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ISENTRESS® (raltegravir)片

2010-05-09 09:15:43  作者:新特药房  来源:中国新特药网天津分站  浏览次数:236  文字大小:【】【】【
简介: 成份 拉替拉韦钾 Raltegravir Potassium 适应症 本品适用于与其他抗反转录病毒药物联合使用,用于曾接受过治疗的HIV-1感染的成年患者,这些患者有病毒复制的证据并且对多种抗反转录病毒药物耐药。本 ...

美国近日批准了拉替拉韦(Isentress)同其他抗逆转录病毒药物配伍用于2~18周岁儿童及青少年HIV-1感染者的治疗。本品由默克公司生产。此次用于2~11周岁儿童的获批制剂为咀嚼片,本品可单独或与食物同服,一日2次。
Isentress是由位于新泽西州Merck & Co.,Inc.公司Whitehouse Station制造。

ISENTRESS® (raltegravir)膜包衣片,为口服使用
ISENTRESS® (raltegravir) 可咀嚼 片,为口服使用

美国初次批准: 2007

适应症和用途

ISENTRESS是一种人免疫缺陷病毒整合酶链转移抑制剂(HIV-1 INSTI)适用于:
(1)与其他抗病毒药联用为治疗HIV-1感染。
尚未在小于2岁儿童中确定ISENTRESS的安全性和疗效。
 
剂量和给药方法
ISENTRESS可有或无食物给药。
ISENTRESS 400mg膜包衣片不能替代 ISENTRESS 25mg和100mg可咀嚼片。
成人
(1)400mg膜包衣片口服,每天2次。
(2)成人中与利福平[rifampin]共同给药期间,800mg每天2次。
儿童和青少年
(1) 12岁和以上: 一次400 mg膜包衣片口服,每天2次。
• 6至小于12岁:
  1)如体重至少25 kg:
一次400 mg膜包衣片口服,每天2次或可咀嚼片:体重基础至最大剂量300mg每天2次。
  2)如体重小于25kg:
可咀嚼片:体重基础至最大剂量300mg每天2次。
(3) 2至小于6岁: 
  1)如体重至少10 kg:
可咀嚼片:体重基础至最大剂量300mg每天2次。
剂型和规格
(1)膜包衣片: 400mg。
(2)可咀嚼片: 100mg刻痕和25mg。
禁忌症
无。
警告和注意事项
(1)曾报道严重,潜在危及生命和致命性皮肤反应。这包括一例Stevens-Johnson综合征,超敏性反应和毒性上皮坏死。如发生严重超敏性,严重皮疹,或皮疹与全身症状或肝转氨酶升高立即终止用治ISENTRESS疗和其他怀疑药物和监视临床状态,包括密切转氨酶(5.1)。
(2)监视免疫重建综合征。
(3)告知有苯丙酮尿症患者100 mg和25 mg可咀嚼片含 苯丙氨酸。

不良反应
(1)最常见中度至严重强度(≥2%)不良反应是失眠,头痛,恶心和疲乏。
(2)接受ISENTRESS受试者中报道肌酸激酶升高。曾报道肌病和横纹肌溶解症。处在肌病或横纹肌溶解症的风险增加患者中慎用,例如接受已知引起这些情况同时药物患者。

药物相互作用
(1)ISENTRESS与药物是UGT1A1强诱导剂同共给药可能导致减低拉替拉韦的血浆浓度。

在特殊人群中使用
妊娠:
(1)妊娠期间只有如潜在获益胜过对胎儿潜在风险才应使用ISENTRESS。
哺乳母亲:
(1)当服用ISENTRESS时建议不要哺乳。

日期:08/2012


FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

1.1 Adults

ISENTRESS® is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection.

 This indication is based on analyses of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in three double-blind controlled studies of ISENTRESS. Two of these studies were conducted in clinically advanced, 3-class antiretroviral (NNRTI, NRTI, PI) treatment-experienced adults through 96 weeks and one was conducted in treatment-naïve adults through 156 weeks.

The use of other active agents with ISENTRESS is associated with a greater likelihood of treatment response [see Clinical Studies (14)].

1.2 Pediatrics

ISENTRESS is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in children and adolescents 2 years of age and older and weighing at least 10 kg [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].

 This indication is based on the evaluation of safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic parameters and efficacy of ISENTRESS through at least 24-weeks in a multi-center, open-label, noncomparative study in HIV-1 infected children and adolescents 2 to 18 years of age [see Clinical Studies (14.3)].

 The safety and efficacy of ISENTRESS have not been established in children less than 2 years of age.

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

2.1 General Dosing Recommendations

  •  ISENTRESS Film-Coated Tablets and Chewable Tablets can be administered with or without food [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
  •  Maximum dose of chewable tablets is 300 mg twice daily.
  •  ISENTRESS Chewable Tablets may be chewed or swallowed whole.
  •  ISENTRESS Film-Coated Tablets must be swallowed whole.
  •  Because the formulations are not bioequivalent, do not substitute chewable tablets for the 400 mg film-coated tablet.
  •  During coadministration of ISENTRESS 400 mg film-coated tablets with rifampin, the recommended dosage of ISENTRESS is 800 mg twice daily in adults. There are no data to guide co-administration of ISENTRESS with rifampin in patients below 18 years of age [see Drug Interactions (7)].

2.2 Adults

 For the treatment of adult patients with HIV-1 infection, the dosage of ISENTRESS is one 400 mg film-coated tablet administered orally, twice daily.

2.3 Pediatrics

 For the treatment of children and adolescents with HIV-1 infection, the dosage of ISENTRESS is as follows:

  •  12 years of age and older: One 400 mg film-coated tablet orally, twice daily
  •  6 to less than 12 years of age:
    If at least 25 kg in weight:
    •  One 400 mg film-coated tablet orally, twice daily OR
    •  Chewable tablets: weight based to maximum dose 300 mg, twice daily as specified in Table 1
     If less than 25 kg in weight:
    •  Chewable tablets: weight based to maximum dose 300 mg, twice daily as specified in Table 1
  •  2 to less than 6 years of age:
    If at least 10 kg in weight:
    •  Chewable tablets: weight based to maximum dose 300 mg, twice daily as specified in Table 1
Table 1: Recommended Dose* for ISENTRESS Chewable Tablets in Pediatric Patients 2 to Less Than 12 Years of Age
 Body Weight
(kg)
Dose Number of Chewable Tablets
The weight-based dosing recommendation for the chewable tablet is based on approximately 6 mg/kg/dose twice daily.
The 100 mg chewable tablet can be divided into equal halves.
10 to less than 14 75 mg twice daily 3 × 25 mg twice daily
14 to less than 20 100 mg twice daily 1 × 100 mg twice daily
20 to less than 28 150 mg twice daily 1.5 × 100 mg† twice daily
28 to less than 40 200 mg twice daily 2 × 100 mg twice daily
at least 40 300 mg twice daily 3 × 100 mg twice daily
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
  • Film-coated Tablets
    400 mg pink, oval-shaped, film-coated tablets with "227" on one side.
  • Chewable Tablets
    100 mg pale orange, oval-shaped, orange-banana flavored, chewable tablets scored on both sides and imprinted on one face with the Merck logo and "477" on opposite sides of the score.
    25 mg pale yellow, round, orange-banana flavored, chewable tablets with the Merck logo on one side and "473" on the other side.

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

None

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

5.1 Severe Skin and Hypersensitivity Reactions

 Severe, potentially life-threatening, and fatal skin reactions have been reported. These include cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Hypersensitivity reactions have also been reported and were characterized by rash, constitutional findings, and sometimes, organ dysfunction, including hepatic failure. Discontinue ISENTRESS and other suspect agents immediately if signs or symptoms of severe skin reactions or hypersensitivity reactions develop (including, but not limited to, severe rash or rash accompanied by fever, general malaise, fatigue, muscle or joint aches, blisters, oral lesions, conjunctivitis, facial edema, hepatitis, eosinophilia, angioedema). Clinical status including liver aminotransferases should be monitored and appropriate therapy initiated. Delay in stopping ISENTRESS treatment or other suspect agents after the onset of severe rash may result in a life-threatening reaction.

5.2 Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including ISENTRESS. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune systems respond may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, tuberculosis), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.

 Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves' disease, polymyositis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution; however, the time to onset is more variable, and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.

5.3 Phenylketonurics

ISENTRESS Chewable Tablets contain phenylalanine, a component of aspartame. Each 25 mg ISENTRESS Chewable Tablet contains approximately 0.05 mg phenylalanine. Each 100 mg ISENTRESS Chewable Tablet contains approximately 0.10 mg phenylalanine. Phenylalanine can be harmful to patients with phenylketonuria.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience: Treatment-Naïve Adults

The following safety assessment of ISENTRESS in treatment-naïve subjects is based on the randomized double-blind active controlled study of treatment-naïve subjects, STARTMRK (Protocol 021) with ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily in combination with a fixed dose of emtricitabine 200 mg (+) tenofovir 300 mg, (N=281) versus efavirenz (EFV) 600 mg at bedtime in combination with emtricitabine (+) tenofovir, (N=282). During double-blind treatment, the total follow-up for subjects receiving ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily + emtricitabine (+) tenofovir was 748 patient-years and 715 patient-years for subjects receiving efavirenz 600 mg at bedtime + emtricitabine (+) tenofovir.

In Protocol 021, the rate of discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events was 5% in subjects receiving ISENTRESS + emtricitabine (+) tenofovir and 9% in subjects receiving efavirenz + emtricitabine (+) tenofovir.

The clinical adverse drug reactions (ADRs) listed below were considered by investigators to be causally related to ISENTRESS + emtricitabine (+) tenofovir or efavirenz + emtricitabine (+) tenofovir. Clinical ADRs of moderate to severe intensity occurring in ≥2% of treatment-naïve subjects treated with ISENTRESS are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Adverse Drug Reactions of Moderate to Severe Intensity† Occurring in ≥2% of Treatment-Naïve Adult Subjects Receiving ISENTRESS (156 Week Analysis)
System Organ Class, Preferred Term Randomized Study Protocol 021
ISENTRESS 400 mg
Twice Daily +
Emtricitabine (+) Tenofovir
(n = 281)‡
Efavirenz 600 mg
At Bedtime +
Emtricitabine (+) Tenofovir
(n = 282)
*
Includes adverse experiences considered by investigators to be at least possibly, probably, or definitely related to the drug.
Intensities are defined as follows: Moderate (discomfort enough to cause interference with usual activity); Severe (incapacitating with inability to work or do usual activity).
n = total number of subjects per treatment group
Psychiatric Disorders
Insomnia 4% 4%
Nervous System Disorders
Headache 4% 5%
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Nausea 3% 4%
General Disorders and Administration
Fatigue 2% 3%

Laboratory Abnormalities

The percentages of adult subjects treated with ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily or efavirenz in Protocol 021 with selected Grades 2 to 4 laboratory abnormalities that represent a worsening Grade from baseline are presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Selected Grade 2 to 4 Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in Treatment-Naïve Subjects (156 Week Analysis)
Randomized Study Protocol 021
Laboratory Parameter Preferred Term (Unit) Limit ISENTRESS 400 mg Twice Daily + Emtricitabine (+) Tenofovir
(N = 281)
Efavirenz 600 mg At Bedtime + Emtricitabine (+) Tenofovir
(N = 282)
ULN = Upper limit of normal range
Hematology
Absolute neutrophil count (103/µL)
  Grade 2 0.75 - 0.999 3% 5%
  Grade 3 0.50 - 0.749 2% 1%
  Grade 4 <0.50 <1% <1%
Hemoglobin (gm/dL)
  Grade 2 7.5 - 8.4 1% 1%
  Grade 3 6.5 - 7.4 <1% 1%
  Grade 4 <6.5 <1% 0%
Platelet count (103/µL)
  Grade 2 50 - 99.999 2% 0%
  Grade 3 25 - 49.999 <1% <1%
  Grade 4 <25 0% 0%
Blood chemistry
Fasting (non-random) serum glucose test (mg/dL)
  Grade 2 126 - 250 4% 5%
  Grade 3 251 - 500 1% 1%
  Grade 4 >500 0% 0%
Total serum bilirubin
  Grade 2 1.6 - 2.5 × ULN 5% 0%
  Grade 3 2.6 - 5.0 × ULN 1% 0%
  Grade 4 >5.0 × ULN <1% 0%
Serum aspartate aminotransferase
  Grade 2 2.6 - 5.0 × ULN 5% 7%
  Grade 3 5.1 - 10.0 × ULN 3% 3%
  Grade 4 >10.0 × ULN 1% <1%
Serum alanine aminotransferase
  Grade 2 2.6 - 5.0 × ULN 10% 9%
  Grade 3 5.1 - 10.0 × ULN 1% 2%
  Grade 4 >10.0 × ULN 1% 1%
Serum alkaline phosphatase
  Grade 2 2.6 - 5.0 × ULN 1% 3%
  Grade 3 5.1 - 10.0 × ULN 0% <1%
  Grade 4 >10.0 × ULN 0% <1%

Lipids, Change from Baseline

Changes from baseline in fasting lipids are shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Lipid Values, Mean Change from Baseline, Protocol 021
Laboratory Parameter Preferred Term ISENTRESS 400 mg
Twice Daily + Emtricitabine (+) Tenofovir
N = 281
Efavirenz 600 mg
At Bedtime + Emtricitabine (+) Tenofovir
N = 282
Change from Baseline at
Week 144
Change from Baseline at
Week 144
Baseline Mean
(mg/dL)
Week 144 Mean
(mg/dL)
Mean Change
 
(mg/dL)
Baseline Mean
(mg/dL)
Week 144 Mean
(mg/dL)
Mean Change
 
(mg/dL)
Notes:
N = Number of subjects in the treatment group. The analysis is based on all available data.
If subjects initiated or increased serum lipid-reducing agents, the last available lipid values prior to the change in therapy were used in the analysis. If the missing data was due to other reasons, subjects were censored thereafter for the analysis. At baseline, serum lipid-reducing agents were used in 5% of subjects in the group receiving ISENTRESS and 3% in the efavirenz group. Through Week 144, serum lipid-reducing agents were used in 9% of subjects in the group receiving ISENTRESS and 10% in the efavirenz group.
Fasting (non-random) laboratory tests at Week 144.
LDL-Cholesterol* 97 105 7 92 115 22
HDL-Cholesterol* 38 43 4 38 48 11
Total Cholesterol* 160 172 13 156 195 39
Triglyceride* 126 127 1 139 173 35
6.2 Clinical Trials Experience: Treatment-Experienced Adults

The safety assessment of ISENTRESS in treatment-experienced subjects is based on the pooled safety data from the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, BENCHMRK 1 and BENCHMRK 2 (Protocols 018 and 019) in antiretroviral treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected adult subjects. A total of 462 subjects received the recommended dose of ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily in combination with optimized background therapy (OBT) compared to 237 subjects taking placebo in combination with OBT. The median duration of therapy in these trials was 96 weeks for subjects receiving ISENTRESS and 38 weeks for subjects receiving placebo. The total exposure to ISENTRESS was 708 patient-years versus 244 patient-years on placebo. The rates of discontinuation due to adverse events were 4% in subjects receiving ISENTRESS and 5% in subjects receiving placebo.

Clinical ADRs were considered by investigators to be causally related to ISENTRESS + OBT or placebo + OBT. Clinical ADRs of moderate to severe intensity occurring in ≥2% of subjects treated with ISENTRESS and occurring at a higher rate compared to placebo are presented in Table 5.

Table 5: Adverse Drug Reactions* of Moderate to Severe Intensity† Occurring in ≥2% of Treatment-Experienced Adult Subjects Receiving ISENTRESS and at a Higher Rate Compared to Placebo (96 Week Analysis)
System Organ Class, Adverse Reactions Randomized Studies Protocol 018 and 019
ISENTRESS 400 mg Twice Daily + OBT
(n = 462)
Placebo + OBT
(n = 237)
Includes adverse reactions at least possibly, probably, or definitely related to the drug.
Intensities are defined as follows: Moderate (discomfort enough to cause interference with usual activity); Severe (incapacitating with inability to work or do usual activity).
n=total number of subjects per treatment group.
Nervous System Disorders
Headache 2% <1%

Laboratory Abnormalities

The percentages of adult subjects treated with ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily or placebo in Protocols 018 and 019 with selected Grade 2 to 4 laboratory abnormalities representing a worsening Grade from baseline are presented in Table 6.

Table 6: Selected Grade 2 to 4 Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in Treatment-Experienced Subjects (96 Week Analysis)
Randomized Studies Protocol 018 and 019
Laboratory Parameter Preferred Term (Unit) Limit ISENTRESS 400 mg Twice Daily + OBT
(N = 462)
Placebo
+
OBT
(N = 237)
ULN = Upper limit of normal range
Hematology
Absolute neutrophil count (103/µL)
  Grade 2 0.75 - 0.999 4% 5%
  Grade 3 0.50 - 0.749 3% 3%
  Grade 4 <0.50 1% <1%
Hemoglobin (gm/dL)
  Grade 2 7.5 - 8.4 1% 3%
  Grade 3 6.5 - 7.4 1% 1%
  Grade 4 <6.5 <1% 0%
Platelet count (103/µL)
  Grade 2 50 - 99.999 3% 5%
  Grade 3 25 - 49.999 1% <1%
  Grade 4 <25 1% <1%
Blood chemistry
Fasting (non-random) serum glucose test (mg/dL)
  Grade 2 126 - 250 10% 7%
  Grade 3 251 - 500 3% 1%
  Grade 4 >500 0% 0%
Total serum bilirubin
  Grade 2 1.6 - 2.5 × ULN 6% 3%
  Grade 3 2.6 - 5.0 × ULN 3% 3%
  Grade 4 >5.0 × ULN 1% 0%
Serum aspartate aminotransferase
  Grade 2 2.6 - 5.0 × ULN 9% 7%
  Grade 3 5.1 - 10.0 × ULN 4% 3%
  Grade 4 >10.0 × ULN 1% 1%
Serum alanine aminotransferase
  Grade 2 2.6 - 5.0 × ULN 9% 9%
  Grade 3 5.1 - 10.0 × ULN 4% 2%
  Grade 4 >10.0 × ULN 1% 2%
Serum alkaline phosphatase
  Grade 2 2.6 - 5.0 × ULN 2% <1%
  Grade 3 5.1 - 10.0 × ULN <1% 1%
  Grade 4 >10.0 × ULN 1% <1%
Serum pancreatic amylase test
  Grade 2 1.6 - 2.0 × ULN 2% 1%
  Grade 3 2.1 - 5.0 × ULN 4% 3%
  Grade 4 >5.0 × ULN <1% <1%
Serum lipase test
  Grade 2 1.6 - 3.0 × ULN 5% 4%
  Grade 3 3.1 - 5.0 × ULN 2% 1%
  Grade 4 >5.0 × ULN 0% 0%
Serum creatine kinase
  Grade 2 6.0 - 9.9 × ULN 2% 2%
  Grade 3 10.0 - 19.9 × ULN 4% 3%
  Grade 4 ≥20.0 × ULN 3% 1%

Less Common Adverse Reactions Observed in Treatment-Naïve and Treatment-Experienced Studies

The following ADRs occurred in <2% of treatment-naïve or treatment-experienced subjects receiving ISENTRESS in a combination regimen. These events have been included because of their seriousness, increased frequency on ISENTRESS compared with efavirenz or placebo, or investigator's assessment of potential causal relationship.

Gastrointestinal Disorders: abdominal pain, gastritis, dyspepsia, vomiting

General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: asthenia

Hepatobiliary Disorders: hepatitis

Immune System Disorders: hypersensitivity

Infections and Infestations: genital herpes, herpes zoster

Nervous System Disorders: dizziness

Psychiatric Disorders: depression (particularly in subjects with a pre-existing history of psychiatric illness), including suicidal ideation and behaviors

Renal and Urinary Disorders: nephrolithiasis, renal failure

6.3 Selected Adverse Events

Cancers were reported in treatment-experienced subjects who initiated ISENTRESS or placebo, both with OBT, and in treatment-naïve subjects who initiated ISENTRESS or efavirenz, both with emtricitabine (+) tenofovir; several were recurrent. The types and rates of specific cancers were those expected in a highly immunodeficient population (many had CD4+ counts below 50 cells/mm3 and most had prior AIDS diagnoses). The risk of developing cancer in these studies was similar in the group receiving ISENTRESS and the group receiving the comparator.

Grade 2-4 creatine kinase laboratory abnormalities were observed in subjects treated with ISENTRESS (see Table 6). Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis have been reported. Use with caution in patients at increased risk of myopathy or rhabdomyolysis, such as patients receiving concomitant medications known to cause these conditions.

Rash occurred more commonly in treatment-experienced subjects receiving regimens containing ISENTRESS + darunavir/ritonavir compared to subjects receiving ISENTRESS without darunavir/ritonavir or darunavir/ritonavir without ISENTRESS. However, rash that was considered drug related occurred at similar rates for all three groups. These rashes were mild to moderate in severity and did not limit therapy; there were no discontinuations due to rash.

6.4 Patients with Co-existing Conditions

Patients Co-infected with Hepatitis B and/or Hepatitis C Virus

In the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, treatment-experienced subjects (N = 114/699 or 16%) and treatment-naïve subjects (N = 34/563 or 6%) with chronic (but not acute) active hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C virus co-infection were permitted to enroll provided that baseline liver function tests did not exceed 5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN). In general the safety profile of ISENTRESS in subjects with hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C virus co-infection was similar to that in subjects without hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C virus co-infection, although the rates of AST and ALT abnormalities were higher in the subgroup with hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C virus co-infection for all treatment groups. In treatment-experienced subjects, Grade 2 or higher laboratory abnormalities that represent a worsening Grade from baseline of AST, ALT or total bilirubin occurred in 29%, 34% and 13%, respectively, of co-infected subjects treated with ISENTRESS as compared to 11%, 10% and 9% of all other subjects treated with ISENTRESS. In treatment-naïve subjects, Grade 2 or higher laboratory abnormalities that represent a worsening Grade from baseline of AST, ALT or total bilirubin occurred in 17%, 33% and 17%, respectively, of co-infected subjects treated with ISENTRESS as compared to 8%, 10% and 5% of all other subjects treated with ISENTRESS.

6.5 Clinical Trials Experience: Pediatrics

ISENTRESS has been studied in 126 antiretroviral treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected children and adolescents 2 through 18 years of age, in combination with other antiretroviral agents in IMPAACT P1066 [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4) and Clinical Studies (14.3)]. Of the 126 patients, 96 received the recommended dose of ISENTRESS.

In these 96 children and adolescents, frequency, type and severity of drug related adverse reactions through Week 24 were comparable to those observed in adults.

One patient experienced drug related clinical adverse reactions of Grade 3 psychomotor hyperactivity, abnormal behavior and insomnia; one patient experienced a Grade 2 serious drug related allergic rash.

One patient experienced drug related laboratory abnormalities, Grade 4 AST and Grade 3 ALT, which were considered serious.

6.6 Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of ISENTRESS. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: thrombocytopenia

Gastrointestinal Disorders: diarrhea

Hepatobiliary Disorders: hepatic failure (with and without associated hypersensitivity) in patients with underlying liver disease and/or concomitant medications

Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: rhabdomyolysis

Nervous System Disorders: cerebellar ataxia

Psychiatric Disorders: anxiety, paranoia

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

7.1 Effect of Raltegravir on the Pharmacokinetics of Other Agents

Raltegravir does not inhibit (IC50>100 µM) CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 or CYP3A in vitro. Moreover, in vitro, raltegravir did not induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6 or CYP3A4. A midazolam drug interaction study confirmed the low propensity of raltegravir to alter the pharmacokinetics of agents metabolized by CYP3A4 in vivo by demonstrating a lack of effect of raltegravir on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam, a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate. Similarly, raltegravir is not an inhibitor (IC50>50 µM) of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) tested (UGT1A1, UGT2B7), and raltegravir does not inhibit P-glycoprotein-mediated transport. Based on these data, ISENTRESS is not expected to affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are substrates of these enzymes or P-glycoprotein (e.g., protease inhibitors, NNRTIs, opioid analgesics, statins, azole antifungals, proton pump inhibitors and anti-erectile dysfunction agents).

In drug interaction studies, raltegravir did not have a clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics of the following: hormonal contraceptives, methadone, lamivudine, tenofovir, etravirine, darunavir/ritonavir.

7.2 Effect of Other Agents on the Pharmacokinetics of Raltegravir

Raltegravir is not a substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Based on in vivo and in vitro studies, raltegravir is eliminated mainly by metabolism via a UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation pathway.

Rifampin, a strong inducer of UGT1A1, reduces plasma concentrations of ISENTRESS. Therefore, in adults the dose of ISENTRESS should be increased during coadministration with rifampin. There are no data to guide co-administration of ISENTRESS with rifampin in patients below 18 years of age [see Dosage and Administration (2)]. The impact of other inducers of drug metabolizing enzymes, such as phenytoin and phenobarbital, on UGT1A1 is unknown.

Coadministration of ISENTRESS with drugs that inhibit UGT1A1 may increase plasma levels of raltegravir.

All interaction studies were performed in adults.

Selected drug interactions are presented in Table 7 [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Table 7: Selected Drug Interactions in Adults
Concomitant Drug Class:
Drug Name
Effect on Concentration of Raltegravir Clinical Comment
HIV-1-Antiviral Agents
atazanavir Atazanavir, a strong inhibitor of UGT1A1, increases plasma concentrations of raltegravir. However, since concomitant use of ISENTRESS with atazanavir/ritonavir did not result in a unique safety signal in Phase 3 studies, no dose adjustment is recommended.
atazanavir/ritonavir Atazanavir/ritonavir increases plasma concentrations of raltegravir. However, since concomitant use of ISENTRESS with atazanavir/ritonavir did not result in a unique safety signal in Phase 3 studies, no dose adjustment is recommended.
efavirenz Efavirenz reduces plasma concentrations of raltegravir. The clinical significance of this interaction has not been directly assessed.
etravirine Etravirine reduces plasma concentrations of raltegravir. The clinical significance of this interaction has not been directly assessed.
tipranavir/ritonavir Tipranavir/ritonavir reduces plasma concentrations of raltegravir. However, since comparable efficacy was observed for this combination relative to other ISENTRESS-containing regimens in Phase 3 studies 018 and 019, no dose adjustment is recommended.
Other Agents
omeprazole Coadministration of medicinal products that increase gastric pH (e.g., omeprazole) may increase raltegravir levels based on increased raltegravir solubility at higher pH. However, since concomitant use of ISENTRESS with proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers did not result in a unique safety signal in Phase 3 studies, no dose adjustment is recommended.
rifampin Rifampin, a strong inducer of UGT1A1, reduces plasma concentrations of raltegravir. The recommended dosage of ISENTRESS is 800 mg twice daily during coadministration with rifampin.
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category C

ISENTRESS should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. In addition, there have been no pharmacokinetic studies conducted in pregnant patients.

Developmental toxicity studies were performed in rabbits (at oral doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day) and rats (at oral doses up to 600 mg/kg/day). The reproductive toxicity study in rats was performed with pre-, peri-, and postnatal evaluation. The highest doses in these studies produced systemic exposures in these species approximately 3- to 4-fold the exposure at the recommended human dose. In both rabbits and rats, no treatment-related effects on embryonic/fetal survival or fetal weights were observed. In addition, no treatment-related external, visceral, or skeletal changes were observed in rabbits. However, treatment-related increases over controls in the incidence of supernumerary ribs were seen in rats at 600 mg/kg/day (exposures 3-fold the exposure at the recommended human dose).

Placenta transfer of drug was demonstrated in both rats and rabbits. At a maternal dose of 600 mg/kg/day in rats, mean drug concentrations in fetal plasma were approximately 1.5- to 2.5-fold greater than in maternal plasma at 1 hour and 24 hours postdose, respectively. Mean drug concentrations in fetal plasma were approximately 2% of the mean maternal concentration at both 1 and 24 hours postdose at a maternal dose of 1000 mg/kg/day in rabbits.

Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry

To monitor maternal-fetal outcomes of pregnant patients exposed to ISENTRESS, an Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has been established. Physicians are encouraged to register patients by calling 1-800-258-4263.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

Breastfeeding is not recommended while taking ISENTRESS. In addition, it is recommended that HIV-1-infected mothers not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV-1.

It is not known whether raltegravir is secreted in human milk. However, raltegravir is secreted in the milk of lactating rats. Mean drug concentrations in milk were approximately 3-fold greater than those in maternal plasma at a maternal dose of 600 mg/kg/day in rats. There were no effects in rat offspring attributable to exposure of ISENTRESS through the milk.

8.4 Pediatric Use

The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic profile, and efficacy of ISENTRESS were evaluated in HIV-1 infected children and adolescents 2 to 18 years of age in an open-label, multicenter clinical trial, IMPAACT P1066 [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) and Clinical Studies (14.3)]. The safety profile was comparable to that observed in adults [see Adverse Reactions (6.5)]. See Dosage and Administration (2.3) for dosing recommendations for children 2 years of age and older. Safety and effectiveness of ISENTRESS in children under 2 years of age have not been established.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of ISENTRESS did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

8.6 Use in Patients with Hepatic Impairment

No clinically important pharmacokinetic differences between subjects with moderate hepatic impairment and healthy subjects were observed. No dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. The effect of severe hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir has not been studied [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

8.7 Use in Patients with Renal Impairment

No clinically important pharmacokinetic differences between subjects with severe renal impairment and healthy subjects were observed. No dosage adjustment is necessary [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

10 OVERDOSAGE

No specific information is available on the treatment of overdosage with ISENTRESS. Doses as high as 1600-mg single dose and 800-mg twice-daily multiple doses were studied in healthy volunteers without evidence of toxicity. Occasional doses of up to 1800 mg per day were taken in the clinical studies of HIV-1 infected subjects without evidence of toxicity.

In the event of an overdose, it is reasonable to employ the standard supportive measures, e.g., remove unabsorbed material from the gastrointestinal tract, employ clinical monitoring (including obtaining an electrocardiogram), and institute supportive therapy if required. The extent to which ISENTRESS may be dialyzable is unknown.

11 DESCRIPTION

ISENTRESS contains raltegravir potassium, a human immunodeficiency virus integrase strand transfer inhibitor. The chemical name for raltegravir potassium is N-[(4-Fluorophenyl)methyl]-1,6-dihydro-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-[1-methyl-1-[[(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)carbonyl]amino]ethyl]-6-oxo-4-pyrimidinecarboxamide monopotassium salt.

The empirical formula is C20H20FKN6O5 and the molecular weight is 482.51. The structural formula is:

Raltegravir potassium is a white to off-white powder. It is soluble in water, slightly soluble in methanol, very slightly soluble in ethanol and acetonitrile and insoluble in isopropanol.

Each 400 mg film-coated tablet of ISENTRESS for oral administration contains 434.4 mg of raltegravir (as potassium salt), equivalent to 400 mg of raltegravir free phenol and the following inactive ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, calcium phosphate dibasic anhydrous, hypromellose 2208, poloxamer 407 (contains 0.01% butylated hydroxytoluene as antioxidant), sodium stearyl fumarate, magnesium stearate. In addition, the film coating contains the following inactive ingredients: polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol 3350, talc, red iron oxide and black iron oxide.

Each 100 mg chewable tablet of ISENTRESS for oral administration contains 108.6 mg of raltegravir (as potassium salt), equivalent to 100 mg of raltegravir free phenol and the following inactive ingredients: hydroxypropyl cellulose, sucralose, saccharin sodium, sodium citrate dihydrate, mannitol, red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, sorbitol, fructose, natural and artificial flavors (orange, banana, and masking that contains aspartame), crospovidone, magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, ethylcellulose 20 cP, ammonium hydroxide, medium chain triglycerides, oleic acid, hypromellose 2910/6cP, PEG 400.

Each 25 mg chewable tablet of ISENTRESS for oral administration contains 27.16 mg of raltegravir (as potassium salt), equivalent to 25 mg of raltegravir free phenol and the following inactive ingredients: hydroxypropyl cellulose, sucralose, saccharin sodium, sodium citrate dihydrate, mannitol, yellow iron oxide, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, sorbitol, fructose, natural and artificial flavors (orange, banana, and masking that contains aspartame), crospovidone, magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, ethylcellulose 20 cP, ammonium hydroxide, medium chain triglycerides, oleic acid, hypromellose 2910/6cP, PEG 400.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Raltegravir is an HIV-1 antiviral drug [see Microbiology (12.4)].

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

In a monotherapy study raltegravir (400 mg twice daily) demonstrated rapid antiviral activity with mean viral load reduction of 1.66 log10 copies/mL by Day 10.

In the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial, Protocol 005, and Protocols 018 and 019, antiviral responses were similar among subjects regardless of dose.

Effects on Electrocardiogram

In a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 31 healthy subjects were administered a single oral supratherapeutic dose of raltegravir 1600 mg and placebo. Peak raltegravir plasma concentrations were approximately 4-fold higher than the peak concentrations following a 400 mg dose. ISENTRESS did not appear to prolong the QTc interval for 12 hours postdose. After baseline and placebo adjustment, the maximum mean QTc change was -0.4 msec (1-sided 95% upper Cl: 3.1 msec).

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Adults

Absorption

Raltegravir (film-coated tablet) is absorbed with a Tmax of approximately 3 hours postdose in the fasted state. Raltegravir AUC and Cmax increase dose proportionally over the dose range 100 mg to 1600 mg. Raltegravir C12hr increases dose proportionally over the dose range of 100 to 800 mg and increases slightly less than dose proportionally over the dose range 100 mg to 1600 mg. With twice-daily dosing, pharmacokinetic steady state is achieved within approximately the first 2 days of dosing. There is little to no accumulation in AUC and Cmax. The average accumulation ratio for C12hr ranged from approximately 1.2 to 1.6.

The absolute bioavailability of raltegravir has not been established. Based on a formulation comparison study in healthy adult volunteers, the chewable tablet has higher oral bioavailability compared to the 400 mg film-coated tablet.

In subjects who received 400 mg twice daily alone, raltegravir drug exposures were characterized by a geometric mean AUC0-12hr of 14.3 µM∙hr and C12hr of 142 nM.

Considerable variability was observed in the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir. For observed C12hr in Protocols 018 and 019, the coefficient of variation (CV) for inter-subject variability = 212% and the CV for intra-subject variability = 122%.

Effect of Food on Oral Absorption

ISENTRESS may be administered with or without food. Raltegravir was administered without regard to food in the pivotal safety and efficacy studies in HIV-1-infected patients. The effect of consumption of low-, moderate- and high-fat meals on steady-state raltegravir pharmacokinetics was assessed in healthy volunteers administered the 400 mg film-coated tablet. Administration of multiple doses of raltegravir following a moderate-fat meal (600 Kcal, 21 g fat) did not affect raltegravir AUC to a clinically meaningful degree with an increase of 13% relative to fasting. Raltegravir C12hr was 66% higher and Cmax was 5% higher following a moderate-fat meal compared to fasting. Administration of raltegravir following a high-fat meal (825 Kcal, 52 g fat) increased AUC and Cmax by approximately 2-fold and increased C12hr by 4.1-fold. Administration of raltegravir following a low-fat meal (300 Kcal, 2.5 g fat) decreased AUC and Cmax by 46% and 52%, respectively; C12hr was essentially unchanged. Food appears to increase pharmacokinetic variability relative to fasting.

Administration of the chewable tablet with a high fat meal led to an average 6% decrease in AUC, 62% decrease in Cmax, and 188% increase in C12hr compared to administration in the fasted state. Administration of the chewable tablet with a high fat meal does not affect raltegravir pharmacokinetics to a clinically meaningful degree and the chewable tablet can be administered without regard to food.

Distribution

Raltegravir is approximately 83% bound to human plasma protein over the concentration range of 2 to 10 µM.

Metabolism and Excretion

The apparent terminal half-life of raltegravir is approximately 9 hours, with a shorter α-phase half-life (~1 hour) accounting for much of the AUC. Following administration of an oral dose of radiolabeled raltegravir, approximately 51 and 32% of the dose was excreted in feces and urine, respectively. In feces, only raltegravir was present, most of which is likely derived from hydrolysis of raltegravir-glucuronide secreted in bile as observed in preclinical species. Two components, namely raltegravir and raltegravir-glucuronide, were detected in urine and accounted for approximately 9 and 23% of the dose, respectively. The major circulating entity was raltegravir and represented approximately 70% of the total radioactivity; the remaining radioactivity in plasma was accounted for by raltegravir-glucuronide. Studies using isoform-selective chemical inhibitors and cDNA-expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) show that UGT1A1 is the main enzyme responsible for the formation of raltegravir-glucuronide. Thus, the data indicate that the major mechanism of clearance of raltegravir in humans is UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation.

Special Populations

Pediatric

The doses recommended for HIV-infected children and adolescents 2 to 18 years of age [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)] resulted in a pharmacokinetic profile of raltegravir similar to that observed in adults receiving 400 mg twice daily. Table 8 displays steady state pharmacokinetic parameters in the 400 mg film-coated tablet (6 to 18 years of age) and the chewable tablet (2 to less than 12 years of age).

Table 8: Raltegravir Steady State Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Administration of Recommended Doses
Age Formulation Dose N* Geometric Mean
(%CV)

AUC0-12hr (µM∙hr)
Geometric Mean
(%CV)

C12hr (nM)
Number of patients with intensive pharmacokinetic (PK) results at the final recommended dose.
Patients in this age group received approximately 8 mg/kg/dose at time of intensive PK which met PK and safety targets. Based on review of the individual profiles and receipt of a mean dose of 390 mg, 400 mg twice daily was selected as the recommended dose for this age group.
12 to 18 years Film-coated tablet 400 mg twice daily, regardless of weight† 11 15.7 (98%) 333 (78%)
6 to less than 12 years Film-coated tablet 400 mg twice daily, for patients ≥25 kg 11 15.8 (120%) 246 (221%)
6 to less than 12 years Chewable tablet Weight based dosing, see Table 1 10 22.6 (34%) 130 (88%)
2 to less than 6 years Chewable tablet Weight based dosing, see Table 1 12 18.0 (59%) 71 (55%)

The pharmacokinetics of raltegravir in children under 2 years of age has not been established.

Age

The effect of age (18 years and older) on the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir was evaluated in the composite analysis. No dosage adjustment is necessary.

Race

The effect of race on the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir in adults was evaluated in the composite analysis. No dosage adjustment is necessary.

Gender

A study of the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir was performed in healthy adult males and females. Additionally, the effect of gender was evaluated in a composite analysis of pharmacokinetic data from 103 healthy subjects and 28 HIV-1 infected subjects receiving raltegravir monotherapy with fasted administration. No dosage adjustment is necessary.

Hepatic Impairment

Raltegravir is eliminated primarily by glucuronidation in the liver. A study of the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir was performed in adult subjects with moderate hepatic impairment. Additionally, hepatic impairment was evaluated in the composite pharmacokinetic analysis. There were no clinically important pharmacokinetic differences between subjects with moderate hepatic impairment and healthy subjects. No dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. The effect of severe hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir has not been studied.

Renal Impairment

Renal clearance of unchanged drug is a minor pathway of elimination. A study of the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir was performed in adult subjects with severe renal impairment. Additionally, renal impairment was evaluated in the composite pharmacokinetic analysis. There were no clinically important pharmacokinetic differences between subjects with severe renal impairment and healthy subjects. No dosage adjustment is necessary. Because the extent to which ISENTRESS may be dialyzable is unknown, dosing before a dialysis session should be avoided.

UGT1A1 Polymorphism

There is no evidence that common UGT1A1 polymorphisms alter raltegravir pharmacokinetics to a clinically meaningful extent. In a comparison of 30 adult subjects with *28/*28 genotype (associated with reduced activity of UGT1A1) to 27 adult subjects with wild-type genotype, the geometric mean ratio (90% CI) of AUC was 1.41 (0.96, 2.09).

Drug Interactions [see Drug Interactions (7)]

Table 9: Effect of Other Agents on the Pharmacokinetics of Raltegravir in Adults
Coadministered Drug Coadministered Drug Dose/Schedule Raltegravir
Dose/Schedule
Ratio (90% Confidence Interval) of Raltegravir Pharmacokinetic Parameters with/without Coadministered Drug;
No Effect = 1.00
n Cmax AUC Cmin
atazanavir 400 mg daily 100 mg single dose 10 1.53
(1.11, 2.12)
1.72
(1.47, 2.02)
1.95
(1.30, 2.92)
atazanavir/ritonavir 300 mg/100 mg daily 400 mg twice daily 10 1.24
(0.87, 1.77)
1.41
(1.12, 1.78)
1.77
(1.39, 2.25)
efavirenz 600 mg daily 400 mg single dose 9 0.64
(0.41, 0.98)
0.64
(0.52, 0.80)
0.79
(0.49, 1.28)
etravirine 200 mg twice daily 400 mg twice daily 19 0.89
(0.68, 1.15)
0.90
(0.68, 1.18)
0.66
(0.34, 1.26)
omeprazole 20 mg daily 400 mg single dose 14
(10 for AUC)
4.15
(2.82, 6.10)
3.12
(2.13, 4.56)
1.46
(1.10, 1.93)
rifampin 600 mg daily 400 mg single dose 9 0.62
(0.37, 1.04)
0.60
(0.39, 0.91)
0.39
(0.30, 0.51)
rifampin 600 mg daily 400 mg twice daily when administered alone; 800 mg twice daily when administered with rifampin 14 1.62
(1.12, 2.33)
1.27
(0.94, 1.71)
0.47
(0.36, 0.61)
ritonavir 100 mg twice daily 400 mg single dose 10 0.76
(0.55, 1.04)
0.84
(0.70, 1.01)
0.99
(0.70, 1.40)
tenofovir 300 mg daily 400 mg twice daily 9 1.64
(1.16, 2.32)
1.49
(1.15, 1.94)
1.03
(0.73, 1.45)
tipranavir/ritonavir 500 mg/200 mg twice daily 400 mg twice daily 15
(14 for Cmin)
0.82
(0.46, 1.46)
0.76
(0.49, 1.19)
0.45
(0.31, 0.66)
12.4 Microbiology

Mechanism of Action

Raltegravir inhibits the catalytic activity of HIV-1 integrase, an HIV-1 encoded enzyme that is required for viral replication. Inhibition of integrase prevents the covalent insertion, or integration, of unintegrated linear HIV-1 DNA into the host cell genome preventing the formation of the HIV-1 provirus. The provirus is required to direct the production of progeny virus, so inhibiting integration prevents propagation of the viral infection. Raltegravir did not significantly inhibit human phosphoryltransferases including DNA polymerases α, β, and γ.

Antiviral Activity in Cell Culture

Raltegravir at concentrations of 31 ± 20 nM resulted in 95% inhibition (EC95) of viral spread (relative to an untreated virus-infected culture) in human T-lymphoid cell cultures infected with the cell-line adapted HIV-1 variant H9IIIB. In addition, 5 clinical isolates of HIV-1 subtype B had EC95 values ranging from 9 to 19 nM in cultures of mitogen-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In a single-cycle infection assay, raltegravir inhibited infection of 23 HIV-1 isolates representing 5 non-B subtypes (A, C, D, F, and G) and 5 circulating recombinant forms (AE, AG, BF, BG, and cpx) with EC50 values ranging from 5 to 12 nM. Raltegravir also inhibited replication of an HIV-2 isolate when tested in CEMx174 cells (EC95 value = 6 nM). Additive to synergistic antiretroviral activity was observed when human T-lymphoid cells infected with the H9IIIB variant of HIV-1 were incubated with raltegravir in combination with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (delavirdine, efavirenz, or nevirapine); nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (abacavir, didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, tenofovir, zalcitabine, or zidovudine); protease inhibitors (amprenavir, atazanavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, or saquinavir); or the entry inhibitor enfuvirtide.

Resistance

The mutations observed in the HIV-1 integrase coding sequence that contributed to raltegravir resistance (evolved either in cell culture or in subjects treated with raltegravir) generally included an amino acid substitution at either Y143 (changed to C, H, or R) or Q148 (changed to H, K, or R) or N155 (changed to H) plus one or more additional substitutions (i.e., L74M, E92Q, Q95K/R, T97A, E138A/K, G140A/S, V151I, G163R, H183P, Y226C/D/F/H, S230R, and D232N).

Treatment-Naïve Adult Subjects: By Week 96 in the STARTMRK trial, the primary raltegravir resistance-associated substitutions were observed in 4 (2 with Y143H/R and 2 with Q148H/R) of the 10 virologic failure subjects with evaluable genotypic data from paired baseline and raltegravir treatment-failure isolates.

Treatment-Experienced Adult Subjects: By Week 96 in the BENCHMRK trials, at least one of the primary raltegravir resistance-associated substitutions, Y143C/H/R, Q148H/K/R, and N155H, was observed in 76 of the 112 virologic failure subjects with evaluable genotypic data from paired baseline and raltegravir treatment-failure isolates. The emergence of the primary raltegravir resistance-associated substitutions was observed cumulatively in 70 subjects by Week 48 and 78 subjects by Week 96, 15.2% and 17% of the raltegravir recipients, respectively. Some (n=58) of those HIV-1 isolates harboring one or more of the primary raltegravir resistance-associated substitutions were evaluated for raltegravir susceptibility yielding a median decrease of 26.3-fold (mean 48.9 ± 44.8-fold decrease, ranging from 0.8- to 159-fold) compared to the wild-type reference.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenicity studies of raltegravir in mice did not show any carcinogenic potential. At the highest dose levels, 400 mg/kg/day in females and 250 mg/kg/day in males, systemic exposure was 1.8-fold (females) or 1.2-fold (males) greater than the AUC (54 µM∙hr) at the 400-mg twice daily human dose. Treatment-related squamous cell carcinoma of nose/nasopharynx was observed in female rats dosed with 600 mg/kg/day raltegravir for 104 weeks. These tumors were possibly the result of local irritation and inflammation due to local deposition and/or aspiration of drug in the mucosa of the nose/nasopharynx during dosing. No tumors of the nose/nasopharynx were observed in rats dosed with 150 mg/kg/day (males) and 50 mg/kg/day (females) and the systemic exposure in rats was 1.7-fold (males) to 1.4-fold (females) greater than the AUC (54 μM∙hr) at the 400-mg twice daily human dose.

No evidence of mutagenicity or genotoxicity was observed in in vitro microbial mutagenesis (Ames) tests, in vitro alkaline elution assays for DNA breakage, and in vitro and in vivo chromosomal aberration studies.

No effect on fertility was seen in male and female rats at doses up to 600 mg/kg/day which resulted in a 3-fold exposure above the exposure at the recommended human dose.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

Description of Clinical Studies

The evidence of durable efficacy of ISENTRESS is based on the analyses of 156-week data from an ongoing, randomized, double-blind, active-control trial, STARTMRK (Protocol 021) in antiretroviral treatment-naïve HIV-1 infected adult subjects and 96-week data from 2 ongoing, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, BENCHMRK 1 and BENCHMRK 2 (Protocols 018 and 019), in antiretroviral treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected adult subjects.

14.1 Treatment-Naïve Adult Subjects

STARTMRK (Protocol 021) is a Phase 3 study to evaluate the safety and antiretroviral activity of ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily + emtricitabine (+) tenofovir versus efavirenz 600 mg at bedtime plus emtricitabine (+) tenofovir in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected subjects with HIV-1 RNA >5000 copies/mL. Randomization was stratified by screening HIV-1 RNA level (≤50,000 copies/mL; and >50,000 copies/mL) and by hepatitis status.

Table 10 shows the demographic characteristics of subjects in the group receiving ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily and subjects in the comparator group.

Table 10: Baseline Characteristics
Randomized Study
Protocol 021
ISENTRESS
400 mg Twice Daily
(N = 281)
Efavirenz
600 mg At Bedtime
(N = 282)
Notes:
ISENTRESS and Efavirenz were administered with emtricitabine (+) tenofovir
N = Number of subjects in each group.
*
Includes additional subjects identified as having a history of AIDS.
Non-Clade B Subtypes (# of subjects): Clade A (4), A/C (1), A/G (2), A1 (1), AE (29), AG (12), BF (6), C (37), D (2), F (2), F1 (5), G (2), Complex (3).
Evidence of hepatitis B surface antigen or evidence of HCV RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) quantitative test for hepatitis C Virus.
Gender
  Male 81% 82%
  Female 19% 18%
Race
  White 41% 44%
  Black 12% 8%
  Asian 13% 11%
  Hispanic 21% 24%
  Native American <1% <1%
  Multiracial 12% 13%
Region
  Latin America 35% 34%
  Southeast Asia 12% 10%
  North America 29% 32%
  EU/Australia 23% 23%
Age (years)
  18-64 99% 99%
  ≥65 1% 1%
  Mean (SD) 38 (9) 37 (10)
  Median (min, max) 37 (19 to 67) 36 (19 to 71)
CD4+ Cell Count (cells/microL)
  Mean (SD) 219 (124) 217 (134)
  Median (min, max) 212 (1 to 620) 204 (4 to 807)
Plasma HIV-1 RNA (log10 copies/mL)
  Mean (SD) 5 (1) 5 (1)
  Median (min, max) 5 (3 to 6) 5 (4 to 6)
Plasma HIV-1 RNA (copies/mL)
  Geometric Mean 103205 106215
  Median (min, max) 114000 (400 to 750000) 104000 (4410 to 750000)
History of AIDS*
  Yes 19% 21%
Viral Subtype
  Clade B 78% 82%
  Non-Clade B† 21% 17%
Baseline Plasma HIV-1 RNA
  ≤100,000 copies/mL 45% 49%
  >100,000 copies/mL 55% 51%
Baseline CD4+ Cell Counts
  ≤50 cells/mm3 10% 11%
  >50 cells/mm3 and ≤200 cells/mm3 37% 37%
  >200 cells/mm3 53% 51%
Hepatitis Status
  Hepatitis B or C Positive‡ 6% 6%

Week 156 outcomes from Protocol 021 are shown in Table 11.

Table 11: Virologic Outcomes of Randomized Treatment of Protocol 021 at 156 Weeks
ISENTRESS
400 mg
Twice Daily
(N = 281)
Efavirenz
600 mg
At Bedtime
(N = 282)
Difference
(ISENTRESS – Efavirenz) (CI)
*
Includes subjects who discontinued prior to Week 156 for lack of efficacy or subjects who are ≥50 copies in the 156-week window.
Includes subjects who discontinued due to AE or Death at any time point from Day 1 through the Week 156 window if this resulted in no virologic data on treatment during Week 156 visit window.
Other includes: withdrew consent, loss to follow-up, moved etc., if the viral load at the time of discontinuation was <50 copies/mL.
Subjects with HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies/mL
76%

68%
7.4%
(-0.1%, 14.7%)
Virologic Failure* 9% 13%
No virologic data at Week 156
Window

Reasons
  Discontinued study due to AE or death†
4%

7%
  Discontinued study for other reasons‡
10%

10%
  Missing data during window but on study

1%

1%

The mean changes in CD4 count from baseline were 281 cells/mm3 in the group receiving ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily and 241 cells/mm3 in the group receiving Efavirenz 600 mg at bedtime.

14.2 Treatment-Experienced Adult Subjects

BENCHMRK 1 and BENCHMRK 2 are Phase 3 studies to evaluate the safety and antiretroviral activity of ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily in combination with an optimized background therapy (OBT), versus OBT alone, in HIV-1-infected subjects, 16 years or older, with documented resistance to at least 1 drug in each of 3 classes (NNRTIs, NRTIs, PIs) of antiretroviral therapies. Randomization was stratified by degree of resistance to PI (1PI vs. >1PI) and the use of enfuvirtide in the OBT. Prior to randomization, OBT was selected by the investigator based on genotypic/phenotypic resistance testing and prior ART history.

Table 12 shows the demographic characteristics of subjects in the group receiving ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily and subjects in the placebo group.

Table 12: Baseline Characteristics
Randomized Studies
Protocol 018 and 019
ISENTRESS 400 mg Twice Daily + OBT

(N = 462)
Placebo + OBT


(N = 237)

Hepatitis B virus surface antigen positive or hepatitis C virus antibody positive.

Gender
Male 88% 89%
Female 12% 11%
Race
White 65% 73%
Black 14% 11%
Asian 3% 3%
Hispanic 11% 8%
Others 6% 5%
Age (years)
Median (min, max) 45 (16 to 74) 45 (17 to 70)
CD4+ Cell Count
Median (min, max), cells/mm3 119 (1 to 792) 123 (0 to 759)
≤50 cells/mm3 32% 33%
>50 and ≤200 cells/mm3 37% 36%
Plasma HIV-1 RNA
Median (min, max), log10 copies/mL 4.8 (2 to 6) 4.7 (2 to 6)
>100,000 copies/mL 36% 33%
History of AIDS
Yes 92% 91%
Prior Use of ART, Median (1st Quartile, 3rd Quartile)
Years of ART Use 10 (7 to 12) 10 (8 to 12)
Number of ART 12 (9 to 15) 12 (9 to 14)
Hepatitis Co-infection*
No Hepatitis B or C virus 83% 84%
Hepatitis B virus only 8% 3%
Hepatitis C virus only 8% 12%
Co-infection of Hepatitis B and C virus 1% 1%
Stratum
Enfuvirtide in OBT 38% 38%
Resistant to ≥2 PI 97% 95%

Table 13 compares the characteristics of optimized background therapy at baseline in the group receiving ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily and subjects in the control group.

Table 13: Characteristics of Optimized Background Therapy at Baseline
Randomized Studies
Protocol 018 and 019
ISENTRESS 400 mg Twice Daily + OBT
(N = 462)
Placebo + OBT

(N = 237)
Darunavir use in OBT in darunavir-naïve subjects was counted as one active PI.
The Phenotypic Sensitivity Score (PSS) and the Genotypic Sensitivity Score (GSS) were defined as the total oral ARTs in OBT to which a subject's viral isolate showed phenotypic sensitivity and genotypic sensitivity, respectively, based upon phenotypic and genotypic resistance tests. Enfuvirtide use in OBT in enfuvirtide-naïve subjects was counted as one active drug in OBT in the GSS and PSS. Similarly, darunavir use in OBT in darunavir-naïve subjects was counted as one active drug in OBT.
Number of ARTs in OBT
Median (min, max) 4 (1 to 7) 4 (2 to 7)
Number of Active PI in OBT by Phenotypic Resistance Test*
0 36% 41%
1 or more 60% 58%
Phenotypic Sensitivity Score (PSS)†
0 15% 18%
1 31% 30%
2 31% 28%
3 or more 18% 20%
Genotypic Sensitivity Score (GSS)†
0 25% 27%
1 38% 40%
2 24% 21%
3 or more 11% 10%

Week 96 outcomes for the 699 subjects randomized and treated with the recommended dose of ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily or placebo in the pooled BENCHMRK 1 and 2 studies are shown in Table 14.

Table 14: Virologic Outcomes of Randomized Treatment of Protocols 018 and 019 at 96 Weeks (Pooled Analysis)
ISENTRESS
400 mg Twice Daily + OBT
(N = 462)
Placebo + OBT
(N = 237)
Includes subjects who switched to open-label raltegravir after Week 16 due to the protocol-defined virologic failure, subjects who discontinued prior to Week 96 for lack of efficacy, subjects changed OBT due to lack of efficacy prior to Week 96, or subjects who
were ≥50 copies in the 96 week window.
Includes subjects who discontinued due to AE or Death at any time point from Day 1 through the Week 96 window if this resulted in no virologic data on treatment during the Week 96 window.
Other includes: withdrew consent, loss to follow-up, moved etc., if the viral load at the time of discontinuation was <50 copies/mL.
Subjects with HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies/mL
55%

27%

Virologic Failure*

35%

66%
No virologic data at Week 96
Window

Reasons
  Discontinued study due to
AE or death†


3%

3%
  Discontinued study for other reasons‡

4%

4%
  Missing data during window but on study

4%

<1%

The mean changes in CD4 count from baseline were 118 cells/mm3 in the group receiving ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily and 47 cells/mm3 for the control group.

Treatment-emergent CDC Category C events occurred in 4% of the group receiving ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily and 5% of the control group.

Virologic responses at Week 96 by baseline genotypic and phenotypic sensitivity score are shown in Table 15.

Table 15: Virologic Response at 96 Week Window by Baseline Genotypic/Phenotypic Sensitivity Score
Percent with HIV-1 RNA
<50 copies/mL
At Week 96
ISENTRESS
400 mg
Twice Daily + OBT
(N = 462)
Placebo
+ OBT
(N = 237)
n n

The Phenotypic Sensitivity Score (PSS) and the Genotypic Sensitivity Score (GSS) were defined as the total oral ARTs in OBT to which a subject's viral isolate showed phenotypic sensitivity and genotypic sensitivity, respectively, based upon phenotypic and genotypic resistance tests. Enfuvirtide use in OBT in enfuvirtide-naïve subjects was counted as one active drug in OBT in the GSS and PSS. Similarly, darunavir use in OBT in darunavir-naïve subjects was counted as one active drug in OBT.

Phenotypic Sensitivity Score (PSS)*
0 67 43 43 5
1 144 58 71 23
2 142 61 66 32
3 or more 85 48 48 42
Genotypic Sensitivity Score (GSS)*
0 116 39 65 5
1 177 62 95 26
2 111 61 49 53
3 or more 51 49 23 35

Switch of Suppressed Subjects from Lopinavir (+) Ritonavir to Raltegravir

The SWITCHMRK 1 & 2 Phase 3 studies evaluated HIV-1 infected subjects receiving suppressive therapy (HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL on a stable regimen of lopinavir 200 mg (+) ritonavir 50 mg 2 tablets twice daily plus at least 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for >3 months) and randomized them 1:1 to either continue lopinavir (+) ritonavir (n=174 and n=178, SWITCHMRK 1 & 2, respectively) or replace lopinavir (+) ritonavir with ISENTRESS 400 mg twice daily (n=174 and n=176, respectively). The primary virology endpoint was the proportion of subjects with HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies/mL at Week 24 with a prespecified non-inferiority margin of -12% for each study; and the frequency of adverse events up to 24 weeks.

Subjects with a prior history of virological failure were not excluded and the number of previous antiretroviral therapies was not limited.

These studies were terminated after the primary efficacy analysis at Week 24 because they each failed to demonstrate non-inferiority of switching to ISENTRESS versus continuing on lopinavir (+) ritonavir. In the combined analysis of these studies at Week 24, suppression of HIV-1 RNA to less than 50 copies/mL was maintained in 82.3% of the ISENTRESS group versus 90.3% of the lopinavir (+) ritonavir group. Clinical and laboratory adverse events occurred at similar frequencies in the treatment groups.

14.3 Pediatric Subjects

IMPAACT P1066 is a Phase I/II open label multicenter trial to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile, safety, tolerability, and efficacy of raltegravir in HIV infected children. This study enrolled 126 treatment experienced children and adolescents 2 to 18 years of age. Subjects were stratified by age, enrolling adolescents first and then successively younger children. Subjects received either the 400 mg film-coated tablet formulation (6 to 18 years of age) or the chewable tablet formulation (2 to less than 12 years of age). Raltegravir was administered with an optimized background regimen.

The initial dose finding stage included intensive pharmacokinetic evaluation. Dose selection was based upon achieving similar raltegravir plasma exposure and trough concentration as seen in adults, and acceptable short term safety. After dose selection, additional subjects were enrolled for evaluation of long term safety, tolerability and efficacy. Of the 126 subjects, 96 received the recommended dose of ISENTRESS [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].

These 96 subjects had a median age of 13 (range 2 to 18) years, were 51% Female, 34% Caucasian, and 59% Black. At baseline, mean plasma HIV-1 RNA was 4.3 log10 copies/mL, median CD4 cell count was 481 cells/mm3 (range: 0 – 2361) and median CD4% was 23.3% (range: 0 – 44). Overall, 8% had baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA >100,000 copies/mL and 59% had a CDC HIV clinical classification of category B or C. Most subjects had previously used at least one NNRTI (78%) or one PI (83%).

Ninety-three (97%) subjects 2 to 18 years of age completed 24 weeks of treatment (3 discontinued due to non-compliance). At Week 24, 54% achieved HIV RNA <50 copies/mL; 72% achieved HIV RNA <400 copies/mL or ≥1 log10 HIV RNA drop from baseline. The mean CD4 count (percent) increase from baseline to Week 24 was 119 cells/mm3 (3.8%).

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

ISENTRESS tablets 400 mg are pink, oval-shaped, film-coated tablets with "227" on one side. They are supplied as follows:

NDC 0006-0227-61 unit-of-use bottles of 60.
No. 3894

ISENTRESS tablets 100 mg are pale orange, oval-shaped, orange-banana flavored, chewable tablets scored on both sides and imprinted on one face with the Merck logo and "477" on opposite sides of the score. They are supplied as follows:

NDC 0006-0477-61 unit-of-use bottles of 60.
No. 3972

ISENTRESS tablets 25 mg are pale yellow, round, orange-banana flavored, chewable tablets with the Merck logo on one side and "473" on the other side. They are supplied as follows:

NDC 0006-0473-61 unit-of-use bottles of 60.
No. 3965

Storage and Handling

400 mg Film-coated Tablets and Chewable Tablets

Store at 20-25°C (68-77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F). See USP Controlled Room Temperature.

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