英文药名: Carafate(sucralfate tablets)
中文药名: 硫糖铝片
生产品牌药厂家: Axcan Pharma Inc
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药品名称
通用名称：硫糖铝
英文名：Sucralfate
其它中文名：胃溃宁
其它英文名：Antepsin、Carafate、Sulerate、Ulcerban、Ulcerlmin、Ulsanic
药理作用
[药理]
药效学
在酸性环境下，可离解为带负电荷的八硫酸庶糖，聚合成胶体，保护胃粘膜，然而确切的作用机制尚未完全清楚。能与溃疡或炎症处的带正电荷的渗出蛋白质结合，在溃汤面或炎症处形成一薄膜，保护溃疡或炎症粘膜抵御胃酸的侵袭。此外，硫糖铝能吸附胃蛋白酶及中和胃酸，但作用弱。硫糖铝还能吸附唾液中的表皮生长因子，浓集于溃疡处，促进愈合，也能剌激前列腺素E的合成,刺激表面上皮分泌碳酸氢根及起细胞保护作用。
药动学
胃肠道吸收约5％,作用持续时间约5小时。 主要随粪便排出, 少量以双糖硫酸盐自尿排出。
本品系制酸药，口服后能在胃酸中水解释放出氢氧化铝和硫酸化蔗糖，前者以凝胶形式发挥抗酸作用，后者能与胃蛋白酶形成复合物，抑制其分解蛋白质，并与粘膜的粘蛋白结合形成保护膜，覆盖溃疡面，有利于胃粘膜的再生和溃疡愈合。
适应症
用于治疗胃十二指肠溃汤及胃炎。
用于治疗胃、十二指肠溃疡、胆汁返流性胃炎，可减轻幽门螺杆菌对胃粘膜的损害作用。
用法用量
成人常用量：一次1g，一日4次，餐前1小时及睡前嚼碎后服。
小儿遵医嘱。
给药说明:
(1)硫糖铝必须空腹摄入，餐前1小时与睡前服用效果最好。嚼碎与唾液搅和，或研成粉末后服下能发挥最大效应。
(2)本品短期治疗即可使溃疡完全愈合，但愈合后复发仍属可能；本品对严重十二指肠溃疡效果较差。
(3)临床如有需要，为缓解溃疡疼痛可合并应用制酸药，但后者须在硫糖铝服前半小时或服后1小时给予。
(4)每一疗程为4-8周，配合X线或内镜检查观察溃疡愈合与否。
(5)连续应用不宜超过8周。
防止便秘，可适当加服轻泻药。
治疗收效后，应继续服药数月，以免复发。
任何疑问，请遵医嘱！
不良反应
较常见的是便秘；少见或偶见的有腰痛、腹泻、眩晕、昏睡、口干、消化不良、恶心、皮疹、瘙痒以及胃痉挛。
个别病例口干,恶心,便秘,剧烈胃痛,长期使用大剂量可出现铝中毒。硫糖铝引起血浆内磷酸盐含量下降，长期使用可能出现骨软化。
禁用/慎用
肾功能不全的病人，服用疏糖铝后，血浆中铝的含量增加，虽不能确定长期用药后铝在体内的蓄积情况，但应小心使用。
药物相互作用
(1)制酸药可干扰硫糖铝的药理作用，硫糖铝也可减少西咪替丁的吸收。
(2)硫糖铝可干扰脂溶性维生素(维生素 A、D、E和 K)的吸收。
本品能与胃蛋白酶形成复合物，多酶片中含有胃蛋白酶，因此两药不宣合用。本品亦可减少西咪替丁的吸收。
硫糖铝对共服的其他药物有明显的相互作用，可以减少华法林(也可能还有苯妥英、地高辛、四环素等)的吸收，当两者共同服用时，华法林的抗凝血活性降低50％。
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Axcan Pharma US, Inc.
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DESCRIPTION
CARAFATE Tablets contain sucralfate and sucralfate is an α-D-glucopyranoside, β-D-fructofuranosyl-, octakis-(hydrogen sulfate), aluminum complex.
Tablets for oral administration contain 1 g of sucralfate.
Also contain: D & C Red #30 Lake, FD&C Blue #1 Lake, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and starch. Therapeutic category: antiulcer.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Sucralfate is only minimally absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The small amounts of the sulfated disaccharide that are absorbed are excreted primarily in the urine.
Although the mechanism of sucralfate’s ability to accelerate healing of duodenal ulcers remains to be fully defined, it is known that it exerts its effect through a local, rather than systemic, action. The following observations also appear pertinent:
- Studies in human subjects and with animal models of ulcer disease have shown that sucralfate forms an ulcer-adherent complex with proteinaceous exudate at the ulcer site.
- In vitro, a sucralfate-albumin film provides a barrier to diffusion of hydrogen ions.
- In human subjects, sucralfate given in doses recommended for ulcer therapy inhibits pepsin activity in gastric juice by 32%.
- In vitro, sucralfate adsorbs bile salts.
These observations suggest that sucralfate’s antiulcer activity is the result of formation of an ulcer-adherent complex that covers the ulcer site and protects it against further attack by acid, pepsin, and bile salts. There are approximately 14 to 16 mEq of acid-neutralizing capacity per 1 g dose of sucralfate.
CLINICAL TRIALS
Acute Duodenal Ulcer
Over 600 patients have participated in well-controlled clinical trials worldwide. Multicenter trials conducted in the United States, both of them placebo-controlled studies with endoscopic evaluation at 2 and 4 weeks,showed:
| Treatment Groups | Ulcer Healing/ No. Patients | |
| 2 wk | 4 wk (Overall) | |
| Sucralfate | 37/105 (35.2%) | 82/109 (75.2%) |
| Placebo | 26/106 (24.5%) | 68/107 (63.6%) |
| Treatment Groups | Ulcer Healing/ No. Patients | |
| 2 wk | 4 wk (Overall) | |
| Sucralfate | 8/24 (33%) | 22/24 (92%) |
| Placebo | 4/31 (13%) | 18/31 (58%) |
The sucralfate-placebo differences were statistically significant in both studies at 4 weeks but not at 2 weeks. The poorer result in the first study may have occurred because sucralfate was given 2 hours after meals and at bedtime rather than 1 hour before meals and at bedtime, the regimen used in internation studies and in the second United States study. In addition, in the first study liquid antacid was utilized as needed, whereas in the second study antacid tablets were used.
Maintenance Therapy After Healing of Duodenal Ulcer
Two double-blind randomized placebo-controlled U.S. multicenter trials have demonstrated that sucralfate (1 g bid) is effective as maintenance therapy following healing of duodenal ulcers.
In one study, endoscopies were performed monthly for 4 months. Of the 254 patients who enrolled, 239 were analyzed in the intention-to-treat life table analysis presented below.
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| Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence Rate (%) | |||||
| Drug | Months of Therapy | ||||
| n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| CARAFATE | 122 | 20 | 30 | 38 | 42 |
| Placebo | 117 | 33 | 46 | 55 | 63 |
In this study, prn antacids were not permitted.
In the other study, scheduled endoscopies were performed at 6 and 12 months, but for-cause endoscopies were permitted as symptoms dictated. Median symptom scores between the sucralfate and placebo groups were not significantly different. A life table intention-to-treat analysis for the 94 patients enrolled in the trial had the following results:
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| Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence Rate (%) | |||
| Drug | n | 6 months | 12 months |
| CARAFATE | 48 | 19* | 27* |
| Placebo | 46 | 54 | 65 |
In this study, prn antacids were permitted.
Data from placebo-controlled studies longer than 1 year are not available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
CARAFATE® (sucralfate) is indicated in:
- Short-term treatment (up to 8 weeks) of active duodenal ulcer. While healing with sucralfate may occur during the first week or two, treatment should be continued for 4 to 8 weeks unless healing has been demonstrated by x-ray or endoscopic examination.
- Maintenance therapy for duodenal ulcer patients at reduced dosage after healing of acute ulcers.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
There are no known contraindications to the use of sucralfate.
PRECAUTIONS
Duodenal ulcer is a chronic, recurrent disease. While short-term treatment with sucralfate can result in complete healing of the ulcer, a successful course of treatment with sucralfate should not be expected to alter the posthealing frequency or severity of duodenal ulceration.
Special Populations: Chronic Renal Failure and Dialysis Patients
When sucralfate is administered orally, small amounts of aluminum are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Concomitant use of sucralfate with other products that contain aluminum, such as aluminum-containing antacids, may increase the total body burden of aluminum. Patients with normal renal function receiving the recommended doses of sucralfate and aluminum-containing products adequately excrete aluminum in the urine. Patients with chronic renal failure or those receiving dialysis have impaired excretion of absorbed aluminum. In addition, aluminum does not cross dialysis membranes because it is bound to albumin and transferrin plasma proteins. Aluminum accumulation and toxicity (aluminum osteodystrophy, osteomalacia, encephalopathy) have been described in patients with renal impairment. Sucralfate should be used with caution in patients with chronic renal failure.
Drug Interactions
Some studies have shown that simultaneous sucralfate administration in healthy volunteers reduced the extent of absorption (bioavailability) of single doses of the following cimetidine, digoxin, fluoroquinolone antibiotics, ketoconazole, l-thyroxine, phenytoin, quinidine, ranitidine, tetracycline, and theophylline. Subtherapeutic prothrombin times with concomitant warfarin and sucralfate therapy have been reported in spontaneous and published case reports. However, two clinical studies have demonstrated no change in either serum warfarin concentration or prothrombin time with the addition of sucralfate to chronic warfarin therapy.
The mechanism of these interactions appears to be nonsystemic in nature, presumably resulting from sucralfate binding to the concomitant agent in the gastrointestinal tract. In all case studies to date (cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, digoxin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and ranitidine), dosing the concomitant medication 2 hours before sucralfate eliminated the interaction. Because of the potential of CARAFATE to alter the absorption of some drugs, CARAFATE should be administered separately from other drugs when alterations in bioavailability are felt to be critical. In these cases, patients should be monitored appropriately.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Chronic oral toxicity studies of 24 months’ duration were conducted in mice and rats at doses up to 1 g/kg (12 times the human dose).
There was no evidence of drug-related tumorigenicity. A reproduction study in rats at doses up to 38 times the human dose did not reveal any indication of fertility impairment. Mutagenicity studies were not conducted.
Pregnancy
Teratogenic effects. Pregnancy Category B.
Teratogenicity studies have been performed in mice, rats, and rabbits at doses up to 50 times the human dose and have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to sucralfate. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when sucralfate is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of CARAFATE (sucralfate) Tablets did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION)
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. (See PRECAUTIONS Special Populations: Chronic Renal Failure and Dialysis Patients) Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Adverse reactions to sucralfate in clinical trials were minor and only rarely led to discontinuation of the drug. In studies involving over 2700 patients treated with sucralfate tablets, adverse effects were reported in 129 (4.7%).
Constipation was the most frequent complaint (2%). Other adverse effects reported in less than 0.5% of the patients are listed below by body system:
Gastrointestinal: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, gastric discomfort, indigestion, flatulence, dry mouth
Dermatological: pruritus, rash
Nervous System: dizziness, insomnia, sleepiness, vertigo
Other: back pain, headache
Postmarketing reports of hypersensitivity reactions, including urticaria (hives), angioedema, respiratory difficulty, rhinitis, laryngospasm, and facial swelling have been reported in patients receiving sucralfate tablets. Similar events were reported with sucralfate suspension. However, a causal relationship has not been established.
Bezoars have been reported in patients treated with sucralfate. The majority of patients had underlying medical conditions that may predispose to bezoar formation (such as delayed gastric emptying) or were receiving concomitant enteral tube feedings.
Inadvertent injection of insoluble sucralfate and its insoluble excipients has led to fatal complications, including pulmonary and cerebral emboli. Sucralfate is not intended for intravenous administration.
OVERDOSAGE
Due to limited experience in humans with overdosage of sucralfate, no specific treatment recommendations can be given. Acute oral toxicity studies in animals, however, using doses up to 12 g/kg body weight, could not find a lethal dose. Sucralfate is only minimally absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Risks associated with acute overdosage should, therefore, be minimal. In rare reports describing sucralfate overdose, most patients remained asymptomatic. Those few reports where adverse events were described included symptoms of dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Active Duodenal Ulcer. The recommended adult oral dosage for duodenal ulcer is 1 g four times per day on an empty stomach.
Antacids may be prescribed as needed for relief of pain but should not be taken within one-half hour before or after sucralfate.
While healing with sucralfate may occur during the first week or two, treatment should be continued for 4 to 8 weeks unless healing has been demonstrated by x-ray or endoscopic examination.
Maintenance Therapy: The recommended adult oral dosage is 1 g twice a day.
Elderly: In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. (See PRECAUTIONS Geriatric Use)
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
HOW SUPPLIED
CARAFATE (sucralfate) 1 g tablets are supplied in bottles of 100 (NDC 58914-171-10), 120 (NDC 58914-171-21), and 500 (NDC 58914-171-50). Light pink, scored, oblong tablets are embossed with CARAFATE on one side and 1712 on the other.
Rx Only
Prescribing Information as of April 2007
Distributed by:
Axcan Pharma US, Inc.