OFEV(NINTEDANIB ESYLATE)CAPSULE ORAL-为特发性肺间质纤维化的治疗新药 近日，美国食品和药物管理局批准Ofev（nintedanib）对于特发性肺纤维化（IPE）的治疗。 特发性肺纤维化是一种肺部随时间逐步瘢痕化的疾病。这将导致患有IPF的患者出现呼吸短促、咳嗽的症状，并且难以参加日常体育活动。现有的IPF疗法包括氧气疗法、肺康复和肺移植。 “今天对于Ofev的批准增加了患有特发性肺纤维化这种严重慢性疾病的患者的可用治疗选择”,FDA药物评价与研究中心药品评价办公室II的副主任MaryH.Parks医学博士说：“为医疗卫生专业人员和患者提供更多的治疗选择能帮助确保基于患者的需求做出合适的照护决定。” FDA授予Ofev快速通道、孤儿药和突破性疗法认证。Ofev在该产品的处方药申报者付费目标日期的2015年1月2日前通过批准，该日期为FDA计划完成对于药品申请审批的日期。 Ofev为一种阻断多路径的激酶抑制剂，所述路径可能包括肺组织的瘢痕化。其安全性与有效性在包含1231名患有IPF的患者的三个临床试验中得到确定。服用Ofev的患者与服用安慰剂的患者相比，用力肺活量（即尽最大力深呼吸后用力从肺中呼出的空气的量）衰退的现象得到显著的减少。 不建议患有中度至重度肝脏疾病的患者服用Ofev.Ofev可能导致未出生婴儿的天生缺陷或死亡。女性患者在服用Ofev期间不应怀孕。能够怀孕的女性患者应当在服用Ofev期间以及服用最后一剂Ofev后至少三个月内采取足够的避孕措施。 Ofev最常见的不良反应为腹泻、恶心、腹痛、呕吐、肝酶升高、食欲减退、头痛、体重降低和高血压。 批准日期： 2014年10月15日；公司：勃林格殷格翰制药公司 HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION These highlights do not include all the information needed to use OFEV safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for OFEV. OFEV®(nintedanib) capsules, for oral use Initial U.S. Approval: 2014 RECENT MAJOR CHANGES Dosage and Administration, Testing Prior to OFEV Administration (2.1) 2/2016 Dosage and Administration, Recommended Dosage (2.2) 2/2016 Dosage and Administration, Dosage Modification due to Adverse Reactions (2.3) 2/2016 Warnings and Precautions, Hepatic Impairment (5.1) 2/2016 Warnings and Precautions, Embryo-Fetal Toxicity (5.4) 2/2016 INDICATIONS AND USAGE OFEV is a kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). (1) DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Recommended dosage: 150 mg twice daily approximately 12 hours apart taken with food. (2.2) Recommended dosage in patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child Pugh A): 100 mg twice daily approximately 12 hours apart taken with food. (2.2, 8.6) Consider temporary dose reduction to 100 mg, treatment interruption, or discontinuation for management of adverse reactions. (2.3, 5.2, 5.3, 6) Prior to treatment, conduct liver function tests and a pregnancy test. (2.1, 5.2, 5.4) DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Capsules: 150 mg and 100 mg (3) CONTRAINDICATIONS None WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Hepatic impairment: OFEV is not recommended for use in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment. In patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child Pugh A), the recommended dosage is 100 mg twice daily approximately 12 hours apart taken with food. Consider treatment interruption, or discontinuation for management of adverse reactions in these patients. (2.2, 2.3, 5.1, 8.6, 12.3) Elevated liver enzymes: ALT, AST, and bilirubin elevations have occurred with OFEV. Monitor ALT, AST, and bilirubin before and during treatment. Temporary dosage reductions or discontinuations may be required. (2.1, 2.3, 5.2) Gastrointestinal disorders: Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting have occurred with OFEV. Treat patients at first signs with adequate hydration and antidiarrheal medicine (e.g., loperamide) or anti-emetics. Discontinue OFEV if severe diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting persists despite symptomatic treatment. (5.3) Embryo-Fetal toxicity: Can cause fetal harm. Advise females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus and to use effective contraception. (5.4, 8.1, 8.3) Arterial thromboembolic events have been reported. Use caution when treating patients at higher cardiovascular risk including known coronary artery disease. (5.5) Bleeding events have been reported. Use OFEV in patients with known bleeding risk only if anticipated benefit outweighs the potential risk. (5.6) Gastrointestinal perforation has been reported. Use OFEV with caution when treating patients with recent abdominal surgery. Discontinue OFEV in patients who develop gastrointestinal perforation. Only use OFEV in patients with known risk of gastrointestinal perforation if the anticipated benefit outweighs the potential risk. (5.7) ADVERSE REACTIONS Most common adverse reactions (≥5%) are: diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, liver enzyme elevation, decreased appetite, headache, weight decreased, hypertension. (6.1) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. at (800) 542-6257 or (800) 459-9906 TTY or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. DRUG INTERACTIONS Coadministration of P-gp and CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase nintedanib exposure. Monitor patients closely for tolerability of OFEV. (7.1) USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Lactation: Breastfeeding is not recommended. (8.2) Renal impairment: The safety and efficacy of OFEV have not been studied in patients with severe renal impairment and end-stage renal disease. (8.7, 12.3) Smokers: Decreased exposure has been noted in smokers which may alter the efficacy profile of OFEV. (8.8) See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION and FDA-approved patient labeling. Revised: 2/2016 FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS* 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE OFEV is indicated for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 2.1 Testing Prior to OFEV Administration Conduct liver function tests and a pregnancy test prior to initiating treatment with OFEV [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.4)]. 2.2 Recommended Dosage The recommended dosage of OFEV is 150 mg twice daily administered approximately 12 hours apart. OFEV capsules should be taken with food [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] and swallowed whole with liquid. OFEV capsules should not be chewed or crushed because of a bitter taste. The effect of chewing or crushing of the capsule on the pharmacokinetics of nintedanib is not known. If a dose of OFEV is missed, the next dose should be taken at the next scheduled time. Advise the patient to not make up for a missed dose. Do not exceed the recommended maximum daily dosage of 300 mg. In patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child Pugh A), the recommended dosage of OFEV is 100 mg twice daily approximately 12 hours apart taken with food. 2.3 Dosage Modification due to Adverse Reactions In addition to symptomatic treatment, if applicable, the management of adverse reactions of OFEV may require dose reduction or temporary interruption until the specific adverse reaction resolves to levels that allow continuation of therapy. OFEV treatment may be resumed at the full dosage (150 mg twice daily), or at the reduced dosage (100 mg twice daily), which subsequently may be increased to the full dosage. If a patient does not tolerate 100 mg twice daily, discontinue treatment with OFEV [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.3, 5.5, 5.7) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Dose modifications or interruptions may be necessary for liver enzyme elevations. For aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >3 times to <5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) without signs of severe liver damage, interrupt treatment or reduce OFEV to 100 mg twice daily. Once liver enzymes have returned to baseline values, treatment with OFEV may be reintroduced at a reduced dosage (100 mg twice daily), which subsequently may be increased to the full dosage (150 mg twice daily) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Discontinue OFEV for AST or ALT elevations >5 times ULN or >3 times ULN with signs or symptoms of severe liver damage. In patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child Pugh A), consider treatment interruption, or discontinuation for management of adverse reactions. 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS 150 mg capsules: brown, opaque, oblong, soft capsules imprinted in black with the Boehringer Ingelheim company symbol and "150". 100 mg capsules: peach, opaque, oblong, soft capsules imprinted in black with the Boehringer Ingelheim company symbol and "100". 4 CONTRAINDICATIONS None 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS 5.1 Hepatic Impairment Treatment with OFEV is not recommended in patients with moderate (Child Pugh B) or severe (Child Pugh C) hepatic impairment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child Pugh A) can be treated with a reduced dose of OFEV [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)]. 5.2 Elevated Liver Enzymes In clinical trials, administration of OFEV was associated with elevations of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALKP, GGT). Liver enzyme increases were reversible with dose modification or interruption and not associated with clinical signs or symptoms of liver injury. The majority (94%) of patients with ALT and/or AST elevations had elevations <5 times ULN. Administration of OFEV was also associated with elevations of bilirubin. The majority (95%) of patients with bilirubin elevations had elevations <2 times ULN [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Conduct liver function tests (ALT, AST, and bilirubin) prior to treatment with OFEV, monthly for 3 months, and every 3 months thereafter, and as clinically indicated. Dosage modifications or interruption may be necessary for liver enzyme elevations [see Dosage and Administration (2.1, 2.3)]. 5.3 Gastrointestinal Disorders Diarrhea Diarrhea was the most frequent gastrointestinal event reported in 62% versus 18% of patients treated with OFEV and placebo, respectively [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. In most patients, the event was of mild to moderate intensity and occurred within the first 3 months of treatment. Diarrhea led to permanent dose reduction in 11% of patients treated with OFEV compared to 0 placebo-treated patients. Diarrhea led to discontinuation of OFEV in 5% of the patients compared to <1% of placebo-treated patients. Dosage modifications or treatment interruptions may be necessary in patients with adverse reactions of diarrhea. Treat diarrhea at first signs with adequate hydration and antidiarrheal medication (e.g., loperamide), and consider treatment interruption if diarrhea continues [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)]. OFEV treatment may be resumed at the full dosage (150 mg twice daily), or at the reduced dosage (100 mg twice daily), which subsequently may be increased to the full dosage. If severe diarrhea persists despite symptomatic treatment, discontinue treatment with OFEV. Nausea and Vomiting Nausea was reported in 24% versus 7% and vomiting was reported in 12% versus 3% of patients treated with OFEV and placebo, respectively [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. In most patients, these events were of mild to moderate intensity. Nausea led to discontinuation of OFEV in 2% of patients. Vomiting led to discontinuation of OFEV in 1% of the patients. For nausea or vomiting that persists despite appropriate supportive care including anti-emetic therapy, dose reduction or treatment interruption may be required [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)]. OFEV treatment may be resumed at the full dosage (150 mg twice daily), or at the reduced dosage (100 mg twice daily), which subsequently may be increased to the full dosage. If severe nausea or vomiting does not resolve, discontinue treatment with OFEV. 5.4 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Based on findings from animal studies and its mechanism of action, OFEV can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Nintedanib caused embryo-fetal deaths and structural abnormalities in rats and rabbits when administered during organogenesis at less than (rats) and approximately 5 times (rabbits) the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) in adults. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. Advise females of reproductive potential to avoid becoming pregnant while receiving treatment with OFEV and to use effective contraception during treatment and at least 3 months after the last dose of OFEV. Verify pregnancy status prior to treatment with OFEV [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.1)]. 5.5 Arterial Thromboembolic Events Arterial thromboembolic events have been reported in patients taking OFEV. In clinical trials, arterial thromboembolic events were reported in 2.5% of patients treated with OFEV and 0.8% of placebo-treated patients. Myocardial infarction was the most common adverse reaction under arterial thromboembolic events, occurring in 1.5% of OFEV-treated patients compared to 0.4% of placebo-treated patients. Use caution when treating patients at higher cardiovascular risk including known coronary artery disease. Consider treatment interruption in patients who develop signs or symptoms of acute myocardial ischemia. 5.6 Risk of Bleeding Based on the mechanism of action (VEGFR inhibition), OFEV may increase the risk of bleeding. In clinical trials, bleeding events were reported in 10% of patients treated with OFEV and in 7% of patients treated with placebo. Use OFEV in patients with known risk of bleeding only if the anticipated benefit outweighs the potential risk. 5.7 Gastrointestinal Perforation Based on the mechanism of action, OFEV may increase the risk of gastrointestinal perforation. In clinical trials, gastrointestinal perforation was reported in 0.3% of patients treated with OFEV, compared to 0 cases in the placebo-treated patients. Use caution when treating patients who have had recent abdominal surgery. Discontinue therapy with OFEV in patients who develop gastrointestinal perforation. Only use OFEV in patients with known risk of gastrointestinal perforation if the anticipated benefit outweighs the potential risk. 6  ADVERSE REACTIONS The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling: Liver Enzyme and Bilirubin Elevations [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] Gastrointestinal Disorders [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] Embryo-Fetal Toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] Arterial Thromboembolic Events [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)] Risk of Bleeding [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)] Gastrointestinal Perforation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)] 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The safety of OFEV was evaluated in over 1000 IPF patients with over 200 patients exposed to OFEV for more than 2 years in clinical trials. OFEV was studied in three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 52-week trials. In the phase 2 (Study 1) and phase 3 (Studies 2 and 3) trials, 723 patients with IPF received OFEV 150 mg twice daily and 508 patients received placebo. The median duration of exposure was 10 months for patients treated with OFEV and 11 months for patients treated with placebo. Subjects ranged in age from 42 to 89 years (median age of 67 years). Most patients were male (79%) and Caucasian (60%). The most frequent serious adverse reactions reported in patients treated with OFEV, more than placebo, were bronchitis (1.2% vs. 0.8%) and myocardial infarction (1.5% vs. 0.4%). The most common adverse events leading to death in patients treated with OFEV, more than placebo, were pneumonia (0.7% vs. 0.6%), lung neoplasm malignant (0.3% vs. 0%), and myocardial infarction (0.3% vs. 0.2%). In the predefined category of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including MI, fatal events were reported in 0.6% of OFEV-treated patients and 1.8% of placebo-treated patients. Adverse reactions leading to permanent dose reductions were reported in 16% of OFEV-treated patients and 1% of placebo-treated patients. The most frequent adverse reaction that led to permanent dose reduction in the patients treated with OFEV was diarrhea (11%). Adverse reactions leading to discontinuation were reported in 21% of OFEV-treated patients and 15% of placebo-treated patients. The most frequent adverse reactions that led to discontinuation in OFEV-treated patients were diarrhea (5%), nausea (2%), and decreased appetite (2%). The most common adverse reactions with an incidence of ≥5% and more frequent in the OFEV than placebo treatment group are listed in Table 1. Table 1 Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥5% of OFEV-treated Patients and More Commonly Than Placebo in Studies 1, 2, and 3 Adverse Reaction OFEV, 150 mg n=723 Placebo n=508 Gastrointestinal disorders       Diarrhea 62% 18%   Nausea 24% 7%   Abdominal paina 15% 6%   Vomiting 12% 3% Hepatobiliary disorders       Liver enzyme elevationb 14% 3% Metabolism and nutrition disorders       Decreased appetite 11% 5% Nervous systemic disorders       Headache 8% 5% Investigations       Weight decreased 10% 3% Vascular disorders       Hypertensionc 5% 4% a Includes abdominal pain, abdominal pain upper, abdominal pain lower, gastrointestinal pain and abdominal tenderness. b Includes gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, hepatic enzyme increased, alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, hepatic function abnormal, liver function test abnormal, transaminase increased, blood alkaline phosphatase-increased, alanine aminotransferase abnormal, aspartate aminotransferase abnormal, and gamma-glutamyltransferase abnormal. c Includes hypertension, blood pressure increased, hypertensive crisis, and hypertensive cardiomyopathy. In addition, hypothyroidism was reported in patients treated with OFEV, more than placebo (1.1% vs. 0.6%). 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS 7.1 P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4 Inhibitors and Inducers Nintedanib is a substrate of P-gp and, to a minor extent, CYP3A4 [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Coadministration with oral doses of a P-gp and CYP3A4 inhibitor, ketoconazole, increased exposure to nintedanib by 60%. Concomitant use of P-gp and CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., erythromycin) with OFEV may increase exposure to nintedanib [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. In such cases, patients should be monitored closely for tolerability of OFEV. Management of adverse reactions may require interruption, dose reduction, or discontinuation of therapy with OFEV [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)]. Coadministration with oral doses of a P-gp and CYP3A4 inducer, rifampicin, decreased exposure to nintedanib by 50%. Concomitant use of P-gp and CYP3A4 inducers (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, and St. John’s wort) with OFEV should be avoided as these drugs may decrease exposure to nintedanib [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. 7.2 Anticoagulants Nintedanib is a VEGFR inhibitor, and may increase the risk of bleeding. Monitor patients on full anticoagulation therapy closely for bleeding and adjust anticoagulation treatment as necessary [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]. 8  USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Based on findings from animal studies and its mechanism of action [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.1)], OFEV can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. There are no data on the use of OFEV during pregnancy. In animal studies of pregnant rats and rabbits treated during organogenesis, nintedanib caused embryo-fetal deaths and structural abnormalities at less than (rats) and approximately 5 times (rabbits) the maximum recommended human dose [see Data]. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects is 2% to 4% and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 15% to 20%. Data Animal Data In animal reproduction toxicity studies, nintedanib caused embryo-fetal deaths and structural abnormalities in rats and rabbits at less than and approximately 5 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) in adults (on a plasma AUC basis at maternal oral doses of 2.5 and 15 mg/kg/day in rats and rabbits, respectively). Malformations included abnormalities in the vasculature, urogenital, and skeletal systems. Vasculature anomalies included missing or additional major blood vessels. Skeletal anomalies included abnormalities in the thoracic, lumbar, and caudal vertebrae (e.g., hemivertebra, missing, or asymmetrically ossified), ribs (bifid or fused), and sternebrae (fused, split, or unilaterally ossified). In some fetuses, organs in the urogenital system were missing. In rabbits, a significant change in sex ratio was observed in fetuses (female:male ratio of approximately 71%:29%) at approximately 15 times the MRHD in adults (on an AUC basis at a maternal oral dose of 60 mg/kg/day). Nintedanib decreased post-natal viability of rat pups during the first 4 post-natal days when dams were exposed to less than the MRHD (on an AUC basis at a maternal oral dose of 10 mg/kg/day). 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary There is no information on the presence of nintedanib in human milk, the effects on the breast-fed infant or the effects on milk production. Nintedanib and/or its metabolites are present in the milk of lactating rats [see Data]. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from OFEV, advise women that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with OFEV. Data Milk and plasma of lactating rats have similar concentrations of nintedanib and its metabolites. 8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential Based on findings from animal studies and its mechanism of action, OFEV can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman and may reduce fertility in females of reproductive potential [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12.1), and Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)]. Counsel patients on pregnancy prevention and planning. Pregnancy Testing Verify the pregnancy status of females of reproductive potential prior to treatment with OFEV [see Dosage and Administration (2.1), Warnings and Precautions (5.4) and Use in Specific Populations (8.1)]. Contraception Advise females of reproductive potential to avoid becoming pregnant while receiving treatment with OFEV. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment, and for at least 3 months after taking the last dose of OFEV. Infertility Based on animal data, OFEV may reduce fertility in females of reproductive potential [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)]. 8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. 8.5 Geriatric Use Of the total number of subjects in phase 2 and 3 clinical studies of OFEV, 60.8% were 65 and over, while 16.3% were 75 and over. In phase 3 studies, no overall differences in effectiveness were observed between subjects who were 65 and over and younger subjects; no overall differences in safety were observed between subjects who were 65 and over or 75 and over and younger subjects, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. 8.6 Hepatic Impairment Nintedanib is predominantly eliminated via biliary/fecal excretion (>90%). In a PK study performed in patients with hepatic impairment (Child Pugh A, Child Pugh B), exposure to nintedanib was increased [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. In patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child Pugh A), the recommended dosage of OFEV is 100 mg twice daily [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)]. Monitor for adverse reactions and consider treatment interruption, or discontinuation for management of adverse reactions in these patients [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)]. Treatment of patients with moderate (Child Pugh B) and severe (Child Pugh C) hepatic impairment with OFEV is not recommended [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. 8.7 Renal Impairment Based on a single-dose study, less than 1% of the total dose of nintedanib is excreted via the kidney [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Adjustment of the starting dose in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment is not required. The safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of nintedanib have not been studied in patients with severe renal impairment (<30 mL/min CrCl) and end-stage renal disease. 8.8 Smokers Smoking was associated with decreased exposure to OFEV [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)], which may alter the efficacy profile of OFEV. Encourage patients to stop smoking prior to treatment with OFEV and to avoid smoking when using OFEV. 10 OVERDOSAGE In the trials, one patient was inadvertently exposed to a dose of 600 mg daily for a total of 21 days. A non-serious adverse event (nasopharyngitis) occurred and resolved during the period of incorrect dosing, with no onset of other reported events. Overdose was also reported in two patients in oncology studies who were exposed to a maximum of 600 mg twice daily for up to 8 days. Adverse events reported were consistent with the existing safety profile of OFEV. Both patients recovered. In case of overdose, interrupt treatment and initiate general supportive measures as appropriate. 11 DESCRIPTION OFEV capsules contain nintedanib, a kinase inhibitor [see Mechanism of Action (12.1)]. Nintedanib is presented as the ethanesulfonate salt (esylate), with the chemical name 1H-Indole-6-carboxylic acid, 2,3-dihydro-3-[[[4-[methyl[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl]amino]phenyl]amino]phenylmethylene]-2-oxo-,methyl ester, (3Z)-, ethanesulfonate (1:1). Its structural formula is: Nintedanib esylate is a bright yellow powder with an empirical formula of C31H33N5O4·C2H6O3S and a molecular weight of 649.76 g/mol. OFEV capsules for oral administration are available in 2 dose strengths containing 100 mg or 150 mg of nintedanib (equivalent to 120.40 mg or 180.60 mg nintedanib ethanesulfonate, respectively). The inactive ingredients of OFEV are the following: Fill Material: triglycerides, hard fat, lecithin. Capsule Shell: gelatin, glycerol, titanium dioxide, red ferric oxide, yellow ferric oxide, black ink. 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Nintedanib is a small molecule that inhibits multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and non-receptor tyrosine kinases (nRTKs). Nintedanib inhibits the following RTKs: platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) α and β, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1-3, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 1-3, and Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3). Among them, FGFR, PDGFR, and VEGFR have been implicated in IPF pathogenesis. Nintedanib binds competitively to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding pocket of these receptors and blocks the intracellular signaling which is crucial for the proliferation, migration, and transformation of fibroblasts representing essential mechanisms of the IPF pathology. In addition, nintedanib inhibits the following nRTKs: Lck, Lyn and Src kinases. The contribution of FLT3 and nRTK inhibition to IPF efficacy is unknown. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics Cardiac Electrophysiology In a study in renal cell cancer patients, QT/QTc measurements were recorded and showed that a single oral dose of 200 mg nintedanib as well as multiple oral doses of 200 mg nintedanib administered twice daily for 15 days did not prolong the QTcF interval. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics The PK properties of nintedanib were similar in healthy volunteers, patients with IPF, and cancer patients. The PK of nintedanib is linear. Dose proportionality was shown by an increase of nintedanib exposure with increasing doses (dose range 50 to 450 mg once daily and 150 to 300 mg twice daily). Accumulation upon multiple administrations in patients with IPF was 1.76-fold for AUC. Steady-state plasma concentrations were achieved within one week of dosing. Nintedanib trough concentrations remained stable for more than one year. The inter-individual variability in the PK of nintedanib was moderate to high (coefficient of variation of standard PK parameters in the range of 30% to 70%), intra-individual variability low to moderate (coefficients of variation below 40%). Absorption Nintedanib reached maximum plasma concentrations approximately 2 to 4 hours after oral administration as a soft gelatin capsule under fed conditions. The absolute bioavailability of a 100 mg dose was 4.7% (90% CI: 3.62 to 6.08) in healthy volunteers. Absorption and bioavailability are decreased by transporter effects and substantial first-pass metabolism. After food intake, nintedanib exposure increased by approximately 20% compared to administration under fasted conditions (90% CI: 95.3% to 152.5%) and absorption was delayed (median tmax fasted: 2.00 hours; fed: 3.98 hours), irrespective of the food type. Distribution Nintedanib follows bi-phasic disposition kinetics. After intravenous infusion, a high volume of distribution which was larger than total body volume (Vss: 1050 L) was observed. The in vitro protein binding of nintedanib in human plasma was high, with a bound fraction of 97.8%. Serum albumin is considered to be the major binding protein. Nintedanib is preferentially distributed in plasma with a blood to plasma ratio of 0.87. Elimination The effective half-life of nintedanib in patients with IPF was 9.5 hours (gCV 31.9%). Total plasma clearance after intravenous infusion was high (CL: 1390 mL/min; gCV 28.8%). Urinary excretion of unchanged drug within 48 hours was about 0.05% of the dose after oral and about 1.4% of the dose after intravenous administration; the renal clearance was 20 mL/min. Metabolism The prevalent metabolic reaction for nintedanib is hydrolytic cleavage by esterases resulting in the free acid moiety BIBF 1202. BIBF 1202 is subsequently glucuronidated by UGT enzymes, namely UGT 1A1, UGT 1A7, UGT 1A8, and UGT 1A10 to BIBF 1202 glucuronide. Only a minor extent of the biotransformation of nintedanib consisted of CYP pathways, with CYP 3A4 being the predominant enzyme involved. The major CYP-dependent metabolite could not be detected in plasma in the human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination study. In vitro, CYP-dependent metabolism accounted for about 5% compared to about 25% ester cleavage. Excretion The major route of elimination of drug-related radioactivity after oral administration of [14C] nintedanib was via fecal/biliary excretion (93.4% of dose), and the majority of OFEV was excreted as BIBF 1202. The contribution of renal excretion to the total clearance was low (0.65% of dose). The overall recovery was considered complete (above 90%) within 4 days after dosing. Specific Populations Age, Body Weight, and Sex Based on population PK analysis, age and body weight were correlated with nintedanib exposure. However, their effects on exposure are not sufficient to warrant a dose adjustment. There was no influence of sex on the exposure of nintedanib. Renal Impairment Based on a population PK analysis of data from 933 patients with IPF, exposure to nintedanib was not influenced by mild (CrCl: 60 to 90 mL/min; n=399) or moderate (CrCl: 30 to 60 mL/min; n=116) renal impairment. Data in severe renal impairment (CrCl below 30 mL/min) was limited. Hepatic Impairment A dedicated single-dose phase I pharmacokinetics study of OFEV compared 8 subjects with mild hepatic impairment (Child Pugh A) and 8 subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh B) to 17 subjects with normal hepatic function. In subjects with mild hepatic impairment, the mean exposure to nintedanib was 2.4-fold higher based on Cmax (90% CI 1.6 to 3.6) and 2.2-fold higher based on AUC0-inf (90% CI 1.4 to 3.5). In subjects with moderate hepatic impairment, exposure was 6.9-fold higher based on Cmax (90% CI 4.4 to 11.0) and 7.6-fold higher based on AUC0-inf (90% CI 5.1 to 11.3). Subjects with severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh C) have not been studied. Smokers In the population PK analysis, the exposure of nintedanib was 21% lower in current smokers compared to ex- and never-smokers. The effect is not sufficient to warrant a dose adjustment. Drug Interaction Studies Potential for Nintedanib to Affect Other Drugs Effect of nintedanib coadministration on pirfenidone AUC and Cmax was evaluated in a multiple-dose study. Nintedanib did not have an effect on the exposure of pirfenidone. In in vitro studies, nintedanib was shown not to be an inhibitor of OATP-1B1, OATP-1B3, OATP-2B1, OCT-2, or MRP-2. In vitro studies also showed that nintedanib has weak inhibitory potential on OCT-1, BCRP, and P-gp; these findings are considered to be of low clinical relevance. Nintedanib and its metabolites, BIBF 1202 and BIBF 1202 glucuronide, did not inhibit or induce CYP enzymes in vitro. Potential for Other Drugs to Affect Nintedanib Nintedanib is a substrate of P-gp and, to a minor extent, CYP3A4. Coadministration with the P-gp and CYP3A4 inhibitor, ketoconazole, increased exposure to nintedanib 1.61-fold based on AUC and 1.83-fold based on Cmax in a dedicated drug-drug interaction study. In a drug-drug interaction study with the P-gp and CYP3A4 inducer, rifampicin, exposure to nintedanib decreased to 50.3% based on AUC and to 60.3% based on Cmax upon coadministration with rifampicin compared to administration of nintedanib alone. Based on a multiple-dose study in Japanese IPF patients, exposure to nintedanib decreased to 68.3% based on AUC and to 59.2% based on Cmax upon coadministration with pirfenidone compared to administration of nintedanib alone. Nintedanib displays a pH-dependent solubility profile with increased solubility at acidic pH<3. However, in the clinical trials, coadministration with proton pump inhibitors or histamine H2 antagonists did not influence the exposure (trough concentrations) of nintedanib. In in vitro studies, nintedanib was shown not to be a substrate of OATP-1B1, OATP-1B3, OATP-2B1, OCT-2, MRP-2, or BCRP. In vitro studies also showed that nintedanib was a substrate of OCT-1; these findings are considered to be of low clinical relevance. 13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Two-year oral carcinogenicity studies of nintedanib in rats and mice have not revealed any evidence of carcinogenic potential. Nintedanib was dosed up to 10 and 30 mg/kg/day in rats and mice, respectively. These doses were less than and approximately 4 times the MRHD on a plasma drug AUC basis. Nintedanib was negative for genotoxicity in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay, the mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay, and the in vivo rat micronucleus assay. In rats, nintedanib reduced female fertility at exposure levels approximately 3 times the MRHD (on an AUC basis at an oral dose of 100 mg/kg/day). Effects included increases in resorption and post-implantation loss, and a decrease in gestation index. Changes in the number and size of corpora lutea in the ovaries were observed in chronic toxicity studies in rats and mice. An increase in the number of females with resorptions only was observed at exposures approximately equal to the MRHD (on an AUC basis at an oral dose of 20 mg/kg/day). Nintedanib had no effects on male fertility in rats at exposure levels approximately 3 times the MRHD (on an AUC basis at an oral dose of 100 mg/kg/day). 14 CLINICAL STUDIES The clinical efficacy of OFEV has been studied in 1231 patients with IPF in one phase 2 (Study 1) and two phase 3 (Studies 2 and 3). These were randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies comparing treatment with OFEV 150 mg twice daily to placebo for 52 weeks. Studies 2 and 3 were identical in design. Study 1 was very similar in design. Patients were randomized in a 3:2 ratio (1:1 for Study 1) to either OFEV 150 mg or placebo twice daily for 52 weeks. Study 1 also included other treatment arms (50 mg daily, 50 mg twice daily, and 100 mg twice daily) that are not further discussed. The primary endpoint was the annual rate of decline in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). Time to first acute IPF exacerbation was a key secondary endpoint in Studies 2 and 3 and a secondary endpoint in Study 1. Change from baseline in FVC percent predicted and survival were additional secondary endpoints in all studies. Patients were required to have a diagnosis of IPF (ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT criteria) for <5 years. Diagnoses were centrally adjudicated based on radiologic and, if applicable, histopathologic confirmation. Patients were required to be ≥40 years of age with an FVC ≥50% of predicted and a carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO, corrected for hemoglobin) 30% to 79% of predicted. Patients with relevant airways obstruction (i.e., pre-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.7) or, in the opinion of the investigator, likely to receive a lung transplant during the studies were excluded (being listed for lung transplant was acceptable for inclusion). Patients with >1.5 times ULN of ALT, AST, or bilirubin, patients with a known risk or predisposition to bleeding, patients receiving a full dose of anticoagulation treatment, and patients with a recent history of myocardial infarction or stroke were excluded from the studies. Patients were also excluded if they received other investigational therapy, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, or cyclosporine A within 8 weeks of entry into this trial, or n-acetyl cysteine and prednisone (>15 mg/day or equivalent) within 2 weeks. The majority of patients were Caucasian (60%) or Asian (30%) and male (79%). Patients had a mean age of 67 years and a mean FVC percent predicted of 80%. Annual Rate of Decline in FVC A statistically significant reduction in the annual rate of decline of FVC (in mL) was demonstrated in patients receiving OFEV compared to patients receiving placebo based on the random coefficient regression model, adjusted for gender, height, and age. The treatment effect on FVC was consistent in all 3 studies. See Table 2 for individual study results. Table 2 Annual Rate of Decline in FVC (mL) in Studies 1, 2, and 3a  Study 1 Study 2 Study 3   OFEV 150 mg twice daily Placebo OFEV 150 mg twice daily Placebo OFEV 150 mg twice daily Placebo Number of analyzed patients 84 83 309 204 329 219 Ratea of decline over 52 weeks -60 -191 -115 -240 -114 -207 Comparison vs placebo         Differenceb 131 125 94 aRandomized set in Study 1; treated set in Studies 2 and 3 bEstimated based on a random coefficient regression model Figure 1 displays the change from baseline over time in both treatment groups for Study 2. When the mean observed FVC change from baseline was plotted over time, the curves diverged at all timepoints through Week 52. Similar plots were seen for Studies 1 and 3. Figure 1 Mean (SEM) Observed FVC Change from Baseline (mL) Over Time in Study 2 bid = twice daily Change from Baseline in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity Figure 2 presents the cumulative distribution for all cut-offs for the change from baseline in FVC percent predicted at Week 52 for Study 2. For all categorical declines in lung function, the proportion of patients declining was lower on OFEV than on placebo. Study 3 showed similar results. Figure 2 Cumulative Distribution of Patients by Change in Percent Predicted FVC from Baseline to Week 52 (Study 2).* The vertical lines indicate ≥0% decline or ≥10% decline. *Missing data for change from baseline at Week 52 in percent predicted FVC (due to death, lost to follow-up or censoring before 52 weeks) was imputed using the worst decline from baseline at Week 52 observed among all patients with available data, regardless of treatment. bid = twice daily Time to First Acute IPF Exacerbation Acute IPF exacerbation was defined as unexplained worsening or development of dyspnea within 30 days, new diffuse pulmonary infiltrates on chest x-ray, and/or new high-resolution CT parenchymal abnormalities with no pneumothorax or pleural effusion, and exclusion of alternative causes. Acute IPF exacerbation was adjudicated in Studies 2 and 3. In Studies 1 (investigator-reported) and 3 (adjudicated), the risk of first acute IPF exacerbation over 52 weeks was significantly reduced in patients receiving OFEV compared to placebo (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.71) and (HR:0.20, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.56), respectively. In Study 2 (adjudicated), there was no difference between the treatment groups (HR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.20, 1.54). Survival Survival was evaluated for OFEV compared to placebo in Studies 2 and 3 as an exploratory analysis to support the primary endpoint (FVC). All-cause mortality was assessed over the study duration and available follow-up period, irrespective of cause of death and whether patients continued treatment. All-cause mortality did not show a statistically significant difference (See Figure 3). Figure 3 Kaplan-Meier Estimates of All-Cause Mortality at Vital Status – End of Study: Studies 2 and 3 bid = twice daily 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 150 mg: brown, opaque, oblong, soft capsules imprinted in black with the Boehringer Ingelheim company symbol and "150". They are packaged in HDPE bottles with a child-resistant closure, available as follows: Bottles of 60      NDC: 0597-0145-60 100 mg: peach, opaque, oblong, soft capsules imprinted in black with the Boehringer Ingelheim company symbol and "100". They are packaged in HDPE bottles with a child-resistant closure, available as follows: Bottles of 60      NDC: 0597-0143-60 Storage Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from exposure to high humidity and avoid excessive heat. If repackaged, use USP tight container. Keep out of reach of children. http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=da1c9f37-779e-4682-816f-93d0faa4cfc9 美国上市包装 德国上市包装 勃林格殷格翰口服药物Ofev（nintedanib）胶囊在欧盟上市 2014年11月26日，继今年10月获得FDA批准，勃林格殷格翰（Boehringer Ingelheim）特发性肺纤维化（IPF）口服药物Ofev（nintedanib）胶囊在欧洲药品管理局（EMA）人用医药产品委员会（CHMP）已建议批准Ofev用于特发性肺纤维化（IPF）患者的治疗，欧盟委员会（EC）预计将在2个月内批准Ofe在欧盟上市。此前，EMA于今年6月接受审查nintedanib治疗IPF上市许可申请（MAA）并授予加速评估资格。 nintedanib MAA包括来自2项III期研究（INPULSIS-1和INPULSIS-2）的数据，在这些研究中，nintedanib显著延缓了广泛特发性肺纤维化（IPF）患者病情的恶化，均达到了研究的主要终点。相关数据已于今年5月发表于《新英格兰医学杂志》（New England Journal of Medicine）。 在美国，Ofev（nintedanib）已于今年10月获FDA批准，同时获批的还有罗氏和InterMune的另一款特发性肺纤维化（IPF）药物Esbriet（比非尼酮）。 特发性肺纤维化（IPF）是一种罕见的肺部疾病，根据肺纤维化联盟（CPF）数据，每年IPF死亡病例达40000例。分析师预计，IPF药物市场的年销售将超过20亿美元，现在2家公司的药物同时获批上市，究竟哪家公司能夺取更大的市场份额，还不太好说。而且从疗效方面看，在关键性III期试验中，2种药物与安慰剂相比都显著改善了肺功能；而在安全性方面，2种药物均禁忌用于伴有肝脏问题的患者群体。 现在，如何抢占更大的市场份额，将取决于2家公司各自的商业化运作。然而，InterMune公司员工总数不足400人，单打独斗肯定斗不过勃林格。但是，今年8月，罗氏签署了一项协议，以83亿美元溢价38%收购InterMune，该笔交易在很大程度上就是因为罗氏相中了Esbriet的潜力。而罗氏拥有庞大的销售队伍，现在看来，这笔交易相当的明智。 Nintedanib是一种口服三联血管激酶抑制剂，可同时阻断3种生长因子受体：血管内皮生长因子受体（VEGFR 1-3）、血小板源性生长因子受体（PDGFR α和β）、成纤维细胞生长因子受体（FGFR 1-3）。所有这3种受体在血管生成和肿瘤生长过程中均发挥着重要作用。这些受体的阻断，可能导致血管生成的抑制，而血管生成在肿瘤生长中起着关键作用。 目前，勃林格殷格翰正在多种实体瘤中评价nintedanib，其中晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）、结直肠癌、卵巢癌已处于III期临床，间皮瘤、肾癌（肾细胞癌）、肝癌（肝细胞癌）处于II期临床。 在欧盟，除特发性肺纤维化（IPF）外，CHMP此前已建议批准nintedanib联合多西他赛（docetaxel）用于既往经一线化疗治疗的局部晚期、转移性或局部复发性腺癌组织学非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者的治疗。 ------------------------------- 注：以下产品，以咨询为准 ------------------------------- 上市国家：德国 原产地英文商品名: Ofev Capsules 150ng/Caps 60Caps 原产地英文药品名: nintedanib 中文参考商品译名: Ofev胶囊 150毫克/胶囊 60胶囊/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 尼达尼布 生产厂家中文参考译名: 勃林格殷格翰 生产厂家英文名: Boehringer Ingelheim ---------------------------------- 上市国家：德国 原产地英文商品名: Ofev Capsules 100ng/Caps 60Caps 原产地英文药品名: nintedanib 中文参考商品译名: Ofev胶囊 100毫克/胶囊 60胶囊/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 尼达尼布 生产厂家中文参考译名: 勃林格殷格翰 生产厂家英文名: Boehringer Ingelheim ---------------------------------- 上市国家：美国 原产地英文商品名: Ofev Capsules 150ng/Caps 60Caps 原产地英文药品名: nintedanib 中文参考商品译名: Ofev胶囊 150毫克/胶囊 60胶囊/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 尼达尼布 生产厂家中文参考译名: 勃林格殷格翰 生产厂家英文名: Boehringer Ingelheim ---------------------------------- 上市国家：美国 原产地英文商品名: Ofev Capsules 100ng/Caps 60Caps 原产地英文药品名: nintedanib 中文参考商品译名: Ofev胶囊 100毫克/胶囊 60胶囊/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 尼达尼布 生产厂家中文参考译名: 勃林格殷格翰 生产厂家英文名: Boehringer Ingelheim