英文药名：Kalydeco（ivacaftor filmcoated tablets）

中文药名：依伐卡托片

生产厂家：Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
药品介绍
2013年7月27日，欧盟委员会已批准Kalydeco（通用名：ivacaftor）用于6岁及以上年龄群携带囊性纤维化跨膜电导调节因子（CFTR）基因上至少单拷贝G551D突变的囊性纤维化（CF）患者，是首个靶向该病根本病因的药物。
适应证和用途
KALYDECO被分类为一种囊性纤维化跨膜电导调节器(CFTR)增效剂。KALYDECO适用于年龄6岁和以上在CFTR基因中有一种G551D突变囊性纤维化(CF)患者的治疗。如患者的基因型未知，应使用FDA批准的CF突变试验检测G551D突变的存在。
使用限制
KALYDECO对在CFTR基因中F508del突变纯合子CF患者无效和未曾研究CF其它患者群。
剂量和给药方法
在成年和儿童年龄 6岁和以上中的给药信息
对成年和儿童患者年龄6岁和以上的推荐KALYDECO剂量是150mg片口服每12小时(300 mg每天总量)与含脂肪食物。适当的含脂肪食物实例包括蛋，黄油，花生黄油，奶酪比萨，等。[见临床药理学和患者咨询资料].
对有肝受损患者剂量调整
对有中度肝受损患者KALYDECO的剂量应减低至150 mg每天1次(Child-Pugh类别B)。有严重肝受损患者(Child-Pugh类别C)应在KALYDECO剂量150 mg每天次或频数更低谨慎使用[见特殊人群中使用, 临床药理学,和患者咨询资料]。
对服用CYP3A抑制剂药物患者的剂量调整
当KALYDECO正在与强CYP3A抑制剂(如，酮康唑)共同给药时剂量应减低至150mg每周2次。当与中度CYP3A抑制剂共同给药时(如，氟康唑)KALYDECO的剂量应减低至150 mg每天1次。应避免含柚子汁或塞维利亚桔子食物[见药物相互作用, 临床药理学,和患者咨询资料]。

Kalydeco 150 mg film-coated tablets
1. Name of the medicinal product
Kalydeco 150 mg film-coated tablets
2.Qualitative and quantitative composition
Each film-coated tablet contains 150 mg of ivacaftor.
Excipient with known effect: each film-coated tablet contains 167.2 mg lactose (as monohydrate)
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical form

Film-coated tablet (tablet)
Light blue capsule-shaped tablets, printed with “V 150” in black ink on one side and plain on the other (16.5 mm x 8.4 mm in modified caplet shape).
4. Clinical particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Kalydeco is indicated for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) in patients age 6 years and older who have a G551D mutation in the CFTR gene (see sections 4.4 and 5.1).
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Kalydeco should only be prescribed by physicians with experience in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. If the patient's genotype is unknown, an accurate and validated genotyping method should be performed to confirm the presence of the G551D mutation in at least one allele of the CFTR gene before starting treatment.
Posology
Adults, adolescents and children aged 6 years and older
The recommended dose is 150 mg taken orally every 12 hours (300 mg total daily dose).
Kalydeco should be taken with fat-containing food. Meals and snacks recommended in CF guidelines or meals recommended in standard nutritional guidelines contain adequate amounts of fat. Examples of meals that contain fat are those prepared with butter or oils or those containing eggs, cheeses, nuts, whole milk, or meats. Food containing grapefruit or Seville oranges should be avoided during treatment with Kalydeco (see section 4.5).
Special populations
Elderly
The efficacy and safety of Kalydeco in patients age 65 years or older have not been evaluated.
Renal impairment
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild to moderate renal impairment. Caution is recommended while using ivacaftor in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than or equal to 30 ml/min) or end-stage renal disease. (See sections 4.4 and 5.2.)
Hepatic impairment
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A). A reduced dose of 150 mg once daily is recommended in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B). There is no experience of use of Kalydeco in patients with severe hepatic impairment. The use of Kalydeco in these patients is therefore not recommended unless the benefits outweigh the risks. In such case, the starting dose should be 150 mg every other day. Dosing intervals should be modified according to clinical response and tolerability (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
Concomitant use of CYP3A inhibitors
When co-administered with strong inhibitors of CYP3A (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, telithromycin and clarithromycin), Kalydeco should be administered at a dose of 150 mg twice a week (see sections 4.4 and 4.5).
When co-administered with moderate inhibitors of CYP3A (e.g., fluconazole, erythromycin), Kalydeco should be administered at a single daily dose of 150 mg (see sections 4.4 and 4.5).
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of Kalydeco in children aged less than 6 years have not been established. No data are available.
Method of administration
For oral use. Patients should be instructed to swallow the tablets whole (e.g., patients should not chew, break or dissolve the tablet).
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Only patients with CF who had a G551D mutation in at least one allele of the CFTR gene were included in studies 1 and 2 (see section 5.1). Limited data are available in patients with percent predicted FEV1 (forced expiratory volume exhaled in the first second) of less than 40% (4 patients treated for 96 weeks and 8 patients treated for 48 weeks). Maximum length of treatment has been 96 weeks in patients treated with ivacaftor; longer term safety data are currently unavailable.
Patients with CF who do not have a G551D mutation in the CFTR gene
Efficacy results from a Phase 2 study in patients with CF who are homozygous for the F508del mutation in the CFTR gene showed no statistically significant difference in FEV1 over 16 weeks of ivacaftor treatment compared to placebo (see section 5.1). Ivacaftor has not been studied in other populations of patients with CF. Therefore, use of Kalydeco in these patients is not recommended.
Effect on liver function tests
Moderate transaminase [alanine transaminase (ALT) or aspartate transaminase (AST)] elevations are common in subjects with CF. Overall, the incidence and clinical features of transaminase elevations in clinical trials was similar between subjects in the ivacaftor and placebo treatment groups (see section 4.8). In the subset of patients with a medical history of elevated transaminases, increased ALT or AST have been reported more frequently in patients receiving ivacaftor compared to placebo. Therefore, liver function tests are recommended prior to initiating ivacaftor, every 3 months during the first year of treatment, and annually thereafter. Patients who develop unexplained increased transaminase levels during treatment should be closely monitored until the abnormalities resolve and consideration should be given to the continuation of treatment after assessment of the individual benefits and risks.
Renal impairment
Caution is recommended while using Kalydeco in patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease (see sections 4.2 and 5.2).
Hepatic impairment
Use of Kalydeco is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment unless the benefits are expected to outweigh the risks of overexposure. In such case, the starting dose interval should be 150 mg of Kalydeco every other day (see sections 4.2 and 5.2).
Patients after organ transplantation
Kalydeco has not been studied in patients with CF who have undergone organ transplantation. Therefore, use in transplanted patients is not recommended. See section 4.5 for interactions with cyclosporine or tacrolimus.
Interactions with medicinal products
Ivacaftor is a substrate of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Medicinal products that inhibit or induce CYP3A activity, may impact the pharmacokinetics of ivacaftor (see section 4.5). The dose of Kalydeco must be adjusted when concomitantly used with strong or moderate CYP3A inhibitors. Exposure to ivacaftor may be reduced by the concomitant use of CYP3A inducers, potentially resulting in loss of Kalydeco efficacy (see sections 4.2 and 4.5).
Ivacaftor is a weak CYP3A inhibitor and may modify the pharmacokinetics of medicinal products metabolised through the CYP3A system. In vitro studies indicated that ivacaftor has the potential to inhibit CYP2C9. Ivacaftor is a weak inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and may increase the exposure of medicinal products that are substrates for P-gp (see section 4.5).
Lactose
Kalydeco contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Ivacaftor is a substrate of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. It is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A and P-gp and a potential inhibitor of CYP2C9.
Medicinal products affecting the pharmacokinetics of ivacaftor:
CYP3A inhibitors
Ivacaftor is a sensitive CYP3A substrate. Co-administration with ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, increased ivacaftor exposure [measured as area under the curve (AUC)] by 8.5-fold and hydroxymethyl-ivacaftor (M1) exposure by 1.7-fold. A reduction of the Kalydeco dose to 150 mg twice-a-week is recommended for co-administration with strong CYP3A inhibitors, such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, telithromycin, and clarithromycin.
Co-administration with fluconazole, a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A, increased ivacaftor exposure by 3-fold and M1 exposure by 1.9-fold. A reduction of the Kalydeco dose to 150 mg once daily is recommended for patients taking concomitant moderate CYP3A inhibitors, such as fluconazole and erythromycin.
Co-administration of Kalydeco with grapefruit juice, which contains one or more components that moderately inhibit CYP3A, may increase exposure to ivacaftor. Food containing grapefruit or Seville oranges should be avoided during treatment with Kalydeco.
CYP3A inducers
Co-administration of ivacaftor with rifampicin, a strong CYP3A inducer, decreased ivacaftor exposure (AUC) by 89% and M1 exposure by 75%. Co-administration with strong CYP3A inducers, such as rifampicin, rifabutin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, phenytoin and St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is not recommended.
Concomitant use of weak to moderate inducers of CYP3A (e.g., dexamethasone, high-dose prednisone) may decrease the exposure of ivacaftor and thus may reduce Kalydeco efficacy.
Medicinal products affected by ivacaftor:
CYP3A, P-gp or CYP2C9 substrates
Based on in vitro results, ivacaftor and its M1 metabolite have the potential to inhibit CYP3A and P-gp. Co-administration with (oral) midazolam, a sensitive CYP3A substrate, increased midazolam exposure 1.5-fold, consistent with weak inhibition of CYP3A by ivacaftor. Co-administration with digoxin, a sensitive P-gp substrate, increased digoxin exposure by 1.3-fold, consistent with weak inhibition of P-gp by ivacaftor. Administration of Kalydeco may increase systemic exposure of medicinal products which are substrates of CYP3A and/or P-gp, which may increase or prolong their therapeutic effect and adverse reactions. Use with caution and monitor for benzodiazepine-related side effects when using concomitant midazolam, alprazolam, diazepam or triazolam. Use with caution and appropriate monitoring when using concomitant digoxin, cyclosporine, or tacrolimus. Ivacaftor may inhibit CYP2C9. Therefore, monitoring of the INR during co-administration with warfarin is recommended.
Other recommendations
Ivacaftor has been studied with an oestrogen/progesterone oral contraceptive and was found to have no significant effect on the exposures of the oral contraceptive. Ivacaftor is not expected to modify the efficacy of oral contraceptives. Therefore, no dose adjustment of oral contraceptives is necessary.
Ivacaftor has been studied with the CYP2C8 substrate rosiglitazone. No significant effect on rosiglitazone exposure was found. Therefore, no dose adjustment of CYP2C8 substrates such as rosiglitazone is necessary.
Ivacaftor has been studied with the CYP2D6 substrate desipramine. No significant effect on desipramine exposure was found. Therefore, no dose adjustment of CYP2D6 substrates such as desipramine is necessary.
Interaction studies have only been performed in adults.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
No adequate and well-controlled studies of Kalydeco in pregnant women have been conducted. Developmental toxicity studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at daily doses up to 5 times the human daily dose and have revealed no evidence of harm to the foetus due to ivacaftor (see section 5.3). Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, Kalydeco should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Breast-feeding
It is unknown whether ivacaftor and/or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Ivacaftor was shown to be excreted into the milk of lactating female rats. The safe use of Kalydeco during breast-feeding has not been established. Kalydeco should only be used during breast-feeding if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk.
Fertility
Ivacaftor impaired fertility and reproductive performance indices in male and female rats at 200 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 and 6 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) based on summed AUCs of ivacaftor and its metabolites) when dams were dosed prior to and during early pregnancy (see section 5.3). No effects on male or female fertility and reproductive performance indices were observed at ≤100 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times the MRHD based on summed AUCs of ivacaftor and its metabolites).
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Dizziness has been reported in patients receiving Kalydeco, which could influence the ability to drive or operate machines (see section 4.8). Patients experiencing dizziness should be advised not to drive or operate machines until symptoms abate.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
The safety profile of Kalydeco is based on pooled data from placebo-controlled Phase 3 clinical studies conducted in 109 patients who received ivacaftor and 104 patients who received placebo up to 48 weeks.
The most common adverse reactions experienced by patients who received ivacaftor in the pooled placebo-controlled Phase 3 studies were abdominal pain (15.6% versus 12.5% on placebo), diarrhoea (12.8% versus 9.6% on placebo), dizziness (9.2% versus 1.0% on placebo), rash (12.8% versus 6.7% on placebo), upper respiratory tract reactions (including upper respiratory tract infection, nasal congestion, pharyngeal erythema, oropharyngeal pain, rhinitis, sinus congestion, and nasopharyngitis) (63.3% versus 50.0% on placebo), headache (23.9% versus 16.3% on placebo) and bacteria in sputum (7.3% versus 3.8% on placebo). One patient in the ivacaftor group reported a serious adverse reaction: abdominal pain.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
Adverse reactions identified in patients who had a G551D mutation in at least one allele, age 6 years and older (pooled Phase 3 studies) are presented in Table 1 and are listed by system organ class, preferred term, and frequency. Adverse reactions are ranked under the MedDRA frequency classification: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000) to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000); and not known (frequency cannot be estimated using the available data).

Table 1. Adverse reactions in Kalydeco-treated patients age 6 years and older with the G551D mutation in the CFTR gene
System Organ Class	Frequency Category	Adverse Reactions (Preferred term) Kalydeco N=109
Infections and infestations	very common	Nasopharyngitis
	very common	Upper respiratory tract infection
	common	Rhinitis
Nervous system disorders	very common	Headache
	common	Dizziness
Ear and labyrinth disorders	common	Ear discomfort
	common	Ear pain
	common	Tinnitus
	common	Tympanic membrane hyperaemia
	uncommon	Ear congestion
	uncommon	Vestibular disorder
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders	very common	Nasal congestion
	very common	Oropharyngeal pain
	common	Pharyngeal erythema
	common	Sinus congestion
Gastrointestinal disorders	very common	Abdominal pain
	very common	Diarrhoea
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	very common	Rash
Reproductive system and breast disorders	uncommon	Breast inflammation
	uncommon	Breast mass
	uncommon	Gynaecomastia
	uncommon	Nipple disorder
	uncommon	Nipple pain
Investigations	common	Bacteria in sputum

Description of selected adverse reactions
Rash
During 48-week placebo-controlled clinical studies, the incidence of rash was 12.8% in Kalydeco-treated patients. Including data from all clinical trial and post-marketing data, most of these events were non-serious and most of these patients did not discontinue the treatment because of rash.
Ear and labyrinth disorders
During 48-week placebo-controlled clinical studies, the incidence of ear and labyrinth disorders was 9.2% in Kalydeco-treated patients. Most events were described as mild to moderate in severity, 1 event of ear pain was described as severe; none were serious; no patients discontinued treatment because of ear and labyrinth disorders.
Nervous system disorders
Headache
During 48-week placebo-controlled clinical studies, the incidence of headache was 23.9% in Kalydeco-treated patients. Including data from all clinical trial and post-marketing data, most of these events were non-serious and most of these patients did not discontinue the treatment because of headache.
Dizziness
During 48-week placebo-controlled clinical studies, the incidence of dizziness was 9.2% in the Kalydeco-treated patients. Including data from all clinical trial and post-marketing data, most of these events were non-serious and most of these patients did not discontinue the treatment because of dizziness.
Upper respiratory tract reactions
During 48-week placebo-controlled clinical studies, the incidence of upper respiratory tract reactions (upper respiratory tract infection, nasal congestion, pharyngeal erythema, oropharyngeal pain, rhinitis, sinus congestion, and nasopharyngitis) was 63.3% in Kalydeco-treated patients. Most events were described as mild to moderate in severity, 1 event of upper respiratory tract infection and 1 event of nasal congestion were considered to be severe, none were serious, and no patients discontinued treatment because of upper respiratory tract reactions.
Laboratory abnormalities
Transaminase elevations
During the placebo-controlled Phase 2b/3 clinical studies, up to 48 weeks, the incidence of maximum transaminase (ALT or AST) >8, >5 or >3 x ULN was 1.8%, 2.7% and 6.3% in Kalydeco-treated patients and 1.5%, 2.3% and 8.4% in placebo-treated patients, respectively. Three patients, 2 (1.5%) on placebo and 1 (0.5%) on Kalydeco permanently discontinued treatment for elevated transaminases, all >8x ULN. No Kalydeco-treated patients experienced a transaminase elevation >3x ULN associated with elevated total bilirubin >1.5x ULN. In Kalydeco-treated patients, most transaminase elevations up to 5x ULN resolved without treatment interruption. Kalydeco dosing was interrupted in most patients with transaminase elevations >5x ULN. In all instances where dosing was interrupted for elevated transaminases, Kalydeco dosing was able to be resumed (see section 4.4).
Paediatric population
Table 2 lists the adverse reactions by system organ class, preferred term, and frequency in Kalydeco–treated paediatric patients age 6 through to 17 in the two 48-week Phase 3 studies in patients with CF with a G551D mutation. The safety data is limited to 23 patients between 6 to 11 years of age, and 22 patients between 12 to 17 years of age. Adverse reactions are ranked under the MedDRA frequency classification: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10000 to <1/1000), very rare (<1/10000), and unknown (frequency cannot be estimated using the available data).

Table 2. Adverse reactions in Kalydeco-treated patients age 6 through 17 years with the G551D mutation in the CFTR gene
System Organ Class	Frequency Category		Adverse Reactions Kalydeco (Preferred Term)
	6 to 11 Years N=23	12 to 17 Years N=22
Infections and infestations	very common	very common	Nasopharyngitis
	very common	very common	Upper respiratory tract infection
	common	very common	Rhinitis
Nervous system disorders	very common	very common	Headache
	not observed	very common	Dizziness
Ear and labyrinth disorders	common	common	Ear pain
	common	not observed	Tympanic membrane hyperaemia
Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders	very common	very common	Nasal congestion
	very common	very common	Oropharyngeal pain
	common	not observed	Pharyngeal erythema
Gastrointestinal disorders	very common	very common	Abdominal pain
	very common	not observed	Diarrhoea
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	common	very common	Rash
Investigations	common	very common	Bacteria in sputum

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V.
4.9 Overdose
No specific antidote is available for overdose with Kalydeco. Treatment of overdose consists of general supportive measures including monitoring of vital signs, liver function tests and observation of the clinical status of the patient.
5. Pharmacological properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other respiratory system products ATC code: R07AX02
Mechanism of action
Ivacaftor is a selective potentiator of the CFTR protein, i.e., in vitro ivacaftor increases CFTR channel gating to enhance chloride transport. However, the exact mechanism leading ivacaftor to prolong the gating activity of some mutant CFTR forms has not been completely elucidated.
Pharmacodynamic effects
In clinical trials (Studies 1 and 2) in patients with the G551D mutation in one allele of the CFTR gene, ivacaftor led to rapid (15 days), substantial [the mean change in sweat chloride from baseline through week 24 was -48 mmol/L (95% CI -51, -45) and -54 mmol/L (95% CI -62, -47) respectively], and sustained (through 48 weeks) reduction in sweat chloride concentration.
Clinical efficacy and safety
The efficacy of Kalydeco has been evaluated in two Phase 3 randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multi-centre studies of clinically stable patients with CF who had the G551D mutation in the CFTR gene on at least 1 allele and had FEV1 ≥40% predicted.
Patients in both studies were randomised 1:1 to receive either 150 mg of Kalydeco or placebo every 12 hours with food containing fat for 48 weeks in addition to their prescribed CF therapies (e.g., tobramycin, dornase alfa). The use of inhaled hypertonic saline was not permitted.
Study 1 evaluated 161 patients who were 12 years of age or older; 122 (75.8%) of patients had the F508del mutation in the second allele. At the start of the study, patients in the placebo group used some medicinal products at a higher frequency than the ivacaftor group. These medications included dornase alfa (73.1% versus 65.1%), salbutamol (53.8% versus 42.2%), tobramycin (44.9% versus 33.7%), and salmeterol/fluticasone (41.0% versus 27.7%). At baseline, mean predicted FEV1 was 63.6% (range: 31.6% to 98.2%), and mean age was 26 years (range: 12 to 53 years).
Study 2 evaluated 52 patients who were 6 to 11 years of age at screening; mean (SD) body weight was 30.9 (8.63) kg; 42 (80.8%) of patients had the F508del mutation in the second allele. At baseline, mean predicted FEV1 was 84.2% (range: 44.0% to 133.8%), and mean age was 9 years (range: 6 to 12 years); 8 (30.8%) of patients in the placebo group and 4 (15.4%) of patients in the ivacaftor group had an FEV1 less than 70% predicted at baseline.
The primary efficacy endpoint in both studies was the mean absolute change from baseline in percent predicted FEV1 through 24 weeks of treatment.
The treatment difference between ivacaftor and placebo for the mean absolute change (95% CI) in percent predicted FEV1 from baseline through Week 24 was 10.6 percentage points (8.6; 12.6) in study 1 and 12.5 percentage points (6.6; 18.3) in study 2. The treatment difference between ivacaftor and placebo for the mean relative change (95% CI) in percent predicted FEV1 from baseline through Week 24 was 17.1% (13.9, 20.2) in study 1 and 15.8% (8.4, 23.2) in study 2. The mean change from baseline through Week 24 in FEV1 (L) was 0.37 L in the ivacaftor group and 0.01 L in the placebo group in study 1 and 0.30 L in the ivacaftor group and 0.07 L in the placebo group in study 2. In both studies, improvements in FEV1 were rapid in onset (Day 15) and durable through 48 weeks.
The treatment difference between ivacaftor and placebo for the mean absolute change (95% CI) in percent predicted FEV1 from baseline through Week 24 in patients 12 to 17 years of age in study 1 was 11.9 percentage points (5.9; 17.9). The treatment difference between ivacaftor and placebo for the mean absolute change (95% CI) in percent predicted FEV1 from baseline through Week 24 in patients with baseline predicted FEV1 greater than 90% in study 2 was 6.9 percentage points (-3.8; 17.6).
The results on clinically relevant secondary endpoints are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Effect of ivacaftor on other efficacy endpoints in studies 1 and 2
	Study 1		Study 2
Endpoint	Treatment differencea (95% CI)	P value	Treatment differencea (95% CI)	P value
Mean absolute change from baseline in CFQ-Rb respiratory domain score (points)c
Through Week 24	8.1 (4.7, 11.4)	<0.0001	6.1 (-1.4, 13.5)	0.1092
Through Week 48	8.6 (5.3, 11.9)	<0.0001	5.1 (-1.6, 11.8)	0.1354
Relative risk of pulmonary exacerbation
Through Week 24	0.40d	0.0016	NA	NA
Through Week 48	0.46d	0.0012	NA	NA
Mean absolute change from baseline in body weight (kg)
At Week 24	2.8 (1.8, 3.7)	<0.0001	1.9 (0.9, 2.9)	0.0004
At Week 48	2.7 (1.3, 4.1)	0.0001	2.8 (1.3, 4.2)	0.0002
Mean absolute change from baseline in BMI (kg/m2)
At Week 24	0.94 (0.62, 1.26)	<0.0001	0.81 (0.34, 1.28)	0.0008
At Week 48	0.93 (0.48, 1.38)	<0.0001	1.09 (0.51, 1.67)	0.0003
Mean change from baseline in z-scores
Weight-for-age z-score at Week 48e	0.33 (0.04, 0.62)	0.0260	0.39 (0.24, 0.53)	<0.0001
BMI-for-age z-score at Week 48e	0.33 (0.002, 0.65)	0.0490	0.45 (0.26, 0.65)	<0.0001
CI: confidence interval; NA: not analyzed due to low incidence of events a Treatment difference = effect of ivacaftor – effect of placebo b CFQ-R: Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised is a disease-specific, health-related quality-of-life measure for CF. c Study 1 data were pooled from CFQ-R for adults/adolescents and CFQ-R for children 12 to 13 years of age; Study 2 data were obtained from CFQ-R for children 6 to 11 years of age. d Hazard ratio for time to first pulmonary exacerbation e In subjects under 20 years of age (CDC growth charts)

Study 3: study in patients with CF with the F508del mutation in the CFTR gene
Study 3 (Part A) was a 16-week, 4:1 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group Phase 2 study of ivacaftor (150 mg every 12 hours) in 140 patients with CF age 12 years and older who were homozygous for the F508del mutation in the CFTR gene and who had FEV1 ≥40% predicted.
The mean absolute change from baseline through Week 16 in percent predicted FEV1 (primary efficacy endpoint) was 1.5 percentage points in the ivacaftor group and -0.2 percentage points in the placebo group. The estimated treatment difference for ivacaftor versus placebo was 1.7 percentage points (95% CI: -0.6, 4.1); this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.15).
Study 4: open-label extension study
Study 4 is an ongoing, open-label extension study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of long-term treatment of orally administered ivacaftor (150 mg every 12 hours) in patients continuing from studies 1 and 2. The percent predicted FEV1 range at the beginning of study 4 was 29.1% to 126.7%. The use of inhaled hypertonic saline was permitted. A pre-specified interim analysis was performed after all patients from study 1 received 48 weeks and all patients from study 2 received 24 weeks of treatment with ivacaftor in study 4.
In patients treated with placebo in study 1, 48-week treatment with ivacaftor in study 4 (63 patients) resulted in an improvement in the mean absolute change in percent predicted FEV1 through Week 48 of 9.4 percentage points, similar to that observed in patients treated with ivacaftor in the placebo-controlled study 1. In patients treated with ivacaftor in study 1, 48-week treatment with ivacaftor in study 4 (73 patients) resulted in a mean absolute change in percent predicted FEV1 from the baseline value in study 1 to Week 96 of 9.5 percentage points, similar to that observed at Week 48 (9.4 percentage points) in study 1.
In patients treated with placebo in study 2, 24-week treatment with ivacaftor in study 4 (22 patients) resulted in an improvement in the mean absolute change in percent predicted FEV1 through Week 24 of 8.1 percentage points, similar to that observed in patients treated with ivacaftor in the placebo-controlled study 2. In patients treated with ivacaftor in study 2, 24-week treatment with ivacaftor in study 4 (26 patients) resulted in a mean absolute change in percent predicted FEV1 from the baseline value in study 2 to Week 72 of 10.1 percentage points, similar to that observed at Week 48 (10.2 percentage points) in study 2.
Paediatric population
The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with Kalydeco in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in cystic fibrosis. See section 4.2 for information on paediatric use.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
The pharmacokinetics of ivacaftor are similar between healthy adult volunteers and patients with CF.
After oral administration of a single 150 mg dose to healthy volunteers in a fed state, the mean (±SD) for AUC and Cmax were 10600 (5260) ng*hr/mL and 768 (233) ng/mL, respectively. After every 12 hour dosing, steady-state plasma concentrations of ivacaftor were reached by days 3 to 5, with an accumulation ratio ranging from 2.2 to 2.9.
Absorption
Following multiple oral dose administrations of ivacaftor, the exposure of ivacaftor generally increased with dose from 25 mg every 12 hours to 450 mg every 12 hours. The exposure of ivacaftor increased approximately 2- to 4-fold when given with food containing fat. Therefore, ivacaftor should be administered with fat-containing food. The median (range) tmax is approximately 4.0 (3.0; 6.0) hours in the fed state.
Distribution
Ivacaftor is approximately 99% bound to plasma proteins, primarily to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and albumin. Ivacaftor does not bind to human red blood cells.
The apparent volume of distribution (Vz/F) of ivacaftor after a single dose of 275 mg in the fed state was similar for healthy subjects and patients with CF. After oral administration of 150 mg every 12 hours for 7 days in healthy volunteers in a fed state, the mean (±SD) apparent volume of distribution was 353 (122) L.
Biotransformation
Ivacaftor is extensively metabolised in humans. In vitro and in vivo data indicate that ivacaftor is primarily metabolised by CYP3A. M1 and M6 are the two major metabolites of ivacaftor in humans. M1 has approximately one-sixth the potency of ivacaftor and is considered pharmacologically active. M6 has less than one-fiftieth the potency of ivacaftor and is not considered pharmacologically active.
Elimination
Following oral administration, the majority of ivacaftor (87.8%) is eliminated in the faeces after metabolic conversion. The major metabolites M1 and M6 accounted for approximately 65% of total dose eliminated with 22% as M1 and 43% as M6. There was negligible urinary excretion of ivacaftor as unchanged parent. The apparent terminal half-life was approximately 12 hours following a single dose in the fed state. The apparent clearance (CL/F) of ivacaftor was similar for healthy subjects and patients with CF. The mean (±SD) of CL/F for the 150 mg dose was 17.3 (8.4) L/hr in healthy subjects at steady state.
Dose/time proportionality
The pharmacokinetics of ivacaftor are generally linear with respect to time or dose ranging from 25 mg to 250 mg.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships
Based on pooled data from Phase 2a and Phase 3 studies in patients with a G551D mutation, population PK/PD analysis showed a relationship between FEV1 and ivacaftor exposure in an Emax model with an EC50 of 45 ng/mL and a corresponding EC90 of 405 ng/mL. Therefore, median Cmin at EC90 was chosen as the target PK parameter for efficacy.
Hepatic impairment
Following a single dose of 150 mg of ivacaftor, subjects with moderately impaired hepatic function (Child-Pugh Class B, score 7 to 9) had similar ivacaftor Cmax (mean (±SD) of 735 (331) ng/mL), but an approximately two-fold increase in ivacaftor AUC0-∞ (mean (±SD) of 16800 (6140) ng*hr/mL) compared with healthy subjects matched for demographics. Simulations for predicting the steady-state exposure of ivacaftor showed that by reducing the dosage from 150 mg q12h to 150 mg once daily, subjects with moderate hepatic impairment would have comparable steady-state Cmin values as those obtained with a dose of 150 mg q12h in subjects with CF. Therefore, a reduced dose of 150 mg once daily is recommended in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. The impact of mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A, score 5 to 6) on pharmacokinetics of ivacaftor has not been studied, but the increase in ivacaftor AUC0-∞ is expected to be less than two-fold. Therefore, no dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild hepatic impairment.
Studies have not been conducted in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C, score 10 to 15), but exposure is expected to be higher than in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. The use of Kalydeco in patients with severe hepatic impairment is therefore not recommended unless the benefits outweigh the risks. In such case, the starting dose should be 150 mg every other day. Dosing intervals should be modified according to clinical response and tolerability (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
Renal impairment
Pharmacokinetic studies have not been performed with ivacaftor in patients with renal impairment. In a human pharmacokinetic study, there was minimal elimination of ivacaftor and its metabolites in urine (only 6.6% of total radioactivity was recovered in the urine). There was negligible urinary excretion of ivacaftor as unchanged parent (less than 0.01% following a single oral dose of 500 mg). Therefore, no dose adjustments are recommended for mild and moderate renal impairment. However, caution is recommended when administering ivacaftor to patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than or equal to 30 mL/min) or end stage renal disease (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
Paediatric population
Based on population PK analysis, the absorption in children (2.99 h for zero-order absorption and 0.546 h-1 for absorption rate constant, ka) is not different from adults. However, the predicted total body clearance was lower in children (e.g., 10 L/h for a 20 kg male) than in adults (e.g., 18.9 L/h for a 70 kg male), which resulted in a higher AUC by exposure determination from observed data in children than in adults.
Based on exposure determinations from observed data in Phase 2 and 3 studies, the 150 mg q12h dose regimen resulted in median and mean (SD) ivacaftor Cmin of 752 and 1180 (854) ng/mL for 6-11 year old subjects, 492 and 556 (356) ng/mL for 12-17 year old subjects and 690 and 774 (468) ng/mL for the adult subjects. The corresponding AUC median and mean values were 16560 and 18200 (6547) ng/mL.h for children 6 to 11 years old, 8122 and 8536 (3064) ng/mL.h for adolescents 12 to 17 years old, and 8770 and 9508 (3763) ng/mL.h for adults.
Elderly population
Clinical studies of ivacaftor did not include patients age 65 years and older. Thus, the efficacy and safety of ivacaftor in elderly patients have not been established.
Gender
The effect of gender on ivacaftor pharmacokinetics was evaluated using population pharmacokinetics of data from clinical studies of ivacaftor. No dose adjustments are necessary based on gender.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Effects on non-clinical studies were observed only at exposures considered sufficiently in excess of the maximum human exposure indicating little relevance to clinical use.
Ivacaftor produced concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on hERG (human ether-a-go-go related gene) tail currents, with an IC15 of 5.5 µM, which is comparable to the Cmax (5.0 µM) for ivacaftor at the therapeutic dosage. However, no ivacaftor-induced QT prolongation was observed in a dog telemetry study at single doses of up to 60 mg/kg, or in ECG measurements from repeat-dose studies of up to 1 year duration at the 60 mg/kg/day dose level in dogs (Cmax after 365 days = 36.2 to 47.6 μM). Ivacaftor produced a dose-related, but transient increase in the blood pressure parameters in dogs at single oral doses of up to 60 mg/kg.
Ivacaftor did not cause reproductive system toxicity in male and female rats at 200 and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively. In females, dosages above this were associated with reduction in overall fertility index, number of pregnancies, number of corpora lutea and implantation sites, as well as changes in the oestrous cycle. In males, slight decreases of the seminal vesicle weights were observed.
Ivacaftor was not teratogenic when orally dosed to pregnant rats and rabbits during the organogenesis stage of foetal development at doses approximately 6 and 12 times the exposure in humans at the therapeutic dose, respectively. At maternally toxic doses in rats, ivacaftor produced reductions in foetal body weight, an increase in the incidence of cervical ribs, hypoplastic ribs, wavy ribs and sternal irregularities, including fusions. The significance of these findings for humans is unknown.
Ivacaftor did not cause developmental defects in the offspring of pregnant rats dosed orally from pregnancy through parturition and weaning at 100 mg/kg/day. Dosages above this produced 92% and 98% reduction of survival and lactation indices, respectively, as well as reductions in pup body weights.
Findings of cataracts were observed in juvenile rats dosed from postnatal day 7 through 35 with dose levels of 10 mg/kg/day and higher (0.12 times the maximum recommended human dose based on systemic exposure of ivacaftor and its metabolites). This finding has not been observed in foetuses derived from rat dams treated on gestation day 7 to 17, in rat pups exposed to a certain extent through milk ingestion up to postnatal day 20, in 7-week-old rats, or in 4- to 5-month-old dogs. The potential relevance of these findings in humans is unknown.
Two-year studies in mice and rats to assess carcinogenic potential of ivacaftor demonstrated that ivacaftor was not carcinogenic in either species. Plasma exposures to ivacaftor in mice at the non-carcinogenic dosage (200 mg/kg/day, the highest dosage tested) were approximately 4- to 7-fold higher than the plasma levels measured in humans following ivacaftor therapy. Plasma exposures to ivacaftor in rats at the non-carcinogenic dosage (50 mg/kg/day, the highest dosage tested) were approximately 17- to 31-fold higher than the plasma levels measured in humans following ivacaftor therapy.
Ivacaftor was negative for genotoxicity in a standard battery of in vitro and in vivo tests.
6.Pharmaceutical particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Tablet core
Cellulose, microcrystalline
Lactose monohydrate
Hypromellose acetate succinate
Croscarmellose sodium
Sodium laurilsulfate
Colloidal silicon dioxide
Magnesium stearate
Tablet film coat
Polyvinyl alcohol
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Macrogol
Talc
Indigo carmine aluminum lake (E132)
Carnauba wax
Printing ink
Shellac
Iron oxide black (E172)
Propylene glycol
Ammonium hydroxide
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
30 months
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store below 30°C.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Kalydeco tablets are packaged in a thermoform (polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)/foil) blister or a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle with a polypropylene, foil-lined induction seal closure and molecular sieve dessicant.
The following pack sizes are available:
− Blister pack containing 56 film-coated tablets
− Bottle containing 56 film-coated tablets
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
No special requirements
7. Marketing authorisation holder
Vertex Pharmaceuticals (U.K.) Limited
Cardinal Point
Park Road
Rickmansworth
Herts WD3 1RE
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0) 1923 437672
Fax: +44 (0)1923 432870
8. Marketing authorisation number(s)
EU/1/12/782/001-002
9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation
Date of first authorisation: 23 July 2012
10. Date of revision of the text
April 2014
Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu.

欧盟批准Vertex囊性纤维化药物Kalydeco用于8种非G551D门控突变
2014年8月3日，福泰制药（Vertex）研发的Kalydeco（ivacaftor）获欧盟委员会（EC）批准，用于囊性纤维化跨膜电导调节因子（CFTR）基因中存在8种非G551D门控突变（non-G551D gating mutations）之一的6岁及以上囊性纤维化患者的治疗。
此次获批，是基于二部分、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照III期研究的第一部分数据，该研究在39例携带非G551D门控突变的6岁及以上囊性纤维化（CF）患者中开展。第一部分数据表明，Kalydeco使肺功能（FEV1）、汗液氯化物、身体质量指数、CFQ-R得分均取得了统计学意义的显著改善。该项研究的第二部分数据已于2014年6月提交至欧洲囊性纤维化协会会议，数据表明，Kalydeco在研究的第一部分中所取得的改善，在整个治疗24周中均能够维持。该项研究中的安全性与在G551D门控突变患者中开展的III期研究一致。
Kalydeco是首个靶向囊性纤维化（CF）根本病因的药物，可使G551D突变患者体内缺陷性CFTR蛋白发挥正常功能。G551D突变是一种最常见的门控突变，该突变损害了ATP介导的通道调节。
此次获批的8种非G551D门控突变包括：G178R，S549N，S549R，G551S，G1244E，S1251N，S1255P和G1349D。在欧洲，约有250例患者携带这8种非G551D门控突变。
关于Kalydeco：
Kalydeco于2012年首次获FDA及EMA批准，用于治疗CFTR基因存在至少单拷贝G551D突变的6岁及以上囊性纤维化（CF）患者。此外，FDA于2014年6月批准Kalydeco用于携带9种非G551D门控突变中任意一种突变的6岁及以上CF患者，包括：G178R，S549N，S549R，G551S，G1244E，S1251N，S1255P，G1349D或G970R。
关于囊性纤维化（CF）：
囊性纤维化（CF）是由囊性纤维化跨膜电导调节因子（CFTR）基因突变导致CFTR蛋白功能缺陷或缺失所致的罕见遗传性疾病，该病困扰着全球约7万人。CFTR蛋白通常调节细胞膜的离子运输，基因突变能导致蛋白产物功能的破坏或丧失。当细胞膜离子运输被中断，某些器官粘液涂层的粘度将变稠。该病的一个主要特征是呼吸道积聚厚厚的粘液，导致呼吸困难及反复感染。