英文药名: Sutent(Sunitinib Malate Hard Capsules) 中文药名: 苹果酸舒尼替尼硬胶囊 生产厂家: 辉瑞 Pfizer 药品介绍 苹果酸舒尼替尼(sunitinib malate)它是第一个批准的MRCC一线用药，也是第一个能够选择性地针对多种酪氨酸激酶受体的新型靶向药物 最先是由美国辉瑞公司开发的一种口服小分子多靶点酪氨酸激酶受体抑制剂。分别于2006年1月和2007年1月及2008年6月由美国FDA和欧洲EMEA及日本批准上市，商品名为Sutent，为口服硬明胶胶囊制剂，用于治疗胃肠道问质肿瘤(GIST)和晚期肾细胞瘤。 苹果酸舒尼替尼本品能抑制至少8种与肿瘤相关的受体酪氨酸激酶，以及肿瘤血管生长因子，对于肿瘤生长、细胞表达、转移显示出很强的抑制作用，在化疗或放疗的同时，使用舒尼替尼有助于增强抗肿瘤疗效。它对乳腺癌，结肠直肠癌、前列腺癌和非小细胞肺癌的临床试验正在进行中。 SUTENT 12.5mg, 25mg, 37.5mg and 50mg Hard Capsules 1. Name of the medicinal product SUTENT 12.5 mg hard capsules SUTENT 25 mg hard capsules SUTENT 37.5 mg hard capsules SUTENT 50 mg hard capsules 2. Qualitative and quantitative composition SUTENT 12.5 mg hard capsules Each capsule contains sunitinib malate, equivalent to 12.5 mg of sunitinib. SUTENT 25 mg hard capsules Each capsule contains sunitinib malate, equivalent to 25.0 mg of sunitinib. SUTENT 37.5 mg hard capsules Each capsule contains sunitinib malate, equivalent to 37.5 mg of sunitinib. SUTENT 50 mg hard capsules Each capsule contains sunitinib malate equivalent to 50 mg of sunitinib. For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 3. Pharmaceutical form SUTENT 12.5 mg Hard capsule. Gelatin capsules with orange cap and orange body, printed with white ink “Pfizer” on the cap, “STN 12.5 mg” on the body, and containing yellow to orange granules. SUTENT 25 mg Hard capsule. Gelatin capsules with caramel cap and orange body, printed with white ink “Pfizer” on the cap, “STN 25 mg”on the body and containing yellow to orange granules. SUTENT 37.5 mg Hard capsule. Gelatin capsules with yellow cap and yellow body, printed with black ink “Pfizer” on the cap, “STN 37.5 mg” on the body and containing yellow to orange granules. SUTENT 50 mg Hard capsule. Gelatin capsules with caramel cap and caramel body, printed with white ink “Pfizer” on the cap, “STN 50 mg” on the body and containing yellow to orange granules. 4. Clinical particulars 4.1 Therapeutic indications Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) SUTENT is indicated for the treatment of unresectable and/or metastatic malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) in adults after failure of imatinib treatment due to resistance or intolerance. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) SUTENT is indicated for the treatment of advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) in adults. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNET) SUTENT is indicated for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNET) with disease progression in adults. Experience with SUTENT as first-line treatment is limited (see section 5.1). 4.2 Posology and method of administration Therapy with sunitinib should be initiated by a physician experienced in the administration of anti-cancer agents. Posology For GIST and MRCC, the recommended dose of SUTENT is 50 mg taken orally once daily, for 4 consecutive weeks, followed by a 2-week rest period (schedule 4/2) to comprise a complete cycle of 6 weeks. For pNET, the recommended dose of SUTENT is 37.5 mg taken orally once daily without a scheduled rest period. Dose adjustments Safety and tolerability For GIST and MRCC, dose modifications in 12.5 mg steps may be applied based on individual safety and tolerability. Daily dose should not exceed 75 mg nor be decreased below 25 mg. For pNET, dose modification in 12.5 mg steps may be applied based on individual safety and tolerability. The maximum dose administered in the Phase 3 pNET study was 50 mg daily. Dose interruptions may be required based on individual safety and tolerability. CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers Co-administration of sunitinib with potent CYP3A4 inducers, such as rifampicin, should be avoided (see sections 4.4 and 4.5). If this is not possible, the dose of sunitinib may need to be increased in 12.5 mg steps (up to 87.5 mg per day for GIST and MRCC or 62.5 mg per day for pNET) based on careful monitoring of tolerability. Co-administration of sunitinib with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ketoconazole, should be avoided (see sections 4.4 and 4.5). If this is not possible, the dose of sunitinib may need to be reduced to a minimum of 37.5 mg daily for GIST and MRCC or 25 mg daily for pNET, based on careful monitoring of tolerability. Selection of an alternative concomitant medicinal product with no or minimal potential to induce or inhibit CYP3A4 should be considered. Special populations Paediatric population The safety and efficacy of sunitinib in patients below 18 years of age have not been established. No data are available. There is no relevant use of sunitinib in children from birth to less than 6 years in the indication of unresectable and/or metastatic malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) after failure of imatinib treatment due to resistance or intolerance. There is no relevant use of sunitinib in the paediatric population in the indications treatment of advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) and treatment of unresectable or metastatic, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNET) with disease progression. Use of sunitinib in the paediatric population is not recommended. Elderly patients (≥65 years old) Approximately one-third of the patients in clinical studies who received sunitinib were 65 years of age or over. No significant differences in safety or efficacy were observed between younger and older patients. Hepatic impairment No starting dose adjustment is recommended when administering sunitinib to patients with mild or moderate (Child-Pugh class A and B) hepatic impairment. Sunitinib has not been studied in subjects with severe (Child-Pugh class C) hepatic impairment and therefore its use in patients with severe hepatic impairment cannot be recommended (see section 5.2). Renal impairment No starting dose adjustment is required when administering sunitinib to patients with renal impairment (mild-severe) or with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on haemodialysis. Subsequent dose adjustments should be based on individual safety and tolerability (see section 5.2). Method of administration SUTENT is for oral administration. It may be taken with or without food. If a dose is missed the patient should not be given an additional dose. The patient should take the usual prescribed dose on the following day. 4.3 Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1. 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use Co-administration with potent CYP3A4 inducers should be avoided because it may decrease sunitinib plasma concentration (see sections 4.2 and 4.5). Co-administration with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors should be avoided because it may increase the plasma concentration of sunitinib (see sections 4.2 and 4.5). Skin and tissue disorders Skin discolouration, possibly due to the active substance colour (yellow), is a very common adverse reaction occurring in approximately 30% of patients. Patients should be advised that depigmentation of the hair or skin may also occur during treatment with sunitinib. Other possible dermatologic effects may include dryness, thickness or cracking of the skin, blisters, or occasional rash on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The above reactions were not cumulative, were typically reversible and generally did not result in treatment discontinuation. Cases of pyoderma gangrenosum, generally reversible after drug discontinuation, have been reported. Severe cutaneous reactions have been reported, including cases of erythema multiforme (EM) and cases suggestive of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), some of which were fatal. If signs or symptoms of SJS, TEN, or EM (e.g. progressive skin rash often with blisters or mucosal lesions) are present, sunitinib treatment should be discontinued. If the diagnosis of SJS or TEN is confirmed, treatment must not be re-started. In some cases of suspected EM, patients tolerated the reintroduction of sunitinib therapy at a lower dose after resolution of the reaction; some of these patients also received concomitant treatment with corticosteroids or antihistamines. Haemorrhage and tumour bleeding Haemorrhagic events, some of which were fatal, reported through post-marketing experience have included gastro-intestinal, respiratory, urinary tract and brain haemorrhages. Bleeding events occurred in 18% of patients receiving sunitinib in a phase 3 GIST Study compared to 17% of patients receiving placebo. In patients receiving sunitinib for treatment-naïve MRCC, 39% had bleeding events compared to 11% of patients receiving IFN-α. Seventeen (4.5%) patients on sunitinib versus 5 (1.7%) of patients on IFN-α experienced Grade 3 or greater bleeding events. Of patients receiving sunitinib for cytokine-refractory MRCC, 26% experienced bleeding. Bleeding events, excluding epistaxis, occurred in 21.7% of patients receiving sunitinib in the phase 3 pNET study compared to 9.85% of patients receiving placebo. Routine assessment of this event should include complete blood counts and physical examination. Epistaxis was the most common haemorrhagic adverse reaction, having been reported for approximately half of the patients with solid tumours who experienced haemorrhagic events. Some of the epistaxis events were severe, but very rarely fatal. Events of tumour haemorrhage, sometimes associated with tumour necrosis, have been reported; some of these haemorrhagic events were fatal. In clinical trials, tumour haemorrhage occurred in approximately 2% of patients with GIST. These events may occur suddenly, and in the case of pulmonary tumours, may present as severe and life-threatening haemoptysis or pulmonary haemorrhage. Cases of pulmonary haemorrhage, some with a fatal outcome, have been observed in clinical trials and have been reported in post-marketing experience in patients treated with sunitinib for MRCC, GIST and lung cancer. SUTENT is not approved for use in patients with lung cancer. Patients receiving concomitant treatment with anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin, acenocoumarole) may be periodically monitored by complete blood counts (platelets), coagulation factors (PT/INR) and physical examination. Gastrointestinal disorders Diarrhoea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, dyspepsia and stomatitis/oral pain were the most commonly reported gastrointestinal adverse reactions; oesophagitis events have been also reported (see section 4.8). Supportive care for gastrointestinal adverse reactions requiring treatment may include medicinal products with anti-emetic, anti-diarrhoeal or antacid properties. Serious, sometimes fatal gastrointestinal complications including gastrointestinal perforation have occurred in patients with intra-abdominal malignancies treated with sunitinib. Fatal gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 0.98% of patients receiving placebo in the GIST phase 3 study. Hypertension Hypertension was a very common adverse reaction reported in clinical trials.The dose of sunitinib was reduced or its administration temporarily suspended in approximately 2.7% of the patients who experienced hypertension. In none of these patients sunitinib was permanently discontinued. Severe hypertension (>200 mmHg systolic or 110 mmHg diastolic) occurred in 4.7% of patients with solid tumours. Hypertension was reported in approximately 33.9% of patients receiving sunitinib for treatment-naïve MRCC compared to 3.6% of patients receiving IFN-α. Severe hypertension occurred in 12% of treatment-naïve patients on sunitinib and <1% of patients on IFN-α. Hypertension was reported in 26.5% of patients receiving sunitinib in a Phase 3 pNET study, compared to 4.9% of patients receiving placebo. Severe hypertension occurred in 10% of pNET patients on sunitinib and 3% of patients on placebo. Patients should be screened for hypertension and controlled as appropriate. Temporary suspension is recommended in patients with severe hypertension that is not controlled with medical management. Treatment may be resumed once hypertension is appropriately controlled. Haematological disorders Decreased absolute neutrophil counts of Grade 3 and 4 severity respectively were reported in 10% and 1.7% of patients on the phase 3 GIST study, in 16% and 1.6% of patients on the phase 3 MRCC study, and in 13% and 2.4% of patients on the phase 3 pNET study. Decreased platelet counts of Grade 3 and 4 severity respectively were reported in 3.7% and 0.4% of patients on the phase 3 GIST study, in 8.2% and 1.1% of patients on the phase 3 MRCC study, and in 3.7% and 1.2% of patients on the phase 3 pNET study. The above events were not cumulative, were typically reversible and generally did not result in treatment discontinuation. None of these events in the phase 3 studies were fatal, but rare fatal haematological events, including haemorrhage associated with thrombocytopenia and neutropenic infections, have been reported through post-marketing experience. Anaemia has been observed to occur early as well as late during treatment with sunitinib; Grade 3 and 4 cases have been reported. Complete blood counts should be performed at the beginning of each treatment cycle for patients receiving treatment with sunitinib. Cardiac disorders Cardiovascular events, including heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction, some of which were fatal, have been reported in patients treated with sunitinib. These data suggest that sunitinib increases the risk of cardiomyopathy. No specific additional risk factors for sunitinib-induced cardiomyopathy apart from the drug-specific effect have been identified in the treated patients. Use sunitinib with caution in patients who are at risk for, or who have a history of, these events. In clinical trials, decreases in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥20% and below the lower limit of normal occurred in approximately 2% of sunitinib-treated GIST patients, 4% of cytokine-refractory MRCC patients, and 2% of placebo-treated GIST patients. These LVEF declines do not appear to have been progressive and often improved as treatment continued. In the treatment-naïve MRCC study, 27% patients on sunitinib and 15% of patients on IFN-α had an LVEF value below the lower limit of normal. Two patients (<1%) who received sunitinib were diagnosed with congestive heart failure (CHF). In GIST patients 'cardiac failure', 'cardiac failure congestive' or 'left ventricular failure' were reported in 1.2% of patients treated with sunitinib and 1% of patients treated with placebo. In the pivotal phase 3 GIST study (n = 312), treatment-related fatal cardiac reactions occurred in 1% of patients on each arm of the study (i.e. sunitinib and placebo arms). In a phase 2 study in cytokine-refractory MRCC patients, 0.9% of patients experienced treatment-related fatal myocardial infarction and in the phase 3 study in treatment-naïve MRCC patients, 0.6% of patients on the IFN-α arm and 0% patients on the sunitinib arm experienced fatal cardiac events. In the phase 3 pNET study, one (1%) patient who received sunitinib had treatment-related fatal cardiac failure. The relationship, if any, between receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibition and cardiac function remains unclear. Patients who presented with cardiac events within 12 months prior to sunitinib administration, such as myocardial infarction (including severe/unstable angina), coronary/peripheral artery bypass graft, symptomatic CHF, cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attack, or pulmonary embolism were excluded from sunitinib clinical studies. It is unknown whether patients with these concomitant conditions may be at a higher risk of developing drug-related left ventricular dysfunction. Close monitoring for clinical signs and symptoms of CHF should be performed, especially in patients with cardiac risk factors and/or history of coronary artery disease. Physicians are advised to weigh this risk against the potential benefits of sunitinib. These patients should be carefully monitored for clinical signs and symptoms of CHF while receiving sunitinib. Baseline and periodic evaluations of LVEF should also be considered while the patient is receiving sunitinib. In patients without cardiac risk factors, a baseline evaluation of ejection fraction should be considered. In the presence of clinical manifestations of CHF, discontinuation of sunitinib is recommended. The administration of sunitinib should be interrupted and/or the dose reduced in patients without clinical evidence of CHF but with an ejection fraction <50% and >20% below baseline. QT interval prolongation Data from non-clinical (in vitro and in vivo) studies, at doses higher than the recommended human dose, indicated that sunitinib has the potential to inhibit the cardiac action potential repolarisation process (e.g. prolongation of QT interval). Increases in the QTc interval to over 500 msec occurred in 0.5% and changes from baseline in excess of 60 msec occurred in 1.1% of the 450 solid tumour patients; both of these parameters are recognized as potentially significant changes. At approximately twice therapeutic concentrations, sunitinib has been shown to prolong the QTcF interval (Frederica's Correction). QTc interval prolongation was investigated in a trial in 24 patients, ages 20 - 87 years, with advanced malignancies. The results of this study demonstrated that sunitinib had an effect on QTc interval (defined as a mean placebo-adjusted change of >10 msec with a 90% CI upper limit >15 msec) at therapeutic concentration (Day 3) using the within-day baseline correction method, and at greater than therapeutic concentration (Day 9) using both baseline correction methods. No patients had a QTc interval >500 msec. Although an effect on QTcF interval was observed on Day 3 at 24 hours post-dose (i.e. at therapeutic plasma concentration expected after the recommended starting dose of 50 mg) with the within-day baseline correction method, the clinical significance of this finding is unclear. Using comprehensive serial ECG assessments at times corresponding to either therapeutic or greater than therapeutic exposures, none of the patients in the evaluable or ITT populations were observed to develop QTc interval prolongation considered as “severe” (i.e. equal to or greater than Grade 3 by CTCAE version 3.0). At therapeutic plasma concentrations, the maximum QTcF interval (Frederica's correction) mean change from baseline was 9.6 msec (90% CI 15.1msec). At approximately twice therapeutic concentrations, the maximum QTcF interval change from baseline was 15.4 msec (90% CI: 22.4 msec). Moxifloxacin (400 mg) used as a positive control showed a 5.6 msec maximum mean QTcF interval change from baseline. No subjects experienced an effect on the QTc interval greater than Grade 2 (CTCAE version 3.0). QT interval prolongation may lead to an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias including Torsade de pointes. Torsade de pointes has been observed in <0.1% of sunitinib-exposed patients. Sunitinib should be used with caution in patients with a known history of QT interval prolongation, patients who are taking antiarrhythmics, or medicinal products that can prolong QT interval, or patients with relevant pre-existing cardiac disease, bradycardia, or electrolyte disturbances. Concomitant administration of sunitinib with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors should be limited because of the possible increase in sunitinib plasma concentrations (see sections 4.2 and 4.5). Venous thromboembolic events Treatment-related venous thromboembolic events were reported in approximately 1.0% of patients with solid tumours who received sunitinib on clinical trials, including GIST and MRCC. Seven patients (3%) on sunitinib and none on placebo in a phase 3 GIST study experienced venous thromboembolic events; five of the seven were Grade 3 deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and two were Grade 1 or 2. Four of these seven GIST patients discontinued treatment following first observation of DVT. Thirteen patients (3%) receiving sunitinib in the phase 3 treatment-naïve MRCC study and four patients (2%) on the two cytokine-refractory MRCC studies had venous thromboembolic events reported. Nine of these patients had pulmonary embolisms, one was Grade 2 and eight were Grade 4. Eight of these patients had DVT, one with Grade 1, two with Grade 2, four with Grade 3 and one with Grade 4. One patient with pulmonary embolism in the cytokine-refractory MRCC study experienced dose interruption. In treatment-naïve MRCC patients receiving IFN-α, six (2%) venous thromboembolic events occurred; one patient (<1%) experienced a Grade 3 DVT and five patients (1%) had pulmonary embolisms, all with Grade 4. Venous thromboembolic events were reported for 1 (1.2%) subject in the sunitinib arm and 5 (6.1%) subjects in the placebo arm in the phase 3 pNET study. Two of these subjects on placebo had DVT, one with Grade 2 and one with Grade 3. No cases with fatal outcome were reported in GIST, MRCC and pNET registrational studies. Cases with fatal outcome have been observed in post-marketing setting (see respiratory events and section 4.8). Arterial thromboembolic events Cases of arterial thromboembolic events (ATE), sometimes fatal, have been reported in patients treated with sunitinib. The most frequent events included cerebrovascular accident, transient ischaemic attack, and cerebral infarction. Risk factors associated with ATE, in addition to the underlying malignant disease and age ≥65 years, included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and prior thromboembolic disease. Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA) TMA, including thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura (TTP) and haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), sometimes leading to renal failure or a fatal outcome, has been reported in clinical trials and in post-marketing experience of sunitinib as monotherapy and in combination with bevacizumab. The diagnosis of TMA should be considered in the occurrence of haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, fatigue, fluctuating neurologic manifestation, renal impairment and fever. Sunitinib therapy should be discontinued in patients who develop TMA and prompt treatment is required. Reversal of the effects of TMA has been observed after treatment discontinuation (see section 4.8). Respiratory events Patients who presented with pulmonary embolism within the previous 12 months were excluded from sunitinib clinical studies. In patients who received sunitinib in phase 3 registrational studies, pulmonary events (i.e. dyspnoea, pleural effusion, pulmonary embolism or pulmonary oedema) were reported in approximately 17.8% of patients with GIST, in approximately 26.7% of patients with MRCC and in 12% of patients with pNET. Approximately 22.2% of patients with solid tumours, including GIST and MRCC, who received sunitinib in clinical trials experienced pulmonary events. Cases of pulmonary embolism were observed in approximately 3.1% of patients with GIST and in approximately 1.2% of patients with MRCC, who received sunitinib in phase 3 studies (see section 4.4 - Venous thromboembolic events). No pulmonary embolism was reported for patients with pNET who received sunitinib in the phase 3 study. Rare cases with fatal outcome have been observed in post-marketing setting (see section 4.8). Thyroid dysfunction Baseline laboratory measurement of thyroid function is recommended in all patients. Patients with pre-existing hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism should be treated as per standard medical practice prior to the start of sunitinib treatment. During sunitinib treatment, routine monitoring of thyroid function should be performed every 3 months. In addition, patients should be observed closely for signs and symptoms of thyroid dysfunction during treatment, and patients who develop any signs and/or symptoms suggestive of thyroid dysfunction should have laboratory testing of thyroid function performed as clinically indicated. Patients who develop thyroid dysfunction should be treated as per standard medical practice. Hypothyroidism has been observed to occur early as well as late during treatment with sunitinib. Hypothyroidism was reported as an adverse reaction in 7 patients (4%) receiving sunitinib across the two cytokine-refractory MRCC studies; in 61 patients (16%) on sunitinib and three patients (<1%) in the IFN-α arm in the treatment-naïve MRCC study. Additionally, TSH elevations were reported in 4 cytokine-refractory MRCC patients (2%). Overall, 7% of the MRCC population had either clinical or laboratory evidence of treatment-emergent hypothyroidism. Acquired hypothyroidism was noted in 6.2% of GIST patients on sunitinib versus 1% on placebo. In the phase 3 pNET study hypothyroidism was reported in 6 patients (7.2%) receiving sunitinib and in one patient (1.2%) on placebo. Thyroid function was monitored prospectively in two studies in patients with breast cancer; SUTENT is not approved for use in breast cancer. In one study, hypothyroidism was reported in 15 (13.6%) subjects on sunitinib and 3 (2.9%) subjects on standard of care. Blood TSH increase was reported in 1 (0.9%) subject on sunitinib and no subjects on standard of care. Hyperthyroidism was reported in no sunitinib-treated subjects and 1 (1.0%) subject receiving standard of care. In the other study hypothyroidism was reported in a total of 31 (13%) sunitinib subjects and 2 (0.8%) capecitabine subjects. Blood TSH increase was reported in 12 (5.0%) sunitinib subjects and no capecitabine subjects. Hyperthyroidism was reported in 4 (1.7%) sunitinib subjects and no capecitabine subjects. Blood TSH decrease was reported in 3 (1.3%) sunitinib subjects and no capecitabine subjects. T4 increase was reported in 2 (0.8%) sunitinib subjects and 1 (0.4%) capecitabine subject. T3 increase was reported in 1 (0.8%) sunitinib subject and no capecitabine subjects. All thyroid-related events reported were Grade 1-2. Cases of hyperthyroidism, some followed by hypothyroidism, and cases of thyroiditis have been uncommonly reported in clinical trials and through post-marketing experience. Pancreatitis Increases in serum lipase and amylase activities were observed in patients with various solid tumours who received sunitinib. Increases in lipase activities were transient and were generally not accompanied by signs or symptoms of pancreatitis in subjects with various solid tumours. Pancreatitis has been observed uncommonly (<1%) in patients receiving sunitinib for GIST or MRCC. Cases of serious pancreatic events, some with fatal outcome, have been reported. If symptoms of pancreatitis are present, patients should have sunitinib discontinued and be provided with appropriate supportive care. No treatment-related pancreatitis was reported in the phase 3 pNET study. Hepatotoxicity Hepatotoxicity has been observed in patients treated with sunitinib. Cases of hepatic failure, some with a fatal outcome, were observed in <1% of solid tumor patients treated with sunitinib. Monitor liver function tests (alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], bilirubin levels) before initiation of treatment, during each cycle of treatment, and as clinically indicated. If signs or symptoms of hepatic failure are present, sunitinib should be discontinued and appropriate supportive care should be provided. Hepatobiliary disorders Sunitinib treatment may be associated with cholecystitis, including acalculous cholecystitis and emphysematous cholecystitis. In clinical registrational studies the incidence of cholecystitis was 0.5%. Post-marketing cases of cholecystitis have been reported. Renal function Cases of renal impairment, renal failure and/or acute renal failure, in some cases with fatal outcome, have been reported. Risk factors associated with renal impairment/failure in patients receiving sunitinib included, in addition to underlying renal cell carcinoma, older age, diabetes mellitus, underlying renal impairment, cardiac failure, hypertension, sepsis, dehydration/hypovolemia, and rhabdomyolysis. The safety of continued sunitinib treatment in patients with moderate to severe proteinuria has not been systematically evaluated. Cases of proteinuria and rare cases of nephrotic syndrome have been reported. Baseline urinalysis is recommended, and patients should be monitored for the development or worsening of proteinuria. Discontinue sunitinib in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Fistula If fistula formation occurs, sunitinib treatment should be interrupted. Limited information is available on the continued use of sunitinib in patients with fistulae. Impaired wound healing Cases of impaired wound healing have been reported during sunitinib therapy. No formal clinical studies of the effect of sunitinib on wound healing have been conducted. Temporary interruption of sunitinib therapy is recommended for precautionary reasons in patients undergoing major surgical procedures. There is limited clinical experience regarding the timing of reinitiation of therapy following major surgical intervention. Therefore, the decision to resume sunitinib therapy following a major surgical intervention should be based upon clinical judgment of recovery from surgery. Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Cases of ONJ have been reported in patients treated with SUTENT. The majority of cases occurred in patients who had received prior or concomitant treatment with intravenous bisphosphonates, for which ONJ is an identified risk. Caution should therefore be exercised when SUTENT and intravenous bisphosphonates are used either simultaneously or sequentially. Invasive dental procedures are also an identified risk factor. Prior to treatment with SUTENT, a dental examination and appropriate preventive dentistry should be considered. In patients who have previously received or are receiving intravenous bisphosphonates, invasive dental procedures should be avoided if possible (see section 4.8). Hypersensitivity/angioedema If angioedema due to hypersensitivity occurs, sunitinib treatment should be interrupted and standard medical care provided. Nervous system disorders Taste disturbance Dysgeusia was reported in approximately 28% of patients receiving sunitinib in clinical trials. Seizures In clinical studies of sunitinib and from post-marketing experience, seizures have been observed in subjects with or without radiological evidence of brain metastases. In addition, there have been few reports (<1%), some fatal, of subjects presenting with seizures and radiological evidence of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS). Patients with seizures and signs/symptoms consistent with RPLS, such as hypertension, headache, decreased alertness, altered mental functioning and visual loss, including cortical blindness, should be controlled with medical management including control of hypertension. Temporary suspension of sunitinib is recommended; following resolution, treatment may be resumed at the discretion of the treating physician. Tumour Lysis Syndrome (TLS) Cases of TLS, some fatal, have been rarely observed in clinical trials and have been reported in post-marketing experience in patients treated with sunitinib. Risk factors for TLS include high tumour burden, preexisting chronic renal insufficiency, oliguria, dehydration, hypotension, and acidic urine. These patients should be monitored closely and treated as clinically indicated, and prophylactic hydration should be considered. Infections Serious infections, with or without neutropenia, including some with a fatal outcome, have been reported. The infections observed most commonly with sunitinib treatment are infections typically seen in cancer patients, e.g. respiratory, urinary tract, skin infections and sepsis. Rare cases of necrotising fasciitis, including of the perineum, sometimes fatal, have been reported. Sunitinib therapy should be discontinued in patients who develop necrotising fasciitis, and appropriate treatment should be promptly initiated. Hypoglycaemia Decreases in blood glucose, in some cases clinically symptomatic and requiring hospitalization due to loss of consciousness, have been reported during sunitinib treatment. In case of symptomatic hypoglycemia, sunitinib should be temporarily interrupted. Blood glucose levels in diabetic patients should be checked regularly in order to assess if anti-diabetic drug dosage needs to be adjusted to minimize the risk of hypoglycaemia. 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction Interaction studies have only been performed in adults. Medicinal products that may increase sunitinib plasma concentrations In healthy volunteers, concomitant administration of a single dose of sunitinib with the potent CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole resulted in an increase of the combined [sunitinib + primary metabolite] Cmax and AUC0-∞ values of 49% and 51%, respectively. Administration of sunitinib with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g. ritonavir, itraconazole, erythromycin, clarithromycin, grapefruit juice) may increase sunitinib concentrations. Combination with CYP3A4 inhibitors should therefore be avoided, or the selection of an alternate concomitant medicinal product with no or minimal potential to inhibit CYP3A4 should be considered. If this is not possible, the dose of SUTENT may need to be reduced to a minimum of 37.5 mg daily for GIST and MRCC or 25 mg daily for pNET, based on careful monitoring of tolerability (see section 4.2). Medicinal products that may decrease sunitinib plasma concentrations In healthy volunteers, concomitant administration of a single dose of sunitinib with the CYP3A4 inducer rifampicin resulted in a reduction of the combined [sunitinib + primary metabolite] Cmax and AUC0-∞ values of 23% and 46%, respectively. Administration of sunitinib with potent CYP3A4 inducers (e.g. dexamethasone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, rifampicin, phenobarbital or herbal preparations containing St. John's Wort/Hypericum perforatum) may decrease sunitinib concentrations. Combination with CYP3A4 inducers should therefore be avoided, or selection of an alternate concomitant medicinal product, with no or minimal potential to induce CYP3A4 should be considered. If this is not possible, the dose of SUTENT may need to be increased in 12.5 mg increments (up to 87.5 mg per day for GIST and MRCC or 62.5 mg per day for pNET), based on careful monitoring of tolerability (see section 4.2). 4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Pregnancy There are no studies in pregnant women using sunitinib. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity including foetal malformations (see section 5.3). SUTENT should not be used during pregnancy or in women not using effective contraception, unless the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus. If SUTENT is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while on treatment with SUTENT, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the foetus. Women of childbearing potential should be advised to use effective contraception and avoid becoming pregnant while receiving treatment with SUTENT. Breast-feeding Sunitinib and/or its metabolites are excreted in rat milk. It is not known whether sunitinib or its primary active metabolite is excreted in human milk. Because active substances are commonly excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breast-feeding infants, women should not breast-feed while taking SUTENT. Fertility Based on nonclinical findings, male and female fertility may be compromised by treatment with sunitinib (see section 5.3). 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. Patients should be advised that they may experience dizziness during treatment with sunitinib. 4.8 Undesirable effects Summary of the safety profile The most serious adverse reactions associated with sunitinib, some fatal, are renal failure, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, gastrointestinal perforation, and haemorrhages (e.g. respiratory tract, gastrointestinal, tumour, urinary tract, and brain haemorrhages). The most common adverse reactions of any grade (experienced by patients in RCC, GIST, and pNET registrational trials) included decreased appetite, taste disturbance, hypertension, fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders (i.e. diarrhoea, nausea, stomatitis, dyspepsia and vomiting), skin discolouration, and palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome. These symptoms may diminish as treatment continues. Hypothyroidism may develop during treatment. Haematological disorders (e.g. neutropoenia, thrombocytopenia, and anaemia) are amongst the most common adverse drug reactions. Fatal events other than those listed in section 4.4 above or in section 4.8 below that were considered possibly related to sunitinib included multi-system organ failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, peritoneal haemorrhage, adrenal insufficiency, pneumothorax, shock, and sudden death. Tabulated list of adverse reactions Adverse reactions that were reported in GIST, MRCC and pNET patients in a pooled dataset of 7115 patients are listed below, by system organ class, frequency and grade of severity (NCI-CTCAE). Post marketing adverse reactions identified in clinical studies are also included. Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. Frequencies are defined as: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Table 1 - Adverse reactions reported in clinical trials System organ class  Very common ≥1/10  Common ≥1/100 to <1/10  Uncommon ≥1/1,000 to <1/100  Rare ≥1/10,000 to <1/1000   Infections and infestations    Viral infectionsa Respiratory infectionsb,* Abscessc,* Fungal infectionsd Urinary tract infection Skin infectionse Sepsisf,*  Necrotising fasciitis* Bacterial infectionsg    Blood and lymphatic system disorders  Neutropoenia Thrombocytopoenia Anaemia Leukopoenia  Lymphopoenia  Pancytopenia  Thrombotic microangiopathyh,*   Immune system disorders      Hypersensitivity  Angioedema   Endocrine disorders  Hypothyroidism    Hyperthyroidism  Thyroiditis   Metabolism and nutrition disorders  Decreased appetitei  Dehydration Hypoglycaemia    Tumour lysis syndrome*   Psychiatric disorders  Insomnia  Depression      Nervous system disorders  Dizziness Headache Taste disturbancej  Neuropathy peripheral Paraesthesia Hypoaesthesia Hyperaesthesia  Cerebral haemorrhage* Cerebrovascular accident* Transient ischaemic attack  Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome*   Eye disorders    Periorbital oedema Eyelid oedema Lacrimation increased      Cardiac disorders    Myocardial ischemiak,* Ejection fraction decreasedl  Cardiac failure congestive Myocardial infarctionm,* Cardiac failure* Cardiomyopathy* Pericardial effusion Electrocardiogram QT prolonged  Left ventricular failure* Torsade de pointes   Vascular disorders  Hypertension  Deep vein thrombosis Hot flush Flushing  Tumour haemorrhage*    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders  Dyspnoea Epistaxis Cough  Pulmonary embolism* Pleural effusion* Haemoptysis Dyspnoea exertional Oropharyngeal painn Nasal congestion Nasal dryness  Pulmonary haemorrhage* Respiratory failure*    Gastrointestinal disorders  Stomatitiso Abdominal painp Vomiting Diarrhoea Dyspepsia Nausea Constipation  Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Dysphagia Gastrointestinal haemorrhage* Oesophagitis* Abdominal distension Abdominal discomfort Rectal haemorrhage Gingival bleeding Mouth ulceration Proctalgia Cheilitis Haemorrhoids Glossodynia Oral pain Dry mouth Flatulence Oral discomfort Eructation  Gastrointestinal perforationq,* Pancreatitis Anal fistula    Hepatobiliary disorders      Hepatic failure* Cholecystitisr,* Hepatic function abnormal  Hepatitis   Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders  Skin discolourations Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome Rasht Hair colour changes Dry skin  Skin exfoliation Skin reactionu Eczema Blister Erythema Alopecia Acne Pruritus Skin hyperpigmentation Skin lesion Hyperkeratosis Dermatitis Nail disorderv    Erythema multiforme* Stevens-Johnson syndrome* Pyoderma gangrenosum Toxic epidermal necrolysis*   Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders  Pain in extremity Arthralgia Back pain  Musculoskeletal pain Muscle spasms Myalgia Muscular weakness  Osteonecrosis of the jaw Fistula*  Rhabdomyolysis* Myopathy   Renal and urinary disorders    Renal failure* Renal failure acute* Chromaturia Proteinuria  Haemorrhage urinary tract  Nephrotic syndrome   General disorders and administration site conditions  Mucosal inflammation Fatiguew Oedemax Pyrexia  Chest pain Pain Influenza like illness Chills  Impaired healing    Investigations    Weight decreased White blood cell count decreased Lipase increased Platelet count decreased Haemoglobin decreased Amylase increasedy Aspartate aminotransferase increased Alanine aminotransferase increased Blood creatinine increased Blood pressure increased Blood uric acid increased The following terms have been combined: a Nasopharyngitis and oral herpes b Bronchitis, lower respiratory tract infection, pneumonia and respiratory tract infection c Abscess, abscess limb, anal abscess, gingival abscess, liver abscess, pancreatic abscess, perineal abscess, perirectal abscess, rectal abscess, subcutaneous abscess and tooth abscess d Oesophageal candidiasis and oral candidiasis e Cellulitis and skin infection f Sepsis and sepsis shock g Abdominal abscess, abdominal sepsis, diverticulitis and osteomyelitis h Thrombotic microangiopathy, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome i Decreased appetite and anorexia j Dysgeusia, ageusia and taste disturbance k Acute coronary syndrome, angina pectoris, angina unstable, coronary artery occlusion, myocardial ischaemia l Ejection fraction decreased/abnormal m Acute myocardial infarction, myocardial infarction, silent myocardial infarction n Oropharyngeal and pharyngolaryngeal pain o Stomatitis and aphtous stomatitis p Abdominal pain, abdominal pain lower and abdominal pain upper q Gastrointestinal perforation and intestinal perforation r Cholecystitis and acalculous cholecystitis s Yellow skin, skin discolouration and pigmentation disorder t Dermatitis psoriasiform, exfoliative rash, rash, rash erythematous, rash follicular, rash generalised, rash macular, rash maculo-papular, rash papular and rash pruritic u Skin reaction and skin disorder v Nail disorder and discolouration w Fatigue and asthenia x Face oedema, oedema and oedema peripheral y Amylase and amylase increased * Including fatal events Description of selected adverse reactions Infection and infestations: Cases of serious infection (with or without neutropoenia), including cases with fatal outcome, have been reported. Cases of necrotising fasciitis, including of the perineum, sometimes fatal, have been reported (see also section 4.4). Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Cases of thrombotic microangiopathy, in some cases with fatal outcome, have been reported. (see also section 4.4). Immune system disorders: Hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema, have been reported. Nervous system disorders: There have been few reports, some fatal, of subjects presenting with seizures and radiological evidence of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) (see also section 4.4). Metabolism and nutrition disorders: A higher incidence rate of hypoglycemia events was reported in patients with pNET in comparison to MRCC and GIST. Nevertheless most of these AEs observed in clinical studies were not considered related to study treatment. Hepatobiliary disorders: Hepatic dysfunction has been reported and may include Liver Function Test abnormalities, hepatitis or liver failure. Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Cases of pyoderma gangrenosum, generally reversible after drug discontinuation, have been reported (see also section 4.4). Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: Cases of myopathy and/or rhabdomyolysis, some with acute renal failure, have been reported. Patients with signs or symptoms of muscle toxicity should be managed as per standard medical practice. Cases of fistula formation, sometimes associated with tumour necrosis and regression, in some cases with fatal outcomes, have been reported. Cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) have been reported in patients treated with SUTENT, most of which occurred in patients who had identified risk factors for ONJ, in particular exposure to intravenous bisphosphonates and/or a history of dental disease requiring invasive dental procedures (see also section 4.4). Reporting of suspected adverse reactions Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. United Kingdom Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard Ireland Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via HPRA Pharmacovigilance, Earlsfort Terrace, IRL - Dublin 2, Tel: +353 1 6764971, Fax: +353 1 6762517, Website: www.hpra.ie E-mail: medsafety@hpra.ie 4.9 Overdose There is no specific antidote for overdose with sunitinib and treatment of overdose should consist of general supportive measures. If indicated, elimination of unabsorbed active substance may be achieved by emesis or gastric lavage. Cases of overdose have been reported; some cases were associated with adverse reactions consistent with the known safety profile of sunitinib. 5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, protein kinase inhibitors; ATC code :LO1XE04 Mechanism of action Sunitinib inhibits multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that are implicated in tumour growth, neoangiogenesis, and metastatic progression of cancer. Sunitinib was identified as an inhibitor of platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRα and PDGFRβ), vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3), stem cell factor receptor (KIT), Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3), colony stimulating factor receptor (CSF-1R), and the glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor receptor (RET). The primary metabolite exhibits similar potency compared to sunitinib in biochemical and cellular assays. Clinical efficacy and safety The clinical safety and efficacy of sunitinib has been studied in the treatment of patients with GIST who were resistant to imatinib (i.e. those who experienced disease progression during or following treatment with imatinib) or intolerant to imatinib (i.e. those who experienced significant toxicity during treatment with imatinib that precluded further treatment), the treatment of patients with MRCC and the treatment of patients with unresectable pNET. Efficacy is based on time to tumour progression and an increase in survival in GIST, on progression free survival and objective response rates for treatment-naïve and cytokine-refractory MRCC respectively, and on progression free survival for pNET. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) An initial open-label, dose-escalation study was conducted in patients with GIST after failure of imatinib (median maximum daily dose 800 mg) due to resistance or intolerance. Ninety-seven patients were enrolled at various doses and schedules; 55 patients received 50 mg at the recommended treatment schedule 4 weeks on /2 weeks off (“schedule 4/2”). In this study, the median Time to Tumour Progression (TTP) was 34.0 weeks (95% CI = 22.0 – 46.0 weeks). A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sunitinib was conducted in patients with GIST who were intolerant to, or had experienced disease progression during or following treatment with, imatinib (median maximum daily dose 800 mg). In this study, 312 patients were randomized (2:1) to receive either 50 mg sunitinib or placebo, orally once daily on schedule 4/2 until disease progression or withdrawal from the study for another reason (207 patients received sunitinib and 105 patients received placebo). The primary efficacy endpoint of the study was TTP, defined as the time from randomization to first documentation of objective tumour progression. At the time of the pre-specified interim analysis, the median TTP on sunitinib was 28.9 weeks (95% CI = 21.3 - 34.1 weeks) as assessed by the Investigator and 27.3 weeks (95% CI = 16.0 - 32.1 weeks) as assessed by the Independent Review and was statistically significantly longer than the TTP on placebo of 5.1 weeks (95% CI = 4.4 - 10.1 weeks) as assessed by the Investigator and 6.4 weeks (95% CI = 4.4 - 10.0 weeks) as assessed by the Independent Review. The difference in overall survival was statistically in favour of sunitinib [hazard ratio: 0.491 (95% CI: 0.290 - 0.831)]; the risk of death was 2 times higher in patients in the placebo arm compared to the sunitinib arm. After the interim analysis of efficacy and safety, at recommendation of the Independent DSMB, the study was unblinded and patients on the placebo arm were offered open-label sunitinib treatment. A total of 255 patients received sunitinib in the open-label treatment phase of the study, including 99 patients who were initially treated with placebo. The analyses of primary and secondary endpoints in the open-label phase of the study reaffirmed the results obtained at the time of the interim analysis, as shown in the table below: Table 2 - Summary of Efficacy Endpoints (ITT population) Double-Blind Treatment a   Median (95% CI) Hazard Ratio Placebo Cross-Over Group Endpoint SUTENT Placebo (95% CI) p Treatmentb Primary: TTP (weeks)           Interim 27.3 (16.0 to 32.1) 6.4 (4.4 to 10.0) 0.329 (0.233 to 0.466) <0.001 - Final 26.6 (16.0 to 32.1) 6.4 (4.4 to 10.0 ) 0.339 (0.244 to 0.472) <0.001 10.4 (4.3 to 22.0) Secondary           PFS (weeks) c           Interim 24.1 (11.1 to 28.3) 6.0 (4.4 to 9.9) 0.333 (0.238 to 0.467) <0.001 - Final 22.9 (10.9 to 28.0) 6.0 (4.4 to 9.7) 0.347 (0.253 to 0.475) <0.001 - ORR (%)d           Interim 6.8 (3.7 to 11.1) 0 (-) NA 0.006 - Final 6.6 (3.8 to 10.5) 0 (-) NA 0.004 10.1 (5.0 to 17.8) OS (weeks)e           Interim - - 0.491 (0.290 to 0.831) 0.007 - Final 72.7 (61.3 to 83.0) 64.9 (45.7 to 96.0) 0.876 (0.679 to 1.129) 0.306 - a Results of double-blind treatment are from the ITT population and using central radiologist measurement, as appropriate. b Efficacy results for the 99 subjects who crossed over from placebo to SUTENT after unblinding. Baseline was reset at cross-over and efficacy analyses were based on investigators assessment c The interim PFS numbers have been updated based on a recalculation of the original data d Results for ORR are given as percent of subjects with confirmed response with the 95% CI. e Median not achieved because the data were not yet mature. Median overall survival (OS) in the ITT population was 72.7 weeks and 64.9 weeks (HR 0.876, 95% CI: 0.679 – 1.129, p = 0.306), in the sunitinib and placebo arms respectively. In this analysis, the placebo arm included those patients randomized to placebo who subsequently received open-label sunitinib treatment. Treatment-naïve metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) A phase 3, randomized, multi-centre international study evaluating the efficacy and safety of sunitinib compared with IFN-α in treatment-naïve MRCC patients was conducted. Seven hundred and fifty patients were randomized 1:1 to the treatment arms; they received treatment with either sunitinib in repeated 6-week cycles, consisting of 4 weeks of 50 mg daily oral administration followed by 2 weeks of rest (schedule 4/2), or IFN-α, administered as a subcutaneous injection of 3 million units (MU) the first week, 6 MU the second week, and 9 MU the third week and thereafter, on 3 non-consecutive days each week. The median duration of treatment was 11.1 months (range: 0.4 – 46.1) for sunitinib treatment and 4.1 months (range: 0.1 – 45.6) for IFN- α treatment. Treatment-related serious adverse events (TRSAEs) were reported in 23.7% of patients receiving sunitinib and in 6.9% of patients receiving IFN-α. However, the discontinuation rates due to adverse events were 20% for sunitinib and 23% for IFN-α. Dose interruptions occurred in 202 patients (54%) on sunitinib and 141 patients (39%) on IFN-α. Dose reductions occurred in 194 patients (52%) on sunitinib and 98 patients (27%) on IFN-α. Patients were treated until disease progression or withdrawal from the study. The primary efficacy endpoint was progression free survival (PFS). A planned interim analysis showed a statistically significant advantage for sunitinib over IFN-α, in this study, the median PFS for the sunitinib-treated group was 47.3 weeks, compared with 22.0 weeks for the IFN-α-treated group; the hazard ratio was 0.415 (95% CI: 0.320 - 0.539, p-value <0.001). Other endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS) and safety. Core radiology assessment was discontinued after the primary endpoint had been met. At the final analysis, the ORR as determined by the investigator's assessment was 46% (95% CI: 41 - 51) for the sunitinib arm and 12.0% (95% CI: 9 - 16) for the IFN-α arm (p<0.001). Sunitinib treatment was associated with longer survival compared to IFN-α. The median OS was 114.6 weeks for the sunitinib arm (95% CI: 100.1 - 142.9 weeks) and 94.9 weeks for the IFN-α arm (95% CI: 77.7 - 117.0 weeks) with a hazard ratio of 0.821 (95% CI: 0.673 - 1.001; p = 0.0510 by unstratified log-rank). The overall PFS and OS, observed in the ITT population, as determined by the core radiology laboratory assessment, are summarized in the table below: Table 3 - Summary of Efficacy Endpoints (ITT population) Summary of Progression-Free Survival Sunitinib (N=375) IFN-α (N=375) Subject did not progress or die [n (%)] 161 (42.9) 176 (46.9) Subject observed to have progressed or died [n (%)] 214 (57.1) 199 (53.1) PFS (weeks)     Quartile (95% CI)     25% 22.7 (18.0 to 34.0) 10.0 (7.3 to 10.3) 50% 48.3 (46.4 to 58.3) 22.1 (17.1 to 24.0) 75% 84.3 (72.9 to 95.1) 58.1 (45.6 to 82.1) Unstratified Analysis   Hazard Ratio (sunitinib vs IFN-α) 0.5268 95% CI for Hazard Ratio (0.4316 to 0.6430) p-valuea <0.0001 a From a 2-sided log-rank test Summary of Overall Survival Sunitinib (N = 375) IFN-α (N = 375) Subject not known to have died [n (%)] 185 (49.3) 175 (46.7) Subject observed to have died [n (%)] 190 (50.7) 200 (53.3) OS (weeks)     Quartile (95% CI)     25% 56.6 (48.7 to 68.4) 41.7 (32.6 to 51.6) 50% 114.6 (100.1 to 142.9) 94.9 (77.7 to 117.0) 75% NA (NA to NA) NA (NA to NA) Unstratified Analysis   Hazard Ratio (sunitinib vs IFN-α) 0.8209 95% CI for Hazard Ratio (0.6730 to 1.0013) p-value a 0.0510 a From a 2-sided log-rank test. NA: Not Available (Not Reached) Cytokine-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC). A phase 2 study of sunitinib was conducted in patients who were refractory to prior cytokine therapy with interleukin-2 or IFN-α. Sixty three patients received a starting dose of 50 mg sunitinib orally, once daily for 4 consecutive weeks followed by a 2-week rest period, to comprise a complete cycle of 6 weeks (schedule 4/2). The primary efficacy endpoint was objective response rate (ORR), based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST). In this study the objective response rate was 36.5% (95% CI: 24.7% - 49.6%) and the median time to progression (TTP) was 37.7 weeks (95% CI: 24.0 - 46.4 weeks). A confirmatory, open-label, single-arm, multi-centre study evaluating the efficacy and safety of sunitinib was conducted in patients with MRCC who were refractory to prior cytokine therapy. One hundred and six patients received at least one 50 mg dose of sunitinib on schedule 4/2. The primary efficacy endpoint of this study was Objective Response Rate (ORR). Secondary endpoints included TTP, duration of response (DR) and overall survival (OS). In this study the ORR was 35.8% (95% CI: 26.8% – 47.5 %). The median DR and OS had not yet been reached. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNET) A supportive phase 2, open-label, multi-center study evaluated the efficacy and safety of single-agent sunitinib 50 mg daily on schedule 4/2 [4 weeks on treatment, 2-week rest period] in patients with unresectable pNET. In a pancreatic islet cell tumour cohort of 66 patients, the primary endpoint of response rate was 17%. A pivotal phase 3, multi-centre, international, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study of single-agent sunitinib was conducted in patients with unresectable pNET. Patients were required to have documented progression, based on RECIST, within the prior 12 months and were randomized (1:1) to receive either 37.5 mg sunitinib once daily without a scheduled rest period (n = 86) or placebo (n = 85). The primary objective was to compare Progression-Free Survival (PFS) in patients receiving sunitinib versus patients receiving placebo. Other endpoints included Overall Survival (OS), Objective Response Rate (ORR), Patient-reported Outcomes (PRO) and safety. Demographics were comparable between the sunitinib and placebo groups. Additionally, 49% of sunitinib patients had non-functioning tumours versus 52% of placebo patients and 92% patients in both arms had liver metastases. Use of somatostatin analogs was allowed in the study. A total of 66% of sunitinib patients received prior systemic therapy compared with 72% of placebo patients. In addition, 24% of sunitinib patients had received somatostatin analogs compared with 22% of placebo patients. A clinically significant advantage in investigator-assessed PFS for sunitinib over placebo was observed. The median PFS was 11.4 months for the sunitinib arm compared to 5.5 months for the placebo arm [hazard ratio: 0.418 (95% CI: 0.263, 0.662), p-value = 0.0001]; similar results were observed when derived tumour response assessments based upon application of RECIST to investigator tumour measurements were used to determine disease progression, as shown in Table 4. A hazard ratio favouring sunitinib was observed in all subgroups of baseline characteristics evaluated, including an analysis by number of prior systemic therapies. A total of 29 patients in the sunitinib arm and 24 in the placebo arm had received no prior systemic treatment; among these patients, the hazard ratio for PFS was 0.365 (95% CI: 0.156, 0.857), p = 0.0156. Similarly, among 57 patients in the sunitinib arm (including 28 with 1 prior systemic therapy and 29 with 2 or more prior systemic therapies) and 61 patients in the placebo arm (including 25 with 1 prior systemic therapy and 36 with 2 or more prior systemic therapies), the hazard ratio for PFS was 0.456 (95% CI: 0.264, 0.787), p = 0.0036. A sensitivity analysis of PFS was conducted where progression was based upon investigator-reported tumour measurements and where all subjects censored for reasons other than study termination were treated as PFS events. This analysis provided a conservative estimate of the treatment effect of sunitinib and supported the primary analysis, demonstrating a hazard ratio of 0.507 (95% CI: 0.350, 0.733), p = 0.000193. The pivotal study in pancreatic NET was terminated prematurely at the recommendation of an independent Drug Monitoring Committee, and the primary endpoint was based upon investigator assessment, both of which may have affected the estimates of the treatment effect. In order to rule out bias in the investigator-based assessment of PFS, a blinded independent central review of scans was performed; this review supported the investigator assessment, as shown in Table 4. Table 4 - pNET Efficacy Results from the Phase 3 Study Efficacy Parameter SUTENT (n = 86) Placebo (n = 85) HR (95% CI) P-value Progression-Free Survival [median, months (95% CI)] by Investigator Assessment 11.4 (7.4, 19.8) 5.5 (3.6, 7.4) 0.418 (0.263, 0.662) 0.0001a Progression-Free Survival [median, months (95% CI)] by derived tumour response assessment based upon application of RECIST to investigator tumour assessments 12.6 (7.4, 16.9) 5.4 (3.5, 6.0) 0.401 (0.252, 0.640) 0.000066a Progression-Free Survival [median, months (95% CI)] by blinded independent central review of tumour assessments 12.6 (11.1, 20.6) 5.8 (3.8, 7.2) 0.315 (0.181, 0.546) 0.000015 a Overall Survival [5 years follow-up] [median, months (95% CI)] 38.6 (25.6, 56.4) 29.1 (16.4, 36.8) 0.730 (0.504, 1.057) 0.0940 a Objective Response Rate [%, (95% CI)] 9.3 (3.2, 15.4) 0 NA 0.0066b CI=Confidence interval, HR=Hazard ratio, NA=Not applicable a 2-sided unstratified log-rank test b Fisher's Exact test Figure 1 - Kaplan-Meier Curve of PFS in the pNET Phase 3 Study OS data were not mature at the time of the study closure [20.6 months (95% CI 20.6, NR) for the sunitinib arm compared to NR (95% CI 15.5, NR) for the placebo arm, hazard ratio: 0.409 (95% CI: 0.187, 0.894), p-value = 0.0204]. . There were 9 deaths in the sunitinib arm and 21 deaths in the placebo arm. Upon disease progression, patients were unblinded and placebo patients were offered access to open-label sunitinib in a separate extension study. As a result of the early study closure, remaining patients were unblinded and offered access to open-label sunitinib in an extension study. A total of 59 out of 85 (69.4%) patients from the placebo arm crossed over to open-label sunitinib following disease progression or unblinding at study closure. OS observed after 5 years of follow-up in the extension study showed a hazard ratio of 0.730 (95% CI 0.504, 1.057). Results from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) showed that the overall global health-related quality of life and the five functioning domains (physical, role, cognitive, emotional and social) were maintained for patients on sunitinib treatment as compared to placebo with limited adverse symptomatic effects. Paediatric population The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of the studies with SUTENT in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) (see section 4.2 for information on the paediatric use). The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with SUTENT in all subsets of the paediatric population for treatment of kidney and renal pelvis carcinoma (excluding nephroblastoma, nephroblastomatosis, clear cell sarcoma, mesoblastic nephroma, renal medullary carcinoma and rhabdoid tumour of the kidney) (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use). The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of the studies with SUTENT in all subsets of the paediatric population for treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (excluding neuroblastoma, neuroganglioblastoma, phaeochromocytoma) (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use). 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties The pharmacokinetics of sunitinib were evaluated in 135 healthy volunteers and 266 patients with solid tumours. The pharmacokinetics were similar in all solid tumours populations tested and in healthy volunteers. In the dosing ranges of 25 to 100 mg, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and Cmax increase proportionally with dose. With repeated daily administration, sunitinib accumulates 3- to 4-fold and its primary active metabolite accumulates 7- to 10-fold. Steady-state concentrations of sunitinib and its primary active metabolite are achieved within 10 to 14 days. By Day 14, combined plasma concentrations of sunitinib and is active metabolite are 62.9 - 101 ng/ml which are target concentrations predicted from preclinical data to inhibit receptor phosphorylation in vitro and result in tumour stasis/growth reduction in vivo. The primary active metabolite comprises 23 to 37% of the total exposure. No significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of sunitinib or the primary, active metabolite are observed with repeated daily administration or with repeated cycles in the dosing schedules tested. Absorption After oral administration of sunitinib, maximum concentrations (Cmax) are generally observed from 6 to 12 hours (tmax) post-administration. Food has no effect on the bioavailability of sunitinib. Distribution In vitro, binding of sunitinib and its primary active metabolite to human plasma protein was 95% and 90%, respectively, with no apparent concentration dependence. The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) for sunitinib was large, 2230 l, indicating distribution into the tissues. Metabolic interactions The calculated in vitro Ki values for all cytochrome (CYP) isoforms tested (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4/5 and CYP4A9/11) indicated that sunitinib and its primary active metabolite are unlikely to induce metabolism, to any clinically relevant extent, of other active substances that may be metabolised by these enzymes. Biotransformation Sunitinib is metabolised primarily by CYP3A4, the cytochrome P450 isoform, which produces its primary active metabolite, desethyl sunitinib, which is then further metabolized by the same isoenzyme. Co-administration of sunitinib with potent CYP3A4 inducers or inhibitors should be avoided because the plasma levels of sunitinib may be altered (see sections 4.4 and 4.5). Elimination Excretion is primarily via faeces (61%) with renal elimination of unchanged active substance and metabolites accounting for 16% of the administered dose. Sunitinib and its primary active metabolite were the major compounds identified in plasma, urine and faeces, representing 91.5%, 86.4% and 73.8% of radioactivity in pooled samples, respectively. Minor metabolites were identified in urine and faeces, but generally were not found in plasma. Total oral clearance (CL/F) was 34-62 l/hr. Following oral administration in healthy volunteers, the elimination half-lives of sunitinib and its primary active desethyl metabolite are approximately 40 – 60 hours, and 80 – 110 hours, respectively. Special populations Hepatic impairment: Sunitinib and its primary metabolite are mainly metabolized by the liver. Systemic exposures after a single dose of sunitinib were similar in subjects with mild or moderate (Child-Pugh class A and B) hepatic impairment compared to subjects with normal hepatic function. SUTENT was not studied in subjects with severe (Child-Pugh class C) hepatic impairment. Studies in cancer patients have excluded patients with ALT or AST >2.5 x ULN (upper limit of normal) or, if due to liver metastasis, >5.0 x ULN. Renal impairment: Population pharmacokinetic analyses indicated that sunitinib apparent clearance (CL/F) was not affected by creatinine clearance within the range evaluated (42-347 ml/min). Systemic exposures after a single dose of sunitinib were similar in subjects with severe renal impairment (CLcr <30 ml/min) compared to subjects with normal renal function (CLcr >80 ml/min). Although sunitinib and its primary metabolite were not eliminated through hemodialysis in subjects with ESRD, the total systemic exposures were lower by 47% for sunitinib and 31% for its primary metabolite compared to subjects with normal renal function. Weight, performance status: Population pharmacokinetic analyses of demographic data indicate that no starting dose adjustments are necessary for weight or Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status. Gender: Available data indicate that females could have about 30% lower apparent clearance (CL/F) of sunitinib than males: this difference, however, does not necessitate starting dose adjustments. 5.3 Preclinical safety data In rat and monkey repeated-dose toxicity studies up to 9-months duration, the primary target organ effects were identified in the gastrointestinal tract (emesis and diarrhoea in monkeys); adrenal gland (cortical congestion and/or haemorrhage in rats and monkeys, with necrosis followed by fibrosis in rats); haemolymphopoietic system (bone morrow hypocellularity, and lymphoid depletion of thymus, spleen, and lymph node); exocrine pancreas (acinar cell degranulation with single cell necrosis); salivary gland (acinar hypertrophy); bone joint (growth plate thickening); uterus (atrophy); and ovaries (decreased follicular development). All findings occurred at clinically relevant sunitinib plasma exposure levels. Additional effects, observed in other studies included: QTc interval prolongation, LVEF reduction and testicular tubular atrophy, increased mesangial cells in kidney, haemorrhage in gastro-intestinal tract and oral mucosa, and hypertrophy of anterior pituitary cells. Changes in the uterus (endometrial atrophy) and bone growth plate (physeal thickening or dysplasia of cartilage) are thought to be related to the pharmacological action of sunitinib. Most of these findings were reversible after 2 to 6 weeks without treatment. Genotoxicity The genotoxic potential of sunitinib was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Sunitinib was not mutagenic in bacteria using metabolic activation provided by rat liver. Sunitinib did not induce structural chromosome aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocyte cells in vitro. Polyploidy (numerical chromosome aberrations) was observed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro, both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Sunitinib was not clastogenic in rat bone marrow in vivo. The major active metabolite was not evaluated for genotoxic potential. Carcinogenicity In a 1-month, oral gavage dose-range finding study (0, 10, 25, 75, or 200 mg/kg/day) with continuous daily dosing in rasH2 transgenic mice, carcinoma and hyperplasia of Brunner's glands of the duodenum were observed at the highest dose (200 mg/kg/day) tested. A 6-month, oral gavage carcinogenicity study (0, 8, 25, 75 [reduced to 50] mg/kg/day), with daily dosing was conducted in rasH2 transgenic mice. Gastroduodenal carcinomas, an increased incidence of background haemangiosarcomas, and/or gastric mucosal hyperplasia were observed at doses of ≥25 mg/kg/day following 1- or 6-months duration (≥7.3 times the AUC in patients administered the recommended daily dose [RDD]). In a 2-year rat carcinogenicity study (0, 0.33, 1, or 3 mg/kg/day), administration of sunitinib in 28-day cycles followed by 7-day dose-free periods resulted in increases in the incidence of pheochromocytomas and hyperplasia in the adrenal medulla of male rats given 3 mg/kg/day following >1 year of dosing (≥7.8 times the AUC in patients administered the RDD). Brunner's glands carcinoma occurred in the duodenum at ≥1 mg/kg/day in females and at 3 mg/kg/day in males, and mucous cell hyperplasia was evident in the glandular stomach at 3 mg/kg/day in males, which occurred at ≥0.9, 7.8 and 7.8 times the AUC in patients administered the RDD, respectively. The relevance to humans of the neoplastic findings observed in the mouse (rasH2 transgenic) and rat carcinogenicity studies with sunitinib treatment is unclear. Reproductive and developmental toxicity No effects on male or female fertility were observed in reproductive toxicity studies. However, in repeated-dose toxicity studies performed in rats and monkeys, effects on female fertility were observed in the form of follicular atresia, degeneration of corpora lutea, endometrial changes in the uterus and decreased uterine and ovarian weights at clinically relevant systemic exposure levels. Effects on male fertility in rat were observed in the form of tubular atrophy in the testes, reduction of spermatozoa in epididymides and colloid depletion in prostate and seminal vesicles at plasma exposure levels 25 times the systemic exposure in humans. In rats, embryo-foetal mortality was evident as significant reductions in the number of live foetuses, increased numbers of resorptions, increased post-implantation loss, and total litter loss in 8 of 28 pregnant females at plasma exposure levels 5.5 times the systemic exposure in humans. In rabbits, reductions in gravid uterine weights and number of live foetuses were due to increases in the number of resorptions, increases in post-implantation loss and complete litter loss in 4 of 6 pregnant females at plasma exposure levels 3 times the systemic exposure in humans. Sunitinib treatment in rats during organogenesis resulted in developmental effects at ≥ 5 mg/kg/day consisting of increased incidence of foetal skeletal malformations, predominantly characterized as retarded ossification of thoracic/lumbar vertebrae and occurred at plasma exposure levels 5.5 times the systemic exposure in humans. In rabbits, developmental effects consisted of increased incidence of cleft lip at plasma exposure levels approximately equal to that observed in clinic, and cleft lip and cleft palate at plasma exposure levels 2.7 times the systemic exposure in humans. Sunitinib (0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg/day) was evaluated in a pre-and postnatal development study in pregnant rats. Maternal body weight gains were reduced during gestation and lactation at > 1mg/kg/day but no maternal reproductive toxicity was observed up to 3 mg/kg/day (estimate exposure >2.3 times the AUC in patients administered the RDD). Reduced offspring body weights were observed during the pre-weaning and post-weaning periods at 3 mg/kg/day. No development toxicity was observed at 1 mg/kg/day (approximate exposure ≥0.9 times the AUC in patients administered the RDD). 6. Pharmaceutical particulars 6.1 List of excipients SUTENT 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 37.5 mg, 50 mg hard capsules Capsule content Mannitol (E421) Croscarmellose sodium Povidone (K-25) Magnesium stearate SUTENT 12.5 mg, 25 mg hard capsules Orange Capsule Shell Gelatin Red iron oxide (E172) Titanium dioxide (E171) SUTENT 25 mg, 50 mg hard capsules Caramel Capsule Shell Gelatin Titanium dioxide (E171) Yellow iron oxide (E172) Red iron oxide (E172) Black iron oxide (E172) SUTENT 37.5 mg hard capsules Yellow Capsule Shell Gelatin Titanium dioxide (E171) Yellow iron oxide (E172) SUTENT 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg hard capsules Printing ink Shellac Propylene glycol Sodium hydroxide Povidone Titanium dioxide (E171) SUTENT 37.5 mg hard capsules Printing ink Shellac Propylene glycol Potassium hydroxide Black iron oxide (E172) 6.2 Incompatibilities Not applicable. 6.3 Shelf life 3 years. 6.4 Special precautions for storage This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions. 6.5 Nature and contents of container High-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle with a polypropylene closure containing 30 hard capsules. Poly (chlorotrifluoroethylene)/PVC transparent perforated unit dose blister with aluminium foil coated with heat seal lacquer containing 28 x 1 hard capsules. Not all pack sizes may be marketed. 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling No special requirements. 7. Marketing authorisation holder Pfizer Ltd Ramsgate Road Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ United Kingdom 8. Marketing authorisation number(s) EU/1/06/347/001-008 9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation Dat of first authorisation: 19 July 2006 Date of latest renewal: 09 January 2012 10. Date of revision of the text 06/2015 Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu. 舒尼替尼(索坦，Sutent)——肾癌、胃肠间质瘤、非小细胞肺癌、肝癌新药 ★：舒尼替尼：最新靶向治疗药物，双通道、多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂 ★：舒尼替尼：抑制癌细胞生长、阻断肿瘤生长所需血液和营养物质供给 ★：舒尼替尼：显著延长总体生存期、有效改善主客观症状和体征 ★：舒尼替尼：广泛用于肾细胞癌、胃肠间质瘤、肺癌、肝癌等实体瘤 ★：舒尼替尼：作用强、起效快、依从性好、不良反应轻、口服方便 舒尼替尼（Sunitinib，Sutent）是一种新型多靶向性的治疗肿瘤的口服药物。舒尼替尼的首要开发目标为，用于治疗对标准疗法没有响应或不能耐受之胃肠道基质肿瘤和转移性肾细胞癌。舒尼替尼能选择性地靶向某些蛋白的受体，后者被认为在肿瘤生长过程中起着一种分子开关样的作用。舒尼替尼的上述适应证已在美国获得了FDA授予的“快通道”审批地位。 舒尼替尼是一类能够选择性地靶向多种受体酪氨酸激酶的新型药物中的第一个药物。抑制受体酪氨酸激酶被认为可经阻断肿瘤生长所需的血液和营养物质供给而“饿死”肿瘤并具同时杀死肿瘤细胞活性，即舒尼替尼结合了中止向肿瘤细胞供应血液的抗血管形成和直接攻击肿瘤细胞的抗肿瘤这两种作用机制。 舒尼替尼可能代表了新一轮靶向疗法的问世，它既能直接攻击肿瘤、又无常规化疗的毒副反应，其临床优势是显而易见的。舒尼替尼已于2005年8月在美提出了新药申请；同年9月又向欧美药政当局提交了批准申请。辉瑞公司目前正在等待欧美批准舒尼替尼用于标准治疗无效或不能耐受的胃肠道基质肿瘤和肾细胞癌患者。Ⅲ期临床试验证实，舒尼替尼能够大大延长已对伊马替尼治疗耐药或不能耐受的胃肠道基质肿瘤患者的肿瘤进展时间（分别为6.3个月对安慰剂组的1.5个月），并显著性降低他们50%的死亡风险。舒尼替尼也已在用于治疗转移性乳腺癌和神经内分泌肿瘤等的Ⅱ期临床试验中显现出令人鼓舞的结果。舒尼替尼现正在进行单用或合用其他抗肿瘤药物用于治疗许多其他类型实体瘤，包括乳腺癌、肺癌、前列腺癌和结肠直肠癌等的大量研究。 舒尼替尼(Sunitinib,Sutent)是一类能够选择性地靶向针对多种受体酪氨酸激酶的新型药物中的第一个药物。它通过阻断肿瘤生长所需的血液和营养物质供给和直接攻击肿瘤细胞这两种作用机制来对抗肿瘤,因此其临床优势是显而易见的。它可能代表了新一轮靶向疗法的问世。 治疗转移性肾细胞癌 已有非对照研究显示舒尼替尼对转移性肾细胞癌(mRCC)患者有效。2006年ASCO会议上美国纽约Memorial Sloan-Kettering癌症中心Motzer等报告,在一项针对mRCC患者的随机Ⅲ期试验中,和干扰素(IFN)-α相比,舒尼替尼作为一线疗法证实对患者无进展生存期(PFS)和目标缓解率(ORR)都有明显改善作用。第三方评估的舒尼替尼组的中位无进展生存期(11个月)显著长于IFN-α 组(5个月),相应的风险比是0.42(95%可信区间为0.32~0.54,P<0.001)。 在2007年ASCO会议上,Motzer等提供了来自这一试验的最新结果和有关预后因素的一个分析报告。研究纳入未经治疗的患有透明细胞mRCC的750例患者,并按1∶1的比例(舒尼替尼与IFN-α组均为375例)将患者随机分组以便接受舒尼替尼(每天50 mg 口服,连用4周,休息2周,6周为1个周期)或IFN-α(9 MU 皮下注射,每周3次)治疗。主要终点是PFS。治疗的中位持续时间是舒尼替尼11个月,IFN-α 4个月。 研究者评估的最新客观肿瘤缓解率(ORR)是:舒尼替尼组44% (95% CI:39~49),IFN-α组 11%(95% CI:8~15)。舒尼替尼组4例完全缓解,IFN-α组 2例。舒尼替尼组中位PFS为10.8个月(95%CI:10.6~12.6),IFN-α组为 4.1个月(95% CI:3.8~5.3) (图1)。经舒尼替尼治疗的0风险因子的患者(n=112)中位PFS 是14.8个月(95% CI:13.0~19.3);具有1个风险因子的患者(n=169)则是10.8个月(95% CI:8.7~12.6);≥2个风险因子的患者(n=94)则是8.0个月(95% CI:4.0~8.6)。 在所有的美国癌症中心纽约纪念医院(MSKCC)预后因子组中均可发现舒尼替尼有PFS获益(HR=　0.488;95% CI:0.406~0.586)。舒尼替尼组中预测更长PFS的基线特征(通过研究者评估)是血红蛋白处于正常值低限(P=0.0043),校正钙=10 mg/dl (P=0.001),ECOG评分为0(P=0.0005),转移灶数量为0 或 1 (P=0.0064),从诊断到治疗的时间为1年(P=0.0002)。 治疗胃肠道间质瘤 会议上还报告了舒尼替尼在许多其他类型肿瘤的治疗上所显现出的令人鼓舞的结果。在伊马替尼抵抗或无法耐受的胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)患者中,初步研究显示:循环中KIT水平可能是TTP的一个标记,可溶性KIT(sKIT)水平的降低可能预示着伊马替尼和舒尼替尼治疗有效。研究中期分析显示,舒尼替尼组与安慰剂组相比TTP显著延长,中位TTP为27.3周对6.4周(HR=0.33,P<0.0001)(图2)。舒尼替尼持续每日给药似乎是伊马替尼抵抗或无法耐受的GIST患者的一个安全且有效的给药策略。 治疗非小细胞肺癌 一项Ⅱ期试验显示,对化疗无效的晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者,舒尼替尼单药治疗能缩小肿瘤或阻止肿瘤生长,提示其有望在肺癌治疗中占一席之地。既往接受过治疗的患者接受舒尼替尼连续给药方案治疗时,安全性可接受。同时有初步的有效性证据:1例PR,中位PFS 12.1周。 治疗肝细胞癌 有研究者设计了一个Ⅱ期临床试验来评估舒尼替尼治疗进展期肝细胞肝癌(HCC)的有效性和毒性。结果显示,在密切监护下,患者接受目前的剂量(37.5 mg口服,每天一次治疗,连用4周休息2周,6周为一个周期)是安全的。初步观察到抗肿瘤活性证据,并且治疗后血管源性参数及血中标志物发生了改变。 -------------------------------------------------- 注：以下产品不同规格和不同上市国家，采购以咨询为准！ -------------------------------------------------- 产地国家: 德国 原产地英文商品名: SUTENT 50mg/Capsule 30Capsules/bottle 原产地英文药品名: SUNITINIB MALATE 中文参考商品译名: 索坦 50毫克/胶囊 30胶囊/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 苹果酸舒尼替尼 生产厂家中文参考译名: Pfizer 生产厂家英文名: Pfizer -------------------------------------------- 产地国家：德国 原产地英文商品名: SUTENT 25mg/Capsule 30Capsules/bottle 原产地英文药品名: SUNITINIB MALATE 中文参考商品译名: 索坦 50毫克/胶囊 30胶囊/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 苹果酸舒尼替尼 生产厂家中文参考译名: Pfizer 生产厂家英文名: Pfizer --------------------------------------------- 产地国家：德国 原产地英文商品名: SUTENT 12.5mg/Capsule 30Capsules/bottle 原产地英文药品名: SUNITINIB MALATE 中文参考商品译名: 索坦 50毫克/胶囊 30胶囊/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 苹果酸舒尼替尼 生产厂家中文参考译名: Pfizer 生产厂家英文名: Pfizer ------------------------------------------- 产地国家: 英国 原产地英文商品名: SUTENT 50mg/Capsule 28Capsules/bottle 原产地英文药品名: SUNITINIB MALATE 中文参考商品译名: 索坦 50毫克/胶囊 28胶囊/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 苹果酸舒尼替尼 生产厂家中文参考译名: Pfizer 生产厂家英文名: Pfizer -------------------------------------------- 产地国家：英国 原产地英文商品名: SUTENT 25mg/Capsule 28Capsules/bottle 原产地英文药品名: SUNITINIB MALATE 中文参考商品译名: 索坦 50毫克/胶囊 28胶囊/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 苹果酸舒尼替尼 生产厂家中文参考译名: Pfizer 生产厂家英文名: Pfizer --------------------------------------------- 产地国家：英国 原产地英文商品名: SUTENT 12.5mg/Capsule 28Capsules/bottle 原产地英文药品名: SUNITINIB MALATE 中文参考商品译名: 索坦 50毫克/胶囊 28胶囊/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 苹果酸舒尼替尼 生产厂家中文参考译名: Pfizer 生产厂家英文名: Pfizer ------------------------------------------- 产地国家：英国 原产地英文商品名: SUTENT 37.5mg/Capsule 28Capsules/bottle 原产地英文药品名: SUNITINIB MALATE 中文参考商品译名: 索坦 37.5毫克/胶囊 28胶囊/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 苹果酸舒尼替尼 生产厂家中文参考译名: Pfizer 生产厂家英文名: Pfizer ---------------------------------------------------- 产地国家：土耳其 所属类别：抗癌药物 ->治疗肾癌药物 原产地英文药品名： SUNITINIB MALATE 中文参考药品译名： 苹果酸舒尼替尼 原产地英文商品名： SUTENT 50mg/cap 28caps/bottle 中文参考商品译名： 索坦 50毫克/胶囊 28胶囊/瓶 生产厂家英文名： CPPI CV 生产厂家中文参考译名： CPPI CV ---------------------------------------------------- 产地国家：土耳其 原产地英文药品名： SUNITINIB MALATE 中文参考药品译名： 苹果酸舒尼替尼 原产地英文商品名： SUTENT 25mg/cap 28caps/bottle 中文参考商品译名： 索坦 25毫克/胶囊 28胶囊/瓶 生产厂家英文名： CPPI CV 生产厂家中文参考译名： CPPI CV ---------------------------------------------------- 产地国家：土耳其 原产地英文药品名： SUNITINIB MALATE 中文参考药品译名： 苹果酸舒尼替尼 原产地英文商品名： SUTENT 12.5mg/cap 28caps/bottle 中文参考商品译名： 索坦 12.5毫克/胶囊 28胶囊/瓶 生产厂家英文名： CPPI CV 生产厂家中文参考译名： CPPI CV 曾用名： 未知