artery stenosis.
Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders: Common: dyspnea exertional, epistaxis, dysphonia. Uncommon: pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, interstitial lung disease, pleuritic pain, pleurisy, pharyngolaryngeal pain, throat irritation. Unknown frequency: pulmonary hypertension, wheezing.
Gastrointestinal Disorders: Common: pancreatitis, abdominal discomfort, abdominal distension, dysgeusia, flatulence. Uncommon: gastrointestinal hemorrhage, melena, mouth ulceration, gastroesophageal reflux, stomatitis, esophageal pain, dry mouth, gastritis, sensitivity of teeth. Unknown frequency: gastrointestinal ulcer perforation, retroperitoneal hemorrhage, hematemesis, gastric ulcer, esophagitis ulcerative, subileus, enterocolitis, hemorrhoids, hiatus hernia, rectal hemorrhage, gingivitis.
Hepatobiliary Disorders: Very Common: hyperbilirubinemia. Common: hepatic function abnormal. Uncommon: hepatotoxicity, toxic hepatitis, jaundice. Unknown frequency: cholestasis, hepatomegaly.
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Common: eczema, urticaria, erythema, hyperhidrosis, contusion, acne, dermatitis (including allergic, exfoliative and acneiform). Uncommon: exfoliative rash, drug eruption, pain of skin, ecchymosis. Unknown frequency: psoriasis, erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum, skin ulcer, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome, petechiae, photosensitivity, blister, dermal cyst, sebaceous hyperplasia, skin atrophy, skin discoloration, skin exfoliation, skin hyperpigmentation, skin hypertrophy, hyperkeratosis.
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: Common: bone pain, musculoskeletal chest pain, musculoskeletal pain, back pain, neck pain, flank pain, muscular weakness. Uncommon: musculoskeletal stiffness, joint swelling. Unknown frequency: arthritis.
Renal and Urinary Disorders: Common: pollakiuria. Uncommon: dysuria, micturition urgency, nocturia. Unknown frequency: renal failure, hematuria, urinary incontinence, chromaturia.
Reproductive System and Breast Disorders: Uncommon: breast pain, gynecomastia, erectile dysfunction. Unknown frequency: breast induration, menorrhagia, nipple swelling.
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: Common: pyrexia, chest pain (including non-cardiac chest pain), pain, chest discomfort, malaise. Uncommon: gravitational edema, influenza-like illness, chills, feeling body temperature change (including feeling hot, feeling cold). Unknown frequency: localized edema.
Investigations: Very Common: alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, lipase increased, lipoprotein cholesterol (including very low density and high density) increased, total cholesterol increased, blood triglycerides increased. Common: hemoglobin decreased, blood amylase increased, gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, blood creatinine phosphokinase increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, weight decreased, weight increased, globulins decreased. Uncommon: blood lactate dehydrogenase increased, blood urea increased. Unknown frequency: troponin increased, blood bilirubin unconjugated increased, insulin C-peptide decreased, blood parathyroid hormone increased.
7   DRUG INTERACTIONS
7.1  Effects of Nilotinib on Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transport Systems
Nilotinib is a competitive inhibitor of CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and UGT1A1 in vitro, potentially increasing the concentrations of drugs eliminated by these enzymes. In vitro studies also suggest that nilotinib may induce CYP2B6, CYP2C8 and CYP2C9, and decrease the concentrations of drugs which are eliminated by these enzymes.
In patients with CML, multiple doses of Tasigna increased the systemic exposure of oral midazolam (a substrate of CYP3A4) 2.6-fold. Tasigna is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. As a result, the systemic exposure of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 (e.g., certain HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) may be increased when coadministered with Tasigna. Dose adjustment may be necessary for drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates, especially those that have narrow therapeutic indices (e.g., alfentanil, cyclosporine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, fentanyl, sirolimus and tacrolimus) when coadministered with Tasigna.
Single-dose administration of Tasigna to healthy subjects did not change the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin (a CYP2C9 substrate). The ability of multiple doses of Tasigna to induce metabolism of drugs other than midazolam has not been determined in vivo. Monitor patients closely when coadministering Tasigna with drugs that have a narrow therapeutic index and are substrates for CYP2B6, CYP2C8, or CYP2C9 enzymes.
Nilotinib inhibits human P-glycoprotein (P-gp). If Tasigna is administered with drugs that are substrates of P-gp, increased concentrations of the substrate drug are likely, and caution should be exercised.
7.2 Drugs that Inhibit or Induce Cytochrome P450 3A4 Enzymes
Nilotinib undergoes metabolism by CYP3A4, and concomitant administration of strong inhibitors or inducers of CYP3A4 can increase or decrease nilotinib concentrations significantly. The administration of Tasigna with agents that are strong CYP3A4 inhibitors should be avoided [see Boxed Warning, Dosage and Administration (2.2), Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.8)]. Concomitant use of Tasigna with medicinal products and herbal preparations that are potent inducers of CYP3A4 is likely to reduce exposure to nilotinib to a clinically relevant extent. Therefore, in patients receiving Tasigna, concomitant use of alternative therapeutic agents with less potential for CYP3A4 induction should be selected.
Ketoconazole: In healthy subjects receiving ketoconazole, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, at 400 mg once-daily for 6 days, systemic exposure (AUC) to nilotinib was increased approximately 3-fold.
Rifampicin: In healthy subjects receiving the CYP3A4 inducer, rifampicin, at 600 mg daily for 12 days, systemic exposure (AUC) to nilotinib was decreased approximately 80%.
7.3 Drugs that Affect Gastric pH
Nilotinib has pH-dependent solubility, with decreased solubility at higher pH. Drugs such as proton pump inhibitors that inhibit gastric acid secretion to elevate the gastric pH may decrease the solubility of nilotinib and reduce its bioavailability. In healthy subjects, coadministration of a single 400 mg dose of Tasigna with multiple doses of esomeprazole (a proton pump inhibitor) at 40 mg daily decreased the nilotinib AUC by 34%. Increasing the dose of Tasigna when coadministered with such agents is not likely to compensate for the loss of exposure. Since proton pump inhibitors affect pH of the upper GI tract for an extended period, separation of doses may not eliminate the interaction. The concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors with Tasigna is not recommended.
In healthy subjects, no significant change in nilotinib pharmacokinetics was observed when a single 400 mg dose of Tasigna was administered 10 hours after and 2 hours before famotidine (an H2 blocker). Therefore, when the concurrent use of a H2 blocker is necessary, it may be administered approximately 10 hours before and approximately 2 hours after the dose of Tasigna.
Administration of an antacid (aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide/simethicone) to healthy subjects, 2 hours before or 2 hours after a single 400 mg dose of Tasigna did not alter nilotinib pharmacokinetics. Therefore, if necessary, an antacid may be administered approximately 2 hours before or approximately 2 hours after the dose of Tasigna.
7.4 Drugs that Inhibit Drug Transport Systems
Nilotinib is a substrate of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1). If Tasigna is administered with drugs that inhibit P-gp, increased concentrations of nilotinib are likely, and caution should be exercised.
7.5 Drugs that May Prolong the QT Interval
The administration of Tasigna with agents that may prolong the QT interval such as anti-arrhythmic medicines should be avoided [see Boxed Warning, Dosage and Administration (2.2), Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.8)].
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category D [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16)].
Risk Summary
Based on its mechanism of action and findings in animals, Tasigna may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Women should be advised to avoid becoming pregnant while on Tasigna. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.
Animal Data
Nilotinib was studied for effects on embryo-fetal development in pregnant rats and rabbits given oral doses of 10, 30, 100 mg/kg/day, and 30, 100, 300 mg/kg/day, respectively, during organogenesis. In rats, nilotinib at doses of 100 mg/kg/day (approximately 5.7 times the AUC in patients at the dose of 400 mg twice-daily) was associated with maternal toxicity (decreased gestation weight, gravid uterine weight, net weight gain, and food consumption). Nilotinib at doses ≥30 mg/kg/day (approximately 2 times the AUC in patients at the dose of 400 mg twice-daily) resulted in embryo-fetal toxicity as shown by increased resorption and post-implantation loss, and at 100 mg/kg/day, a decrease in viable fetuses. In rabbits, maternal toxicity at 300 mg/kg/day (approximately one-half the human exposure based on AUC) was associated with mortality, abortion, decreased gestation weights and decreased food consumption. Embryonic toxicity (increased resorption) and minor skeletal anomalies were observed at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day. Nilotinib is not considered teratogenic.
When pregnant rats were dosed with nilotinib during organogenesis and through lactation, the adverse effects included a longer gestational period, lower pup body weights until weaning and decreased fertility indices in the pups when they reached maturity, all at a maternal dose of 360 mg/m2 (approximately 0.7 times the clinical dose of 400 mg twice-daily based on body surface area). At doses up to 120 mg/m2 (approximately 0.25 times the clinical dose of 400 mg twice-daily based on body surface area) no adverse effects were seen in the maternal animals or the pups.
8.3 Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether nilotinib is excreted in human milk. One study in lactating rats demonstrates that nilotinib is excreted into milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Tasigna, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
8.4 Pediatric Use
The safety and effectiveness of Tasigna in pediatric patients have not been established.
8.5 Geriatric Use
In the clinical trials of Tasigna (patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP and resistant or intolerant Ph+ CML-CP and CML-AP), approximately 12% and 30% of patients were 65 years or over respectively.
Patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP: There was no difference in major molecular response between patients aged <65 years and those ≥65 years.
Patients with resistant or intolerant CML-CP: There was no difference in major cytogenetic response rate between patients aged <65 years and those ≥65 years.
Patients with resistant or intolerant CML-AP: The hematologic response rate was 44% in patients <65 years of age and 29% in patients ≥65 years.
No major differences for safety were observed in patients ≥65 years of age as compared to patients <65 years.
8.6 Cardiac Disorders
In the clinical trials, patients with a history of uncontrolled or significant cardiovascular disease, including recent myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, unstable angina or clinically significant bradycardia, were excluded. Caution should be exercised in patients with relevant cardiac disorders [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
8.7  Hepatic Impairment
Nilotinib exposure is increased in patients with impaired hepatic function. In a study of subjects with mild to severe hepatic impairment following a single dose administration of 200 mg of Tasigna, the mean AUC values were increased on average of 35%, 35%, and 56% in subjects with mild (Child-Pugh class A, score 5 to 6), moderate (Child-Pugh class B, score 7 to 9) and severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class C, score 10 to 15), respectively, compared to a control group of subjects with normal hepatic function. Table 8 summarizes the Child-Pugh Liver Function Classification applied in this study. A lower starting dose is recommended in patients with hepatic impairment and the QT interval should be monitored closely in these patients [see Dosage and Administration (2.2), Warnings and Precautions (5.10)].
Table 8: Child-Pugh Liver Function Classification

Assessment Degree of Abnormality Score
Encephalopathy Grade None 1
  1 or 2 2
  3 or 4 3
Ascites Absent 1
  Slight 2
  Moderate 3
Total Bilirubin (mg/dL) <2 1
  2-3 2
  >3 3
Serum Albumin (g/dL) >3.5 1
  2.8-3.5 2
  <2.8 3
Prothrombin Time (seconds prolonged) <4 1
  4-6 2
  >6 3
8.8 Renal Impairment
Clinical studies have not been performed in patients with impaired renal function. Clinical studies have excluded patients with serum creatinine concentration >1.5 times the upper limit of the normal range.
Since nilotinib and its metabolites are not renally excreted, a decrease in total body clearance is not anticipated in patients with renal impairment.
10  OVERDOSAGE
Overdose with nilotinib has been reported, where an unspecified number of Tasigna capsules were ingested in combination with alcohol and other drugs. Events included neutropenia, vomiting, and drowsiness. In the event of overdose, the patient should be observed and appropriate supportive treatment given.
11 DESCRIPTION
Tasigna (nilotinib) belongs to a pharmacologic class of drugs known as kinase inhibitors.
Nilotinib drug substance, a monohydrate monohydrochloride, is a white to slightly yellowish to slightly greenish yellow powder with the anhydrous molecular formula and weight, respectively, of C28H22F3N7O•HCl • H2O and 584. The solubility of nilotinib in aqueous solutions decreases with increasing pH. Nilotinib is not optically active. The pKa1 was determined to be 2.1; pKa2 was estimated to be 5.4.
The chemical name of nilotinib is 4-methyl-N-[3-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[[4-(3-pyridinyl)-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-benzamide, monohydrochloride, monohydrate. Its structure is shown below:


Tasigna (nilotinib) capsules, for oral use, contain 150 mg or 200 mg nilotinib base, anhydrous (as hydrochloride, monohydrate) with the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate and poloxamer 188. The capsules contain gelatin, iron oxide (red), iron oxide (yellow), iron oxide (black), and titanium dioxide.
12  CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
Nilotinib is an inhibitor of the BCR-ABL kinase. Nilotinib binds to and stabilizes the inactive conformation of the kinase domain of ABL protein. In vitro, nilotinib inhibited BCR-ABL mediated proliferation of murine leukemic cell lines and human cell lines derived from patients with Ph+ CML. Under the conditions of the assays, nilotinib was able to overcome imatinib resistance resulting from BCR-ABL kinase mutations, in 32 out of 33 mutations tested. In vivo, nilotinib reduced the tumor size in a murine BCR-ABL xenograft model. Nilotinib inhibited the autophosphorylation of the following kinases at IC50 values as indicated: BCR-ABL (20 to 60 nM), PDGFR (69 nM), c-KIT (210 nM), CSF-1R (125 to 250 nM), and DDR1 (3.7 nM).
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
Absorption and Distribution 
The absolute bioavailability of nilotinib has not been determined. As compared to an oral drink solution (pH of 1.2 to 1.3), relative bioavailability of nilotinib capsule is approximately 50%. Peak concentrations of nilotinib are reached 3 hours after oral administration.
Steady-state nilotinib exposure was dose-dependent with less than dose-proportional increases in systemic exposure at dose levels higher than 400 mg given as once-daily dosing. Daily serum exposure to nilotinib following 400 mg twice-daily dosing at steady state was 35% higher than with 800 mg once-daily dosing. Steady state exposure (AUC) of nilotinib with 400 mg twice-daily dosing was 13% higher than with 300 mg twice-daily dosing. The average steady state nilotinib trough and peak concentrations did not change over 12 months. There was no relevant increase in exposure to nilotinib when the dose was increased from 400 mg twice-daily to 600 mg twice-daily.
The bioavailability of nilotinib was increased when given with a meal. Compared to the fasted state, the systemic exposure (AUC) increased by 82% when the dose was given 30 minutes after a high fat meal.
Single dose administration of two 200 mg nilotinib capsules each dispersed in 1 teaspoon of applesauce and administered within 15 minutes was shown to be bioequivalent to a single dose administration of two 200 mg intact capsules. The blood-to-serum ratio of nilotinib is 0.68. Serum protein binding is approximately 98% on the basis of in vitro experiments.
Median steady-state trough concentration of nilotinib was decreased by 53% in patients with total gastrectomy compared to patients who had not undergone surgeries [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)].
Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism and Excretion
The apparent elimination half-life estimated from the multiple dose pharmacokinetic studies with daily dosing was approximately 17 hours. Inter-patient variability in nilotinib AUC was 32% to 64%. Steady state conditions were achieved by Day 8. An increase in serum exposure to nilotinib between the first dose and steady state was approximately 2-fold for daily dosing and 3.8-fold for twice-daily dosing.
Main metabolic pathways identified in healthy subjects are oxidation and hydroxylation. Nilotinib is the main circulating component in the serum. None of the metabolites contribute significantly to the pharmacological activity of nilotinib.
After a single dose of radiolabeled nilotinib in healthy subjects, more than 90% of the administered dose was eliminated within 7 days: mainly in feces (93% of the dose). Parent drug accounted for 69% of the dose.
Age, body weight, gender, or ethnic origin did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of nilotinib.
Drug-Drug Interactions
In a Phase 1 trial of nilotinib 400 mg twice-daily in combination with imatinib 400 mg daily or 400 mg twice-daily, the AUC increased 30% to 50% for nilotinib and approximately 20% for imatinib.
12.5 Pharmacogenomics
Tasigna can increase bilirubin levels. A pharmacogenetic analysis of 97 patients evaluated the polymorphisms of UGT1A1 and its potential association with hyperbilirubinemia during Tasigna treatment. In this study, the (TA)7/(TA)7 genotype was associated with a statistically significant increase in the risk of hyperbilirubinemia relative to the (TA)6/(TA)6 and (TA)6/(TA)7 genotypes. However, the largest increases in bilirubin were observed in the (TA)7/(TA)7 genotype (UGT1A1*28) patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].
12.6  QT/QTc Prolongation
In a placebo-controlled study in healthy volunteers designed to assess the effects of Tasigna on the QT interval, administration of Tasigna was associated with concentration-dependent QT prolongation; the maximum mean placebo-adjusted QTcF change from baseline was 18 msec (1-sided 95% Upper CI: 26 msec). A positive control was not included in the QT study of healthy volunteers. Peak plasma concentrations in the QT study were 26% lower than those observed in patients enrolled in the single-arm study [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.2), and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
A 2-year carcinogenicity study was conducted orally in rats at nilotinib doses of 5, 15, and 40 mg/kg/day. Exposures in animals at the highest dose tested were approximately 2- to 3- fold the human exposure (based on AUC) at the nilotinib dose of 400 mg twice-daily. The study was negative for carcinogenic findings. A 26-week carcinogenicity study was conducted orally in Tg.rasH2 mice, a model genetically modified to enhance susceptibility to neoplastic transformation, at nilotinib doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg/day. Nilotinib induced in the skin and subcutis statistically significant increases in the incidence of papillomas in females and of papillomas and combined papillomas and carcinomas in males at 300 mg/kg/day. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for skin neoplastic lesions was 100 mg/kg/day.
Nilotinib was not mutagenic in a bacterial mutagenesis (Ames) assay, was not clastogenic in a chromosome aberration assay in human lymphocytes, did not induce DNA damage (comet assay) in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, nor was it clastogenic in an in vivo rat bone marrow micronucleus assay with two oral treatments at doses up to 2000 mg/kg/dose.
There were no effects on male or female rat and female rabbit mating or fertility at doses up to 180 mg/kg in rats (approximately 4- to 7- fold for males and females, respectively, the AUC in patients at the dose of 400 mg twice-daily) or 300 mg/kg in rabbits (approximately one-half the AUC in patients at the dose of 400 mg twice-daily). The effect of Tasigna on human fertility is unknown. In a study where male and female rats were treated with nilotinib at oral doses of 20 to 180 mg/kg/day (approximately 1- to 6.6- fold the AUC in patients at the dose of 400 mg twice-daily) during the pre-mating and mating periods and then mated, and dosing of pregnant rats continued through gestation Day 6, nilotinib increased post-implantation loss and early resorption, and decreased the number of viable fetuses and litter size at all doses tested.
14  CLINICAL STUDIES
14.1  Newly Diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP
An open-label, multicenter, randomized trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of Tasigna versus imatinib tablets in adult patients with cytogenetically confirmed newly diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP. Patients were within 6 months of diagnosis and were previously untreated for CML-CP, except for hydroxyurea and/or anagrelide. Efficacy was based on a total of 846 patients: 283 patients in the imatinib 400 mg once-daily group, 282 patients in the nilotinib 300 mg twice-daily group, 281 patients in the nilotinib 400 mg twice-daily group.
Median age was 46 years in the imatinib group and 47 years in both nilotinib groups, with 12%, 13%, and 10% of patients ≥65 years of age in imatinib 400 mg once-daily, nilotinib 300 mg twice-daily and nilotinib 400 mg twice-daily treatment groups, respectively. There were slightly more male than female patients in all groups (56%, 56%, and 62% in imatinib 400 mg once-daily, nilotinib 300 mg twice-daily and nilotinib 400 mg twice-daily treatment groups, respectively). More than 60% of all patients were Caucasian, and 25% were Asian.
The primary data analysis was performed when all 846 patients completed 12 months of treatment (or discontinued earlier). Subsequent analyses were done when patients completed 24, 36, 48, and 60 months of treatment (or discontinued earlier). The median time on treatment was approximately 61 months in all three treatment groups.
The primary efficacy endpoint was major molecular response (MMR) at 12 months after the start of study medication. MMR was defined as ≤0.1% BCR-ABL/ABL % by international scale measured by RQ-PCR, which corresponds to a ≥3 log reduction of BCR-ABL transcript from standardized baseline. Efficacy endpoints are summarized in Table 9.
Two patients in the nilotinib arm progressed to either accelerated phase or blast crisis (both within the first 6 months of treatment) while 12 patients on the imatinib arm progressed to either accelerated phase or blast crisis (7 patients within first 6 months, 2 patients within 6 to 12 months, 2 patients within 12 to 18 months and 1 patient within 18 to 24 months).
Table 9: Efficacy (MMR and CCyR) of TASIGNA Compared to Imatinib in Newly Diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP 

TASIGNA
300 mg
twice-daily
Imatinib
400 mg
once-daily
N=282 N=283
MMR at 12 months (95% CI) 44% (38.4, 50.3) 22% (17.6, 27.6)
     P-Valuea  <0.0001
CCyRb by 12 months (95% CI) 80% (75.0, 84.6) 65% (59.2, 70.6)
MMR at 24 months (95% CI) 62% (55.8, 67.4) 38% (31.8, 43.4)
CCyRb by 24 months (95% CI) 87% (82.4, 90.6) 77% (71.7, 81.8)
aCMH test stratified by Sokal risk group
bCCyR: 0% Ph+ metaphases. Cytogenetic responses were based on the percentage of Ph-positive metaphases among ≥20 metaphase cells in each bone marrow sample.
By the 60 months, MMR was achieved by 77% of patients on Tasigna and 60% of patients on imatinib. Median overall survival was not reached in either arm. At the time of the 60-month final analysis, the estimated survival rate was 93.7% for patients on Tasigna and 91.7% for patients on imatinib.
14.2  Patients with Resistant or Intolerant Ph+ CML-CP and CML-AP
A single-arm, open-label, multicenter study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tasigna (400 mg twice-daily) in patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant CML with separate cohorts for chronic and accelerated phase disease. The definition of imatinib resistance included failure to achieve a complete hematologic response (by 3 months), cytogenetic response (by 6 months) or major cytogenetic response (by 12 months) or progression of disease after a previous cytogenetic or hematologic response. Imatinib intolerance was defined as discontinuation of treatment due to toxicity and lack of a major cytogenetic response at time of study entry. At the time of data cut-off, 321 patients with CML-CP and 137 patients with CML-AP with a minimum follow-up of 24 months were enrolled. In this study, about 50% of CML-CP and CML-AP patients were males, over 90% (CML-CP) and 80% (CML-AP) were Caucasian, and approximately 30% were age 65 years or older.
Overall, 73% of patients were imatinib resistant while 27% were imatinib intolerant. The median time of prior imatinib treatment was approximately 32 (CML-CP) and 28 (CML-AP) months. Prior therapy included hydroxyurea in 85% of patients, interferon in 56% and stem cell or bone marrow transplant in 8%. The median highest prior imatinib dose was 600 mg/day for patients with CML-CP and CML-AP, and the highest prior imatinib dose was ≥600 mg/day in 74% of all patients with 40% of patients receiving imatinib doses ≥800 mg/day.
Median duration of nilotinib treatment was 18.4 months in patients with CML-CP and 8.7 months in patients with CML-AP.
The efficacy endpoint in CML-CP was unconfirmed major cytogenetic response (MCyR) which included complete and partial cytogenetic responses.
The efficacy endpoint in CML-AP was confirmed hematologic response (HR), defined as either a complete hematologic response (CHR) or no evidence of leukemia (NEL). The rates of response for CML-CP and CML-AP patients are reported in Table 10.
Median durations of response had not been reached at the time of data analysis.
Table 10: Efficacy of Tasigna in Resistant or Intolerant Ph+ CML-CP and CML-AP 

Cytogenetic Response Rate (Unconfirmed) (%)a
Chronic Phase
(n=321)
Major (95% CI) 51% (46%-57%)
Complete (95% CI) 37% (32%-42%)
Partial (95% CI) 15% (11%-19%)
Accelerated Phase
(n=137)
Hematologic Response Rate (Confirmed) (95% CI)b 39% (31%-48%)
Complete Hematologic Response Rate (95% CI) 30% (22%-38%)
No Evidence of Leukemia (95% CI) 9% (5%-16%)
aCytogenetic response criteria: Complete (0% Ph + metaphases) or partial (1% to 35%). Cytogenetic responses were based on the percentage of Ph-positive metaphases among ≥20 metaphase cells in each bone marrow sample.
bHematologic response=CHR + NEL (all responses confirmed after 4 weeks).
CHR (CML-CP): WBC <10 x 109/L, platelets <450,000/mm3, no blasts or promyelocytes in peripheral blood, <5% myelocytes + metamyelocytes in bone marrow, <20% basophils in peripheral blood, and no extramedullary involvement.
CHR (CML-AP): neutrophils ≥1.5 x 109/L, platelets ≥100 x 109/L, no myeloblasts in peripheral blood, myeloblasts <5% in bone marrow, and no extramedullary involvement.
NEL: same criteria as for CHR but neutrophils ≥1.0 x 109/L and platelets >20 x 109/L without transfusions or bleeding.
Patients with Chronic Phase
The MCyR rate in 321 CML-CP patients was 51%. The median time to MCyR among responders was 2.8 months (range 1 to 28 months). The median duration of MCyR cannot be estimated. The median duration of exposure on this single arm-trial was 18.4 months. Among the CML-CP patients who achieved MCyR, 62% of them had MCyR lasting more than 18 months. The CCyR rate was 37%.
Patients with Accelerated Phase
The overall confirmed hematologic response rate in 137 patients with CML-AP was 39%. The median time to first hematologic response among responders was 1 month (range 1 to 14 months). Among the CML-AP patients who achieved HR, 44% of them had a response lasting for more than 18 months.
After imatinib failure, 24 different BCR-ABL mutations were noted in 42% of chronic phase and 54% of accelerated phase CML patients who were evaluated for mutations.
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
Tasigna (nilotinib) 150 mg capsules are red opaque hard gelatin capsules, size 1 with black axial imprint “NVR/BCR.” Tasigna (nilotinib) 200 mg capsules are light yellow opaque hard gelatin capsules, size 0 with the red axial imprint “NVR/TKI.” Tasigna capsules are supplied in blister packs.
150mg
Carton of 4 blister packs of (4x28) ………………………….…….NDC 0078-0592-87
Blisters of 28 capsules……………………….…….NDC 0078-0592-51
200mg
Carton of 4 blister packs of (4x28) ……………….…….NDC 0078-0526-87
Blisters of 28 capsules……………………………….…….NDC 0078-0526-51
Tasigna (nilotinib) capsules should be stored at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted between 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
See FDA-Approved Patient Labeling (Medication Guide).
A Medication Guide is required for distribution with Tasigna. Advise patients to read the Tasigna Medication Guide. The complete text of the Medication Guide is reprinted at the end of this document.
Cardiac and Arterial Vascular Occlusive Events
Advise patients that cardiovascular events (including ischemic heart disease, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, and ischemic cerebrovascular events) have been reported. Advise patients to seek immediate medical attention with any symptoms suggestive of a cardiovascular event. Cardiovascular status of patients should be evaluated and cardiovascular risk factors should be monitored and managed during Tasigna therapy according to standard guidelines [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
Taking Tasigna
Advise patients to take Tasigna doses twice-daily approximately 12 hours apart. The capsules should be swallowed whole with water.
Advise patients to take Tasigna on an empty stomach. No food should be consumed for at least 2 hours before the dose is taken and for at least 1 hour after the dose is taken. Patients should not consume grapefruit products and other foods that are known to inhibit CYP3A4 at any time during Tasigna treatment [see Dosage and Administration (2.1), Warnings and Precautions (5.8, 5.9) and Medication Guide].
If the patient missed a dose of Tasigna, the patient should take the next scheduled dose at its regular time. The patient should not take two doses at the same time.
Should patients be unable to swallow capsules, the contents of each capsule may be dispersed in one teaspoon of applesauce and the mixture swallowed immediately (within 15 minutes).
Drug Interactions
Tasigna and certain other medicines, including over the counter medications or herbal supplements (such as St. John’s Wort), can interact with each other [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) and Drug Interactions (7)].
Pregnancy
Advise patients that the use of Tasigna during pregnancy may cause harm to the fetus and that Tasigna should not be taken during pregnancy unless necessary. Women of childbearing potential should use highly effective contraceptives while taking Tasigna. Sexually active female patients taking Tasigna should use adequate contraception [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16) and Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6093952a-5248-45cb-ad17-33716a411146

诺华公司新型抗肿瘤药Tasigna®在瑞士获得上市批准
对产生格列卫耐药的患者疗效显著
这种新型抗肿瘤药物获得了世界范围内首个上市批准,它更加有效、优先地针对慢性粒细胞白血病的病因
数据显示,在那些对格列卫产生了耐药或者不耐受的患者使用后,Tasigna显示了良好的耐受性、高有效率和便于管理的安全性
美国和欧盟的管理机构有望在2007年做出注册批准,同时日本也于2007年第二季度提交了上市申请
Tasigna的快速研发再次证明诺华履行了自己的承诺??不断研发创新药品,以满足患者尚未被满足的需求
日前,Tasigna(尼洛替尼)在瑞士获得了世界范围内首个上市批准。Tasigna是一种新型的靶向肿瘤治疗药物,它对那些产生格列卫&reg;(伊马替尼)耐药或者不能耐受的慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)患者疗效显著。格列卫*是另外一种由诺华公司开发的用于治疗CML的优选药物。
基于一项关键的II期临床试验所产生的积极结果,瑞士卫生管理机构在加快审评后批准了Tasigna。结果显示,病人使用Tasigna后有效率高、耐受性好、安全性可管理。
每天服用两次,Tasigna可以通过靶向性地作用于Bcr-Abl蛋白,来抑制含有异常染色体的癌细胞的产生。Bcr-Abl蛋白是由含有异常的费城染色体的细胞产生的,在患有CML的患者中,这种蛋白质被认为是致癌白细胞过度增殖的一个重要因素。
在临床试验中,使用Tasigna治疗后,42%的对格列卫耐药的慢性期费城染色体阳性(Ph+)CML患者会出现异常染色体减少或者消失的情况;而在处于加速期的患者中,也有31%的患者能够获得同样的效果。
在美国、加拿大和以色列的名称为Gleevec&reg;(伊马替尼甲磺酸盐)片剂
“虽然在使用格列卫治疗的患者中,90%以上的人可以存活五年以上,但是我们也关注为那一小部分对格列卫耐药或不能耐受的患者提供帮助,这促使我们开发了Tasigna,”诺华公司董事长兼首席执行官魏思乐博士说。“我非常高兴,因为我们创造了一个新的记录,那就是我们为满足患者的需求而快速地推出了Tasigna??第二代选择性更强、疗效更显著的Bcr-Abl酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,它从合成到上市只用了不到五年的时间。”
今年晚些时候,美国和欧盟的卫生管理机构有望对Tasigna做出批准决定。与此同时,在日本的申报工作也将在2007年第二季度完成。7月16日,美国FDA要求对Tasigna注册的审批时间延长3个月。
2007年,诺华计划在对其他药物治疗反应不理想的CML患者以及新诊断的CML患者中开展Tasigna的III期临床试验。  在患有胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)的患者中也已经开始进行一项注册研究,此类患者在一些国家也可以使用格列卫来治疗。
最近的一系列具有里程碑意义的临床试验结果显示,使用格列卫对新诊断的慢性期Ph+  CML成年患者进行治疗后,五年后有将近90%的人存活1,但是一些患者产生了耐药或者不能耐受的情况。
2002年8月,诺华公司的一组科学家应用从格列卫中获得的重要经验研制开发了Tasigna,此时恰好是格列卫上市后一周年。Tasigna被专门设计用于更加有效、更加优先地靶向性作用于Bcr-Abl,与此同时,并没有引入可能导致其他副作用的新作用机制。Tasigna从合成到首次获得卫生管理机构的批准只用了不到五年的时间。
“Tasigna的开发速度反映了我们帮助癌症患者的激情,”诺华公司肿瘤事业部总裁兼首席执行官David  Epstein说,“作为一种专门设计用于癌症治疗的药物,Tasigna再一次凸显了我们在靶向治疗领域的领导地位。”
慢性粒细胞白血病是四种最常见的白血病之一,在世界所有白血病病例中大约占15%2。它主要是由于未成熟白细胞的过度增殖而引起的,大约95%的CML患者会产生费城染色体。
基于卓越的II期临床试验结果获得批准
Tasigna被批准用于治疗对格列卫耐药或者不能耐受的慢性期或加速期的Ph+CML患者。在瑞士提交的申请是基于一项评估Tasigna安全性和有效性的II期开放性临床试验结果作出的。这项试验是在对格列卫耐药或者不能耐受的慢性期或加速期的Ph+CML患者中进行的。采用血液学缓解指标(白细胞计数恢复到正常范围)和细胞遗传学缓解指标(Ph+染色体减少或消失)来评估有效性。
经过中位时间为7.7个月的治疗后,在132名处于慢性期的患者中,有55名患者(42%)出现了明显的细胞遗传学缓解。在64名处于加速期的患者中,经过中位时间为5个月的治疗后,在20名患者(31%)中观察到了明显的细胞遗传学缓解。
在6月举行的美国临床肿瘤学会年会上,这项关键的II期临床试验的长期数据被发表。这些数据显示了更积极的结果。
Tasigna的安全性信息
在438名患者中分析了Tasigna的安全性数据。采用Tasigna治疗时,最常见的3级或4级不良事件主要为血液学毒性,包括中性粒细胞减少和血小板减少。同时还观察到胆红素、肝功能试验值、脂肪酶和血糖水平的升高,其中大多数指标的升高都是一过性的,而且随着时间的延长而逐渐缓解。这些病例都比较容易管理,而且很少会导致停药。不到1%的病例报告发生了胰腺炎。最常见的非血液学药物相关不良事件包括皮疹、搔痒、恶心、疲劳、头痛、便秘和腹泻。大多数此类不良事件都属于轻度到中度。
在伴有或可能发生QTc延长的患者中,应该慎用Tasigna,这其中包括钾或镁水平异常降低的患者,患有先天性长QT综合征的患者,服用抗心律失常药物或者其它可能导致QT间期延长的药物的患者,以及采用蓄积性高剂量蒽环类抗生素治疗的患者。如果钾或镁的水平较低,在给予Tasigna之前必须将其纠正到正常范围。
Tasigna的生物利用度随着食物的摄入而增加。Tasigna不应该随食物一起服用,而应该在餐后两小时服用。在服用药物后至少一个小时之内,不应该进食。

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