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环丙沙星Cipro(Ciprofloxacin Tablets)

2014-03-01 10:21:30  作者:新特药房  来源:互联网  浏览次数:801  文字大小:【】【】【
简介: 部份中文环丙沙星处方资料(仅供参考)Generic Name and Formulations:Ciprofloxacin (as HCl) 250mg, 500mg; tabs.Company:Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.Indications for CIPRO:Susceptible ...

部份中文环丙沙星处方资料(仅供参考)
Generic Name and Formulations:
Ciprofloxacin (as HCl) 250mg, 500mg; tabs.
Company:
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Indications for CIPRO:
Susceptible infections, including lower respiratory tract, skin and skin structures, bone and joint, acute sinusitis, complicated intraabdominal (w. metronidazole), UTIs, chronic bacterial prostatitis, acute uncomplicated cystitis in females. Postexposure prophylaxis and treatment of anthrax. Infectious diarrhea, typhoid fever, uncomplicated cervical and urethral gonorrhea: oral form only. Nosocomial pneumonia, empiric therapy in febrile neutropenia: IV form only.
Adult Dose for CIPRO:
See full labeling. Swallow tabs whole, do not chew microcapsules for susp. ≥18yrs: Sinusitis, typhoid fever: 500mg every 12hrs for 10 days. Lower respiratory tract, skin and skin structure: 500–750mg every 12hrs for 7–14 days. Intraabdominal (w. metronidazole): 500mg every 12hrs for 7–14 days. Bone and joint: 500–750mg every 12hrs for at least 4–6 weeks. Infectious diarrhea: 500mg every 12hrs for 5–7 days. Acute uncomplicated cystitis due to E. coli, S. saprophyticus in females: 250mg every 12hrs for 3 days (oral forms only). Other UTIs: 250–500mg every 12hrs for 7–14 days. Prostatitis: 500mg every 12hrs for 28 days. Gonorrhea: 250mg once. Postexposure prophylaxis of inhalational anthrax: 500mg every 12hrs for 60 days (start as soon as possible after exposure). Treatment of inhalational, cutaneous, GI, or oropharyngeal anthrax: see CDC recommendations. Renal dysfunction (CrCl 30–50mL/min): 250–500mg every 12hrs; (CrCl 5–29mL/min): 250–500mg every 18hrs; hemo- or peritoneal dialysis: 250–500mg every 24hrs (after dialysis).
Children's Dose for CIPRO:
<18yrs: usually not recommended. Swallow tabs whole, do not chew microcapsules for susp. 1–17yrs: Complicated UTIs or pyelonephritis: 10–20mg/kg (max 750mg) every 12hrs for 10–21 days (see full labeling). Postexposure prophylaxis of inhalational anthrax: 15mg/kg (max 500mg/dose) every 12hrs for 60 days (start as soon as possible after exposure). Treatment of inhalational, cutaneous, GI, or oropharyngeal anthrax: see CDC recommendations.
See Also:
CIPRO IV CONCENTRATE
CIPRO IV PREMIXED
CIPRO ORAL SUSPENSION
CIPRO
XR
Pharmacological Class:
Quinolone.
Contraindications:
Concomitant tizanidine.
Warnings/Precautions:
XR not interchangeable with other forms. Increased risk of tendinitis or tendon rupture esp. in patients >60yrs, or those with kidney, heart or lung transplants. Discontinue if tendon pain, inflammation, rupture occur. History of myasthenia gravis; avoid. Renal (except XR tabs for uncomplicated UTIs) or hepatic dysfunction: reduce dose. CNS disorders (eg, cerebral arteriosclerosis, epilepsy) that increase seizure risk. History of QT prolongation or proarrhythmic conditions (eg, hypokalemia, bradycardia, recent MI). Discontinue if rash, jaundice, phototoxicity, other signs of hypersensitivity, hepatitis, CNS disorders, or peripheral neuropathy occur. History of joint-related disorders (esp. children). Maintain adequate hydration, avoid alkaline urine to avoid crystalluria. May mask symptoms of syphilis; test for syphilis before treating gonorrhea, then follow-up after 3 months. Monitor blood, renal, hepatic function in prolonged use. Avoid excessive sun and UV light. Elderly. Pregnancy (Cat.C). Nursing mothers: not recommended.
Interactions:
See Contraindications. Potentiates hypotensive and sedative effects of tizanidine. Avoid theophylline (increases theophylline levels; may potentiate other CYP1A2 substrates), urinary alkalinizers; oral forms with antacids, calcium, iron, zinc, sucralfate, buffered forms of didanosine, other highly buffered drugs (may give ciprofloxacin 2 hrs before or 6 hrs after); high ciprofloxacin doses with NSAIDs (increases seizure risk). Potentiates caffeine and lidocaine. Potentiated by probenecid. Severe hypoglycemia with glyburide (rare). Increased serum creatinine with cyclosporine. Monitor methotrexate, oral anticoagulants (potentiation), phenytoin (variable effects), clozapine and ropinirole (potentiation). Increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture with corticosteroids. Caution with sildenafil and other drugs that lower seizure threshold. Increased risk of QT prolongation with Class IA or III antiarrhythmics. Reduced absorption with omeprazole (XR).
Adverse Reactions:
Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, CNS disturbances (eg, convulsions, dizziness, nervousness, insomnia, nightmares, paranoia), rash, eosinophilia, elevated liver enzymes, photosensitivity, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, myalgia, tendinitis/rupture, joint-related disorders (children), local reactions (inj); rare: increased intracranial pressure, toxic psychosis; peripheral neuropathy (may be irreversible), C. difficile-associated diarrhea.
Note:
See MMWR Vol 50, No.42 (Oct. 26, 2001) for more information on anthrax.
How Supplied:
Tabs—100; Oral Susp—100mL; Inj Conc (20mL, 40mL)—1; Infusion (100mL, 200mL)—1; XR Tabs—50, 100


药品英文名
Ciprofloxacin
药理作用
环丙沙星为第三代喹诺酮类广谱抗菌药物,作用于细菌DNA旋转酶的A亚单位,抑制细菌DNA的合成和复制而杀菌。本药具有广谱抗菌作用,对革兰阴性杆菌的体外抗菌活性是目前临床应用的氟喹诺酮类中最高者;对铜绿假单胞菌、肠球菌、肺炎链球菌、葡萄球菌、军团菌、淋病奈瑟菌及流感杆菌的抗菌活性也高于其他同类药物;甚至对某些耐氨基糖苷类及第3代头孢菌素类的耐药菌株仍有抗菌活性;但对链球菌的抗菌作用不如青霉素类。近年来细菌对本药的耐药性明显增高(大肠杆菌多见,也可见于葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌等),且与其他氟喹诺酮类药之间存在交叉耐药。本药对肠杆菌科的大部分细菌(包括枸橼酸杆菌属、阴沟及产气肠杆菌等肠杆菌属、大肠埃希菌、克雷白菌属、变形杆菌属、沙门菌属、志贺菌属等)、弧菌属、耶尔森菌、淋球菌、产酶流感嗜血杆菌、莫拉菌属有高度抗菌活性;对沙眼衣原体、支原体、军团菌具有良好抗菌作用;对铜绿假单胞菌等假单胞菌属的多数菌株、葡萄球菌、结核杆菌及非典型分枝杆菌也有抗菌作用;对肺炎链球菌、溶血性链球菌和粪肠球菌仅具中等抗菌活性;对厌氧菌的抗菌作用差。本品与β内酰胺类、头孢菌素类、氨基糖苷类抗生素以及磺胺类药物无交叉耐药性。
药动学
本药口服吸收迅速,生物利用度约49%~70%。口服250mg、500mg和750mg后,1~2h内达平均血药浓度峰值,分别为1.2~1.4mg/L、2.4~2.6mg/L和3.4~4.3mg/L;静脉滴注本药200mg和400mg后,血药浓度峰值分别为2.1mg/L和4.6mg/L。吸收后广泛分布至各组织、体液(包括脑脊液)中,分布容积为2~3L/kg。在组织中的浓度常超过血药浓度;在胆汁中浓度可达血药浓度的10倍以上;口服250mg后起始2h尿中浓度可超过200mg/L;在脑脊液中的浓度为血药浓度的30%以上;可透过胎盘进入胎儿体内。蛋白结合率为20%~40%,消除半衰期约4h,肾功能减退时为6h。口服给药后24h内以原形经肾排出给药量的40%~50%(主要为肾小管分泌),静脉滴注后从尿中排出原形的45%~60%,以代谢物形式(仍具活性,但较弱)排出约15%,少量经胆汁排出,也可经乳汁分泌。
适应证
可用于敏感菌所致的下列感染:
1.泌尿生殖系统感染:包括单纯性或复杂性尿路感染、细菌性前列腺炎、淋球菌尿道炎、肾盂肾炎、非特异性尿道炎(宫颈炎)(包括产酶株所致者)等。2.呼吸系统感染:包括急性支气管炎及肺部感染等。
3.消化系统感染:包括肠炎、胆囊炎、肛管直肠周围脓肿(肛周脓肿)等
4.五官科感染:包括扁桃体炎、咽炎、鼻窦炎和中耳炎等。
5.用于脓疱疮、疖肿、毛囊炎以及湿疹、外伤、癣病、疥疮合并感染等化脓菌感染性皮肤疾病。
6.其他:还可用于沙门菌属感染、骨和关节感染、皮肤软组织感染以及败血症等。
禁忌证
1.对喹诺酮类药物过敏者。
2.16岁以下儿童、孕妇及哺乳妇女。
注意事项
1.慎用:
(1)肝、肾功能减退者;
(2)有中枢神经系统疾患史者;
(3)有抽搐或癫痫病史者:
(4)老年人;(5)儿童。2.本药与其他喹诺酮类药之间存在交叉过敏。
3.本品可严重抑制茶碱的正常代谢,联合应用可引起茶碱的严重不良反应,应监测茶碱的血药浓度。对咖啡因和华法林可能也有同样影响,应予注意。
4.可与食物同服,但抗酸药则抑制本品吸收,应避免同服。
5.外涂后有轻微痛感。
不良反应
1.消化系统:较为常见,可表现为腹部不适或疼痛、腹泻、恶心、呕吐等;少数患者可有血氨基转移酶升高。
2.精神神经系统:可有头昏、头痛、嗜睡、失眠等;偶可引起癫痫发作、烦躁不安、意识混乱、幻觉、震颤等。
3.过敏反应:可有皮疹、皮肤瘙痒等;偶可发生渗出性多形性红斑及血管神经性水肿;个别患者有光敏反应。
4.泌尿生殖系统:偶可出现血尿、发热、皮疹等间质性肾炎表现;少数患者可有血尿素氮增高;大剂量可致结晶尿。
5.血液系统反应有白细胞减少、血小板减少等。
6.其他:可有静脉炎、关节疼痛及白细胞降低等。
用法用量
1.口服给药:
(1)常用量:每天0.5~1.5g,分2~3次口服;
(2)骨及关节感染:每天1~1.5g,分2~3次服,疗程4~6周或更长;
(3)肺炎及皮肤软组织感染:每天1~1.5g,分2~3次服,疗程7~14天;
(4)肠道感染:每天1g,分2次服,疗程5~7天。(5)伤寒:每天1.5g,分2~3次服,疗程10~14天;
(6)急性单纯性下尿路感染:每天0.5g,分2次服,疗程5~7天;
(7)复杂性尿路感染:每天1g,分2次服,疗程7~14天;(8)单纯性淋病:单剂口服0.5g。2.静脉滴注:每次0.1~0.2g,每天2次,用等渗氯化钠或葡萄糖注射剂稀释,每0.2g滴注时间不少于30min。3.肾功能不全时剂量:肌酐清除率小于每分钟50ml的患者需要调整剂量。
(1)口服给药:血肌酐清除率为每分钟30~50ml时,每次0.25~0.5g,每12小时1次;血肌酐清除率为每分钟5~29ml时,每次0.25~0.5g,每18小时1次;
(2)静脉注射:血肌酐清除率为每分钟30ml时,每次0.2g,每12小时1次;血肌酐清除率为每分钟5~29ml时,每次0.2g,每18~24小时1次。
4.透析时剂量:血液透析或腹膜透析后追加0.25~0.5g,每24小时1次。
5.外用:涂患处,每天2~3次。
药物相应作用
1.丙磺舒可减少本药自肾小管分泌,使其血药浓度及毒性均增加。
2.可增强华法林的抗凝作用,同用时应严密监测患者凝血酶原时间。
3.可使环孢素血药浓度升高,同用时须监测环孢素的血药浓度并调整剂量。
4.可使茶碱类药的肝脏清除明显减少,清除半衰期延长,血药浓度升高,出现茶碱中毒的有关症状(如恶心、呕吐、震颤、不安、激动、抽搐、心悸等),故同用时应测定茶碱类血药浓度并调整剂量。对咖啡因、华法林也有同样的作用,应予注意。
5.尿碱化剂可降低本药在尿中的溶解度,导致结晶尿和肾毒性。
6.含铝或镁的抗酸药可减少本药口服吸收,建议避免同用,不能避免时应在服本药前2h或服本药后6h服用。
专家点评
本品为第3代氟喹诺酮类抗生素,抗菌谱广,抗菌力强,疗效可靠,使用较安全。国内报道:环丙沙星治疗下呼吸道、泌尿系等细菌性感染疾病,其临床有效率为84%,痊愈率为56.0%,细菌清除率为76.9%,与头孢噻肟疗效相近,对肺炎克雷白杆菌、大肠杆菌、变形杆菌、枸橼酸杆菌、伤寒杆菌及不动杆菌具有良好的清除作用,对铜绿假单胞菌有满意的抗菌活性。不良反应轻微,用药安全。环丙沙星为广谱、高效、安全的抗菌药物,对不能耐受口服制剂者可避免胃肠道的直接刺激作用。一项单盲、对照的方法治疗35例急性淋病患者,第1天,服用1000mg,第2天起每天500mg,分2次服用,连续8天;对照组33例急性淋病者口服四环素,每次500mg,每天4次,疗程同上。结果环丙沙星组全部痊愈,有效率为100%;对照组27例痊愈,有效率为81.8%。用环丙沙星治疗尿路感染,并以诺氟沙星组作对照.结果环丙沙星组有效率为94%,诺氟沙星组为83%。另一报道,应用环丙沙星治疗46例呼吸道和尿道感染患者,静脉滴注,每次0.2g,每天2次,连续3~5天。结果临床总有效率为93%,细菌学清除率为91%,其中对15例尿道感染者疗效更佳,总有效率达100%。另一研究采用单盲、对照的方法治疗35例急性淋病者,口服,第1天1g,第2天起每天0.5g,分2次服,连续8天;对照组33例急性淋病者口服四环素,每次0.5g,每天4次,疗程同上。结果环丙沙星组全部痊愈,有效率为100%;对照组27例痊愈,有效率为81.8%,差异显著。

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