2017年8月3日,吉利德（Gilead）开发的一款泛基因型丙肝挽救疗法Vosevi（sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir，SOF/VEL/VOX）在欧盟上市。欧盟委员会（EC）已批准Vosevi，作为一种每日一次的复方单片，用于全部基因型（GT1-6）慢性丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）成人感染者的治疗。 Vosevi由固定剂量的sofosbuvir（400mg）、velpatasvir（100mg）、voxilaprevir（100mg）组成，该药适用于全部基因型丙肝患者，包括伴有或不伴有肝硬化、经治（既往已接受治疗）和初治（既往未接受治疗）的患者，具体而言：（1）Vosevi 8周治疗方案适用于无肝硬化、HCV直接作用抗病毒（DAA）初治的全部6种基因型丙肝患者。（2）Vosevi 12周方案适用于既往接受一种含DAA方案治疗失败、无肝硬化或伴有代偿性肝硬化的全部6种基因型丙肝患者；该方案也适用于DAA初治、伴有代偿性肝硬化的全部6种基因型丙肝患者，而对于基因型3丙肝患者而言，该方案可以缩短至8周疗程。 此次批准，使Vosevi成为首个也是唯一一个获批用于既往接受DAA方案治疗失败的丙肝患者群体的复方单片方案。Vosevi的获批，是基于4个III期临床研究的数据。其中2个研究（POLARIS-1和POLARIS-4）在既往接受含DAA方案（包括NS5A抑制剂）治疗失败的GT1-6丙肝患者中开展，评估了Vosevi 12周方案的疗效和安全性。另2个研究（POLARIS-2和POLARIS-3）在DAA初治的基因型1-6丙肝患者中开展，评估了Vosevi 8周方案的疗效和安全性。 研究结果显示，在POLARIS-1和POLARIS-4研究中，Vosevi 12周方案的病毒学治愈率（SVR12）为97%（n=431/445）；POLARIS-2研究中，Vosevi 8周方案治疗伴有或不伴有肝硬化的基因型1-6丙肝患者的SVR12为95%（n=477/501）；POLARIS-3研究中，Vosevi 8周方案治疗伴有肝硬化的基因型3丙肝患者的SVR12为96%（n=106/110）。横跨所有POLARIS研究，Vosevi治疗相关的最常见不良事件包括头痛、疲劳、腹泻及恶心。 Vosevi是吉利德基于sofosbuvir开发的第4个产品。Sofosbuvir是一种高效的HCV NS5B聚合酶核苷酸类似物抑制剂，在欧盟，sofosbuvir单一制剂已于2014年1月16日获批以品牌名Sovaldi上市销售，该药适用于联合其他抗病毒制剂用于HCV感染者的治疗。此外，sofosbuvir（400mg）联合ledipasvir（90mg）的复方单片Harvoni已于2014年11月获批上市；sofosbuvir（400mg）联合velpatasvir（100mg）的复方单片Epclusa也于2016年7月获批上市。 在美国，Vosevi于2017年7月18日获得美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）批准，用于基因型1-6 HCV成人感染者的再治疗（re-treatment）. Vosevi 400 mg/100 mg/100 mg film coated tablets Gilead Sciences Ltd contact details Active ingredient sofosbuvir velpatasvir voxilaprevir Legal Category POM: Prescription only medicine 1. Name of the medicinal product Vosevi 400 mg/100 mg/100 mg film-coated tablets 2. Qualitative and quantitative composition Each film-coated tablet contains 400 mg sofosbuvir, 100 mg velpatasvir and 100 mg voxilaprevir. Excipients with known effect Each film-coated tablet contains 111 mg of lactose (as lactose monohydrate). For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 3. Pharmaceutical form Film-coated tablet. Beige, capsule-shaped, film-coated tablet of dimensions 10 mm x 20 mm, debossed with “GSI” on one side and “” on the other side. 4. Clinical particulars 4.1 Therapeutic indications Vosevi is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in adults (see sections 4.2, 4.4 and 5.1). 4.2 Posology and method of administration Vosevi treatment should be initiated and monitored by a physician experienced in the management of patients with HCV infection. Posology The recommended dose of Vosevi is one tablet, taken orally, once daily with food (see section 5.2). The recommended durations of treatment applicable to all HCV genotypes are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Recommended treatment durations for Vosevi for all HCV genotypes DAA: direct-acting antiviral agent * In clinical trials the DAA experienced patients had been exposed to combination regimens containing any of the following: daclatasvir, dasabuvir, elbasvir, grazoprevir, ledipasvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, voxilaprevir (administered with sofosbuvir and velpatasvir for less than 12 weeks) Missed dose If a dose of Vosevi is missed and it is within 18 hours of the normal time, patients should be instructed to take the tablet as soon as possible and then patients should take the next dose at the usual time. If it is after 18 hours then patients should be instructed to wait and take the next dose of Vosevi at the usual time. Patients should be instructed not to take a double dose of Vosevi. Patients should be instructed that if vomiting occurs within 4 hours of dosing an additional tablet of Vosevi should be taken. If vomiting occurs more than 4 hours after dosing, no further dose of Vosevi is needed (see section 5.1). Elderly No dose adjustment is warranted for elderly patients (see section 5.2). Renal impairment No dose adjustment of Vosevi is required for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. The safety and efficacy of Vosevi has not been assessed in patients with severe renal impairment (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate [eGFR] < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) or end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring haemodialysis (see section 4.4 and 5.2). Hepatic impairment No dose adjustment of Vosevi is required for patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh-Turcotte [CPT] Class A). Vosevi is not recommended in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (CPT Class B or C) (see section 5.2). Paediatric population The safety and efficacy of Vosevi in children and adolescents aged less than 18 years have not yet been established. No data are available. Method of administration For oral use. Patients should be instructed to swallow the tablet whole with food (see section 5.2). Due to the bitter taste, it is recommended that the film-coated tablet is not chewed or crushed. 4.3 Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1. Concomitant use with medicinal products that are strong P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and/or strong cytochrome P450 (CYP) inducers (e.g. rifampicin, rifabutin, St. John's wort [Hypericum perforatum], carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin) (see section 4.5). Concomitant use with rosuvastatin or dabigatran etexilate (see section 4.5). Concomitant use with ethinylestradiol-containing medicinal products such as combined oral contraceptives or contraceptive vaginal rings (see section 4.5). 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use Severe bradycardia and heart block Cases of severe bradycardia and heart block have been observed when sofosbuvir used in combination with another DAA, is used with concomitant amiodarone with or without other medicinal products that lower heart rate. The mechanism is not established. The concomitant use of amiodarone was limited through the clinical development of sofosbuvir plus DAAs. Cases are potentially life threatening, therefore amiodarone should only be used in patients on Vosevi when other alternative anti-arrhythmic treatments are not tolerated or are contraindicated. Should concomitant use of amiodarone be considered necessary, it is recommended that patients are closely monitored when initiating Vosevi. Patients who are identified as being at high risk of bradyarrhythmia should be continuously monitored for 48 hours in an appropriate clinical setting. Due to the long half-life of amiodarone, appropriate monitoring should also be carried out for patients who have discontinued amiodarone within the past few months and are to be initiated on Vosevi. All patients receiving Vosevi in combination with amiodarone with or without other medicinal products that lower heart rate should also be warned of the symptoms of bradycardia and heart block and should be advised to seek medical advice urgently should they experience them. HCV/HBV co-infection There are no data on the use of Vosevi in patients with HCV/hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection. Cases of HBV reactivation, some of them fatal, have been reported during or after treatment with DAAs. HBV screening should be performed in all patients before initiation of treatment. HCV/HBV co-infected patients are at risk of HBV reactivation, and should therefore be monitored and managed according to current clinical guidelines. Hepatic impairment No dose adjustment of Vosevi is required for patients with mild hepatic impairment (CPT Class A). Vosevi is not recommended in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (CPT Class B or C) (see section 5.2). Liver transplant patients The safety and efficacy of Vosevi in the treatment of HCV infection in patients who are post-liver transplant have not been assessed. Treatment with Vosevi, in accordance with the recommended posology (see section 4.2), should be guided by an assessment of the potential benefits and risks for the individual patient. Use with moderate P-gp inducers or moderate CYP inducers Medicinal products that are moderate P-gp or moderate CYP inducers (e.g. oxcarbazepine, rifapentine, modafinil or efavirenz) may decrease sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and/or voxilaprevir plasma concentrations leading to reduced therapeutic effect of Vosevi. Co-administration of such medicinal products with Vosevi is not recommended (see section 4.5). Use with strong OATP1B inhibitors Medicinal products that are strong OATP1B inhibitors (e.g. ciclosporin) may substantially increase voxilaprevir plasma concentrations, the safety of which has not been established. Co-administration of strong OATP1B inhibitors with Vosevi is not recommended (see section 4.5). Use with certain HIV antiretroviral regimens Vosevi has been shown to increase tenofovir exposure when used together with an HIV regimen containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and a pharmacokinetic enhancer (ritonavir or cobicistat). The safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in the setting of Vosevi and a pharmacokinetic enhancer has not been established. The potential risks and benefits associated with co-administration of Vosevi with the fixed-dose combination tablet containing elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate given in conjunction with a boosted HIV protease inhibitor (e.g. darunavir) should be considered, particularly in patients at increased risk of renal dysfunction. Patients receiving Vosevi concomitantly with elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and a boosted HIV protease inhibitor should be monitored for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. Refer to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, or elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Summary of Product Characteristics for recommendations on renal monitoring. Excipients Vosevi contains lactose. Consequently, patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency, or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product. 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction As Vosevi contains sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir, any interactions that have been identified with these active substances individually may occur with Vosevi. Pharmacokinetic interactions Potential for Vosevi to affect other medicinal products Velpatasvir and voxilaprevir are inhibitors of drug transporters P-gp, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and OATP1B3. Co-administration of Vosevi with medicinal products that are substrates of these transporters may increase the exposure of such medicinal products. Medicinal products that are sensitive substrates of these transporters and for which elevated plasma levels are associated with serious events are contraindicated (see Table 2). Dabigatran etexilate (P-gp substrate) and rosuvastatin (OATP1B and BCRP substrate) are contraindicated (see section 4.3 and Table 2). Potential for other medicinal products to affect Vosevi Sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir are substrates of drug transporters P-gp and BCRP. Velpatasvir and voxilaprevir are substrates of drug transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. In vitro, slow metabolic turnover of velpatasvir primarily by CYP2B6, CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 and of voxilaprevir primarily by CYP3A4 was observed. Medicinal products that may decrease plasma exposure of Vosevi Medicinal products that are strong inducers of P-gp or strong inducers of CYP2B6, CYP2C8, or CYP3A4 (e.g. rifampicin, rifabutin, St. John's wort, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin) may decrease plasma concentrations of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and/or voxilaprevir leading to reduced therapeutic effect of Vosevi. The use of such medicinal products with Vosevi is contraindicated (see section 4.3 and Table 2). Medicinal products that are moderate P-gp inducers or moderate CYP inducers (e.g. oxcarbazepine, rifapentine, modafinil or efavirenz) may decrease sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and/or voxilaprevir plasma concentrations leading to reduced therapeutic effect of Vosevi. Co-administration with such medicinal products is not recommended with Vosevi (see section 4.4 and Table 2). Medicinal products that may increase plasma exposure of Vosevi Co-administration with medicinal products that inhibit P-gp or BCRP may increase sofosbuvir, velpatasvir or voxilaprevir plasma concentrations. Medicinal products that inhibit OATP1B, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, or CYP3A4 may increase plasma concentrations of velpatasvir or voxilaprevir. The use of strong inhibitors of OATP1B (e.g. ciclosporin) with Vosevi is not recommended (see section 4.4 and Table 2). Clinically significant medicinal product interactions with Vosevi mediated by P-gp, BCRP and CYP inhibitors are not expected. Vosevi may be co-administered with P-gp, BCRP and CYP inhibitors. Pharmacodynamic interactions Patients treated with vitamin K antagonists As liver function may change during treatment with Vosevi, close monitoring of International Normalised Ratio (INR) values is recommended. Patients treated with ethinylestradiol-containing medicinal products Concomitant use with ethinylestradiol-containing medicinal products may increase the risk of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations and is contraindicated (see section 4.3 and Table 2). Interactions between Vosevi and other medicinal products Table 2 provides a listing of established or potentially clinically significant medicinal product interactions (where 90% confidence interval [CI] of the geometric least-squares mean [GLSM] ratio were within “↔”, extended above “↑”, or extended below “↓” the predetermined interaction boundaries). The medicinal product interactions described are based on studies conducted with either sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir, its components (sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and/or voxilaprevir), or are predicted medicinal product interactions that may occur with Vosevi. The table is not all-inclusive. Table 2: Interactions between Vosevi and other medicinal products a. Mean ratio (90% CI) of co-administered drug pharmacokinetics of study medicinal products alone or in combination. No effect = 1.00. b. All interaction studies conducted in healthy volunteers. c. Lack of pharmacokinetics interaction lower bound 70%. d. These are medicinal products within class where similar interactions could be predicted. e. Bioequivalence/Equivalence boundary 80-125%. f. Lack of pharmacokinetics interaction bounds 70-143%. g. Administered as efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir DF fixed-dose combination. h. Administered as sofosbuvir, velpatasvir fixed-dose combination. i. Administered as emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir alafenamide fixed-dose combination. k. Administered as emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate fixed-dose combination. l. Lack of pharmacokinetics interaction bounds 50-200%. m. Administered as elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide fixed-dose combination. 4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Pregnancy There are no or limited amount of data (less than 300 pregnancy outcomes) from the use of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, voxilaprevir or Vosevi in pregnant women. Sofosbuvir Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). It has not been possible to fully estimate exposure margins achieved for sofosbuvir in the rat relative to the exposure in humans at the recommended clinical dose (see section 5.3). Velpatasvir Animal studies have shown a possible link to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). Voxilaprevir Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). As a precautionary measure, Vosevi use is not recommended during pregnancy. Breast-feeding It is unknown whether sofosbuvir, metabolites of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir or voxilaprevir are excreted in human milk. Available pharmacokinetic data in animals have shown excretion of velpatasvir and metabolites of sofosbuvir in milk. When administered to lactating rats, voxilaprevir was detected in the plasma of nursing pups. A risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded. Therefore, Vosevi should not be used during breast-feeding. Fertility No human data on the effect of Vosevi on fertility are available. Animal studies do not indicate harmful effects of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir or voxilaprevir on fertility. 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines Vosevi has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. 4.8 Undesirable effects Summary of the safety profile The safety assessment of Vosevi was based on data from Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials in which 1543 patients received sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir or sofosbuvir/velpatasvir + voxilaprevir for 8 or 12 weeks. The proportion of patients who permanently discontinued treatment due to adverse reactions was 0.1% for patients receiving sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir for 8 weeks. There were no patients receiving sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir for 12 weeks who permanently discontinued treatment due to adverse reactions. The adverse reactions are listed below by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as follows: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); or uncommon (≥ 1/1000 to < 1/100). Table 3: Adverse drug reactions identified with Vosevi Description of selected adverse reactions Cardiac arrhythmias Cases of severe bradycardia and heart block have been observed when sofosbuvir used in combination with another direct-acting antiviral, is used with concomitant amiodarone and/or other medicinal products that lower heart rate (see sections 4.4 and 4.5). Laboratory abnormalities Total bilirubin In the Phase 3 trials increases in total bilirubin less than or equal to 1.5 x the upper limit of normal were observed in 4% of patients without cirrhosis and 10% of patients with compensated cirrhosis, due to inhibition of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 by voxilaprevir. Total bilirubin levels decreased after completing Vosevi treatment. Reporting of suspected adverse reactions Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system: United Kingdom Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard Ireland HPRA Pharmacovigilance Earlsfort Terrace IRL - Dublin 2 Tel: +353 1 6764971 Fax: +353 1 6762517 Website: www.hpra.ie e-mail: medsafety@hpra.ie Malta ADR Reporting Website: www.medicinesauthority.gov.mt/adrportal 4.9 Overdose The highest documented doses of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir were single doses of 1,200 mg, 500 mg, and 900 mg, respectively. In healthy volunteer studies with sofosbuvir and velpatasvir, there were no untoward effects observed at these dose levels, and adverse events were similar in frequency and severity to those reported in the placebo groups. The most common adverse reactions in patients receiving voxilaprevir 900 mg were diarrhoea (34%), nausea (17%) and headache (9%). No specific antidote is available for overdose with Vosevi. If overdose occurs the patient must be monitored for evidence of toxicity. Treatment of overdose with Vosevi consists of general supportive measures including monitoring of vital signs, as well as observation of the clinical status of the patient. Haemodialysis can efficiently remove the predominant circulating metabolite of sofosbuvir, GS-331007, with an extraction ratio of 53%. Haemodialysis is unlikely to result in significant removal of velpatasvir or voxilaprevir since velpatasvir and voxilaprevir are highly bound to plasma proteins. 5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: Direct-acting antiviral, ATC code: not yet assigned Mechanism of action Sofosbuvir is a pan-genotypic inhibitor of the HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is required for viral replication. Sofosbuvir is a nucleotide prodrug that undergoes intracellular metabolism to form the pharmacologically active uridine analogue triphosphate (GS-461203), which can be incorporated into HCV RNA by the NS5B polymerase and acts as a chain terminator. In a biochemical assay, GS-461203 inhibited the polymerase activity of the recombinant NS5B from HCV genotype 1b, 2a, 3a, and 4a. GS-461203 is neither an inhibitor of human DNA and RNA polymerases nor an inhibitor of mitochondrial RNA polymerase. Velpatasvir is a pan-genotypic HCV inhibitor targeting the HCV NS5A protein, which is required for viral replication. Voxilaprevir is a pan-genotypic inhibitor of the HCV NS3/4A protease. Voxilaprevir acts as a noncovalent, reversible inhibitor of the NS3/4A protease. Antiviral activity The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir against full-length or chimeric replicons encoding NS5B, NS5A and NS3 protease sequences from the laboratory strains are presented in Table 4. The EC50 values of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir against clinical isolates are presented in Table 5. Table 4: Activity of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir against full-length or chimeric laboratory replicons NA: Not available a. Mean value from multiple experiments of same laboratory replicon. b. Stable chimeric 1b replicons carrying NS5B genes from genotype 2b, 5a or 6a were used for testing. c. Data from various strains of full length NS5A replicons or chimeric NS5A replicons carrying full-length NS5A genes that contain L31 or M31 polymorphisms. d. Data from a chimeric NS5A replicon carrying NS5A amino acids 9-184. e. Stable cell lines expressing Renilla luciferase-encoding replicons. f. Data obtained from transiently transfected replicons. Table 5: Activity of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir against transient replicons containing NS5A, NS5B or NS3 protease from clinical isolates NA: Not available The presence of 40% human serum had no effect on the anti-HCV activity of sofosbuvir but reduced the anti-HCV activity of velpatasvir and voxilaprevir by 13- and 6.8-fold, respectively, against genotype 1a HCV replicons. Resistance In cell culture For sofosbuvir, the NS5B substitution S282T was selected in genotype 1-6 replicons and was associated with 2- to 18-fold reduced susceptibility to sofosbuvir. For velpatasvir in genotype 1-6 replicons, resistance-associated substitutions selected in 2 or more genotypes were L31I/V and Y93H. Site directed mutagenesis of NS5A resistance associated variants (RAVs) showed that substitutions conferring a > 100-fold reduction in velpatasvir susceptibility are M28G, A92K and Y93H/N/R/W in genotype 1a, A92K in genotype 1b, C92T and Y93H/N in genotype 2b, Y93H in genotype 3, and L31V and P32A/L/Q/R in genotype 6. No individual RAV tested in genotypes 2a, 4a or 5a conferred a > 100-fold reduction in velpatasvir susceptibility. For voxilaprevir in genotype 1-6 replicons, resistance-associated substitutions selected in 2 or more genotypes were Q41H, A156V/T/L and D168E/H/Y. Site directed mutagenesis of known NS3 RAVs showed that substitutions conferring a > 100-fold reduction in voxilaprevir susceptibility are A156V, A156T or A156L in genotype 1a, 1b, 2a, 3a and 4. No individual RAV tested in genotypes 2b, 5a or 6a conferred a > 100-fold reduction in voxilaprevir susceptibility. For both velpatasvir and voxilaprevir, combinations of RAVs often showed greater reductions in susceptibility than individual RAVs alone. Cross resistance in cell culture Voxilaprevir is active in vitro against most of the NS3 RAVs that confer resistance to first generation NS3/4A protease inhibitors. Additionally, velpatasvir is active in vitro against most of the NS5A RAVs that confer resistance to ledipasvir and daclatasvir. Sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir were fully active against substitutions associated with resistance to other classes of DAAs with different mechanisms of actions, e.g. voxilaprevir was fully active against NS5A and NS5B NI RAVs. In clinical studies Studies in DAA-experienced patients Of the 263 NS5A inhibitor-experienced patients treated with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir for 12 weeks in POLARIS-1 (see Table 10), 7 of 263 (3%) patients (2 with genotype 1, 4 with genotype 3, and 1 with genotype 4) did not achieve sustained virologic response (SVR12) and qualified for resistance analysis; 6 relapsed and 1 experienced virologic breakthrough with pharmacokinetic data consistent with nonadherence. The patient with genotype 1a and virologic breakthrough developed the NS5A RAVs L31M and Y93H. One patient with genotype 4d who relapsed developed the NS5A RAV Y93H. No NS3, NS5A, or NS5B nucleoside inhibitor (NI) RAVs emerged in the other 5 patients who relapsed. Of the 182 DAA-experienced patients treated with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir for 12 weeks in POLARIS-4 (see Table 11), 1 of 182 (1%) patients relapsed and qualified for resistance analysis. No NS3, NS5A, or NS5B NI RAVs emerged in this patient infected with genotype 1a HCV. Studies in DAA-naïve patients In the POLARIS-2 sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir 8-week treatment group (see Table 12), a total of 21 of 501 (4%) patients (16 with genotype 1, 2 with genotype 2, 2 with genotype 4, and 1 with genotype 5) qualified for resistance analysis due to relapse. Of these 21 patients, 1 patient had virus with emergent NS5A RAVs Q30R and L31M at failure. No NS3 and NS5B NI RAVs emerged in any of these 21 patients at failure. In the sofosbuvir/velpatasvir 12-week treatment group, a total of 3 of 440 (1%) patients (2 with genotype 1, 1 with genotype 4) qualified for resistance analysis due to relapse. Of these 3 patients, 1 patient (33%) had virus with emergent NS5A RAV Y93N at failure. No NS3 and NS5B NI RAVs emerged in any of these 3 patients. In the POLARIS-3 sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir 8-week treatment group (see Table 14), 2 of 110 (2%) patients (genotype 3) qualified for resistance analysis due to relapse. No NS3, NS5A, or NS5B NI RAVs emerged in either of these patients. In the sofosbuvir/velpatasvir 12-week treatment group, 2 of 109 (2%) patients qualified for resistance analysis due to virologic failure. Both of these patients had virus with emergent NS5A RAV Y93H at failure. No NS3 or NS5B NI RAVs emerged in either of these patients. Effect of baseline HCV resistance-associated variants on treatment outcome Studies in DAA-experienced patients Analyses were conducted to explore the association between pre-existing baseline NS3 and NS5A RAVs and treatment outcome for patients that had previously been treated with DAA regimens and received sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir for 12 weeks in POLARIS-1 and POLARIS-4. These are shown in Table 6. Table 6: SVR12 in DAA-experienced patients with or without baseline NS3 or NS5A RAVs by study a. Patients with NS3 and/or NS5A gene sequencing failure. SVR12 was achieved in 18 of 19 (95%) patients who had baseline NS5B NI RAVs in POLARIS-1, including 2 patients who had virus with the S282T NS5B NI RAV in addition to NS5A RAVs at baseline. In POLARIS-4, a total of 14 patients had virus with NS5B NI RAVs at baseline and all achieved SVR12. Studies in DAA-naïve patients Analyses were conducted to explore the association between pre-existing baseline NS3 and NS5A RAVs and treatment outcome for patients that had not previously been treated with DAA regimens and received sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir for 8 weeks in POLARIS-2 and POLARIS-3. These are shown in Table 7. Table 7: SVR12 in DAA-naïve patients with or without baseline NS3 or NS5A RAVs by study a. Patients with NS3 and/or NS5A gene sequencing failure. SVR12 was achieved in all 39 patients who had baseline NS5B NI RAVs in POLARIS-2 and 2 of 3 (67%) patients in POLARIS-3. The NS5B NI RAV S282T was not detected in any patient in POLARIS-2 and POLARIS-3 studies. Among subjects with genotype 1a in POLARIS-2, SVR12 was 87% (53/61) for those with Q80K/L/R RAVs and 94% (99/105) for those without Q80K/L/R RAVs. Clinical efficacy The efficacy of Vosevi (sofosbuvir [SOF]/velpatasvir [VEL]/voxilaprevir [VOX]) was evaluated in four Phase 3 studies, two studies in DAA-experienced patients and two studies in DAA-naïve patients with, genotype 1 to 6 HCV infection without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis, as summarised in Table 8. Demographics and baseline characteristics for all studies are detailed in Table 9. Table 8: Studies conducted with Vosevi DAA: direct-acting antiviral; GT: genotype; SOF: sofosbuvir; VEL: velpatasvir; VOX: voxilaprevir Table 9: Demographics and baseline characteristics for patients enrolled into POLARIS-1, -2, -3 and -4 Serum HCV RNA values were measured during the clinical studies using the COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS Taqman HCV test (version 2.0) with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 15 IU per mL. Sustained virologic response (SVR12), defined as HCV RNA less than LLOQ at 12 weeks after the cessation of treatment, was the primary endpoint to determine the HCV cure rate. Clinical studies in DAA-experienced patients NS5A inhibitor-experienced adults (POLARIS-1) Table 10 presents the SVR12 by HCV genotype for the POLARIS-1 trial. The median time between prior DAA failure and first dose of Vosevi for patients enrolled into POLARIS-1 was 39 weeks (range: 11 to 299 weeks). No patients in the placebo group achieved SVR4. Table 10: SVR12 in NS5A-inhibitor experienced patients by HCV genotype in study POLARIS-1* GT = genotype * The most common prior NS5A inhibitors were ledipasvir (LDV) (51%), daclatasvir (27%), and ombitasvir (11%). a. One patient with undetermined genotype achieved SVR12. b. Four patients had genotype 1 subtypes other than genotype 1a or genotype 1b; all 4 patients achieved SVR12. c. Pharmacokinetic data for the 1 patient with on-treatment virologic failure was consistent with non-adherence. d. The denominator for relapse is the number of patients with HCV RNA < LLOQ at their last on-treatment assessment. e. Other includes patients with missing data and those who discontinued treatment prior to virologic suppression. DAA-experienced adults who had not received an NS5A inhibitor (POLARIS-4) Table 11 presents the SVR12 by HCV genotype and virologic outcome for the POLARIS-4 trial. The median time between prior DAA failure and first dose of Vosevi or sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for patients enrolled into POLARIS-4 was 76 weeks (range: 10 to 549 weeks). Table 11: SVR12 by HCV genotype and virologic outcome in study POLARIS-4 a. The majority (85%) of patients previously failed a regimen containing sofosbuvir. b. The denominator for relapse is the number of patients with HCV RNA < LLOQ at their last on-treatment assessment. c. Other includes patients with missing data and those who discontinued treatment prior to virologic suppression. Clinical studies in DAA-naïve patients DAA-naïve adults with genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 HCV infection (POLARIS-2) Table 12 presents the SVR12 by HCV genotype and virologic outcome for the POLARIS-2 trial. Table 12: SVR12 by HCV genotype and virologic outcome in study POLARIS-2* * 23% of patients enrolled into POLARIS-2 had received prior treatment with an interferon-based regimen. a. Two patients with undetermined genotype in the SOF/VEL/VOX group achieved SVR12. b. Two patients had genotype 1 subtypes other than genotype 1a or genotype 1b; both patients achieved SVR12. c. The denominator for relapse is the number of patients with HCV RNA <LLOQ at their last on-treatment assessment. d. Other includes patients with missing data and those who discontinued treatment prior to virologic suppression. Treatment with Vosevi for 8 weeks in POLARIS-2 did not demonstrate noninferiority to treatment with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for 12 weeks with a prespecified margin of -5%. The difference in SVR12 was driven by a lower response rate in patients with genotype 1a infection and/or cirrhosis. In patients with genotype 1a without cirrhosis treated with Vosevi for 8 weeks, outcome was influenced by the following baseline factors: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, Q80K/L/R RAVs, IL28B non-CC, HCV RNA ≥ 800,000 IU/mL. The SVR12 was 98% among those with two or fewer factors and 81% among those with three or four factors. Table 13 presents the SVR12 by HCV genotype by cirrhosis status for the POLARIS-2 trial. Table 13: SVR12 by HCV genotype and virologic outcome in patients who received Vosevi 8 weeks without cirrhosis or with cirrhosis in study POLARIS-2 a. Two patients without cirrhosis with undetermined genotype in the SOF/VEL/VOX group achieved SVR12. b. One patient without cirrhosis had genotype 1 subtype other than genotype 1a or genotype 1b; the patient achieved SVR12. c. SVR12 is 89% in genotype 1a patients enrolled at sites in the US and 97% in genotype 1a patients enrolled at sites outside the US d. The denominator for relapse is the number of patients with HCV RNA <LLOQ at their last on-treatment assessment. e. Other includes patients with missing data and those who discontinued treatment prior to virologic suppression. DAA-naïve adults with genotype 3 HCV infection and compensated cirrhosis (POLARIS-3) Table 14 presents the SVR12 and virologic outcome for the POLARIS-3 study. Table 14: SVR12 and virologic outcome in study POLARIS-3 (HCV genotype 3 with compensated cirrhosis)* * 29% of patients enrolled into POLARIS-3 had received prior treatment with an interferon-based regimen. a. The denominator for relapse is the number of patients with HCV RNA < LLOQ at their last on-treatment assessment. b. Other includes patients with missing data and those who discontinued treatment prior to virologic suppression. Elderly Clinical studies of Vosevi included 189 patients aged 65 and over (17% of total number of patients in the Phase 2 and 3 clinical studies). The response rates observed for patients ≥ 65 years of age were similar to that of patients < 65 years of age, across treatment groups. Paediatric population The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use). 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties Absorption The pharmacokinetic properties of sofosbuvir, GS-331007, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir have been evaluated in healthy adult subjects and in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Sofosbuvir Following oral administration of Vosevi, sofosbuvir was absorbed quickly and the peak median plasma concentration was observed 2 hours post-dose. Median peak plasma concentration of GS-331007 was observed 4 hours post-dose. Based on the population pharmacokinetic analysis in HCV-infected patients, mean steady-state AUC0-24 and Cmax for sofosbuvir (n = 1038) were 1665 ng•hr/mL and 678 ng/mL, respectively; mean steady-state AUC0-24 and Cmax for GS-331007 (n = 1593) were 12834 ng•hr/mL and 744 ng/mL, respectively. Sofosbuvir and GS-331007 AUC0-24 and Cmax were similar in healthy adult subjects and patients with HCV infection. Velpatasvir Velpatasvir median peak concentrations were observed at 4 hours post-dose. Based on the population pharmacokinetic analysis in HCV-infected patients mean steady-state AUC0-24 and Cmax for velpatasvir (n = 1595) were 4041 ng•hr/mL and 311 ng/mL, respectively. Relative to healthy subjects (n = 137), velpatasvir AUC0-24 and Cmax were 41% lower and 39% lower, respectively, in HCV-infected patients. Voxilaprevir Voxilaprevir median peak concentrations were observed 4 hours post-dose. Based on the population pharmacokinetic analysis in HCV-infected patients mean steady-state AUC0-24 and Cmax for voxilaprevir (n = 1591) were 2577 ng•hr/mL and 192 ng/mL, respectively. Relative to healthy subjects (n = 63), voxilaprevir AUC0-24 and Cmax were both 260% higher in HCV-infected patients. Effects of food When Vosevi or its components taken together were administered with food, sofosbuvir AUC0-inf and Cmax were 64% to 144% and 9% to 76% higher, respectively; velpatasvir AUC0-inf and Cmax were 40% to 166% and 37% to 187% higher, respectively; and voxilaprevir AUC0-inf and Cmax were 112% to 435% and 147% to 680% higher, respectively. GS-331007 AUC0-inf did not change and Cmax was 19% to 35% lower when Vosevi or its components together were administered with food. Distribution Sofosbuvir is approximately 61-65% bound to human plasma proteins and the binding is independent of drug concentration over the range of 1 μg/mL to 20 μg/mL. Protein binding of GS-331007 was minimal in human plasma. After a single 400 mg dose of [14C]-sofosbuvir in healthy subjects, the blood to plasma ratio of [14C]-radioactivity was approximately 0.7. Velpatasvir is > 99% bound to human plasma proteins and binding is independent of drug concentration over the range of 0.09 μg/mL to 1.8 μg/mL. After a single 100 mg dose of [14C]-velpatasvir in healthy subjects, the blood to plasma ratio of [14C]-radioactivity ranged between 0.5 and 0.7. Voxilaprevir is approximately > 99% bound to human plasma proteins. After a single 100 mg dose of [14C]-voxilaprevir in healthy subjects, the blood to plasma ratio of [14C]-radioactivity ranged between 0.5 and 0.8. Biotransformation Sofosbuvir is extensively metabolised in the liver to form the pharmacologically active nucleoside analogue triphosphate GS-461203. The metabolic activation pathway involves sequential hydrolysis of the carboxyl ester moiety catalysed by human cathepsin A (CatA) or carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and phosphoramidate cleavage by histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) followed by phosphorylation by the pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis pathway. Dephosphorylation results in the formation of nucleoside metabolite GS-331007 that cannot be efficiently rephosphorylated and lacks anti-HCV activity in vitro. After a single 400 mg oral dose of [14C]-sofosbuvir, GS-331007 accounted for approximately > 90% of total systemic exposure. Velpatasvir is primarily a substrate of CYP2B6, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4 with slow turnover. Following a single dose of 100 mg [14C]-velpatasvir, the majority (> 98%) of radioactivity in plasma was parent drug. The monohydroxylated and desmethylated velpatasvir were the metabolites identified in human plasma. Unchanged velpatasvir is the major species present in faeces. Voxilaprevir is primarily a substrate of CYP3A4 with slow turnover. Following a single dose of 100 mg [14C]-voxilaprevir, the majority (approximately 91%) of radioactivity in plasma was parent drug. The hydrolysed and dehydrogenated voxilaprevir were the major metabolites identified in human plasma. Unchanged voxilaprevir is the major species present in faeces. Elimination Following a single 400 mg oral dose of [14C]-sofosbuvir, mean total recovery of the [14C]-radioactivity was greater than 92%, consisting of approximately 80%, 14%, and 2.5% recovered in urine, faeces, and expired air, respectively. The majority of the sofosbuvir dose recovered in urine was GS-331007 (78%) while 3.5% was recovered as sofosbuvir. These data indicate that renal clearance is the major elimination pathway for GS-331007. The median terminal half-lives of sofosbuvir and GS-331007 following administration of Vosevi were 0.5 and 29 hours, respectively. Following a single 100 mg oral dose of [14C]-velpatasvir, mean total recovery of the [14C]-radioactivity was 95%, consisting of approximately 94% and 0.4% recovered from the faeces and urine, respectively. Unchanged velpatasvir was the major species in faeces accounting for a mean of 77% of the administered dose, followed by monohydroxylated velpatasvir (5.9%) and desmethylated velpatasvir (3.0%). These data indicate that biliary excretion of parent drug was a major route of elimination for velpatasvir. The median terminal half-life of velpatasvir following administration of Vosevi was approximately 17 hours. Following a single 100 mg oral dose of [14C]-voxilaprevir, mean total recovery of the [14C]-radioactivity was 94%, with all radioactivity measured in the faeces and none in the urine. Unchanged voxilaprevir was the major species in faeces accounting for a mean of 40% of the administered dose. Voxilaprevir metabolites also identified in faeces included des-[methylcyclopropylsulphonamide]-voxilaprevir (22.1%), which is formed intestinally, dehydro-voxilaprevir (7.5%), and two des-[methylcyclopropylsulphonamide]-oxy-voxilaprevir metabolites (5.4% and 3.9%). Biliary excretion of parent drug was the major route of elimination for voxilaprevir. The median terminal half-life of voxilaprevir following administration of Vosevi was approximately 33 hours. Linearity/non-linearity Sofosbuvir and GS-331007 AUCs are near dose-proportional over the dose range of 200 mg to 1200 mg. Velpatasvir AUC increases in a greater than proportional manner from 5 to 50 mg and in a less than proportional manner from 50 to 450 mg, indicating velpatasvir absorption is solubility limited. Voxilaprevir (studied under fed conditions) AUC increases in a greater than dose-proportional manner over the dose range of 100 to 900 mg. In vitro potential for sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir drug-drug interactions Sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir are substrates of drug transporters P-gp and BCRP while GS-331007 is not. Voxilaprevir, and to a lesser extent velpatasvir, are also substrates of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. In vitro, slow metabolic turnover of velpatasvir primarily by CYP2B6, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4 and of voxilaprevir primarily by CYP3A4 was observed. Sofosbuvir and GS-331007 are not inhibitors of drug transporters P-gp, BCRP, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), bile salt export pump (BSEP), OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and organic cation transporter (OCT) 1 and GS-331007 is not an inhibitor of OAT1, OAT3, OCT2, and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE) 1. Sofosbuvir and GS-331007 are not inhibitors or inducers of CYP or uridine glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 enzymes. Velpatasvir is an inhibitor of drug transporter P-gp, BCRP, OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and OATP2B1, and its involvement in drug interactions with these transporters is primarily limited to the process of absorption. At clinically relevant concentrations, velpatasvir is not an inhibitor of hepatic transporters BSEP, sodium taurocholate cotransporter protein (NTCP), OATP1A2 or OCT1, renal transporters OCT2, OAT1, OAT3, MRP2 or MATE1, or CYP or UGT1A1 enzymes. Voxilaprevir is an inhibitor of drug transporters P-gp, BCRP, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, and its involvement in drug interactions with these transporters is primarily limited to the process of absorption. At clinically relevant concentrations, voxilaprevir is not an inhibitor of hepatic transporters OCT1, renal transporters OCT2, OAT1, OAT3 or MATE1, or CYP or UGT1A1 enzymes. Pharmacokinetics in special populations Race and gender No clinically relevant pharmacokinetic differences due to race or gender have been identified for sofosbuvir, GS-331007, velpatasvir or voxilaprevir. Elderly Population pharmacokinetic analysis in HCV-infected patients showed that within the age range (18 to 85 years) analysed, age did not have a clinically relevant effect on the exposure to sofosbuvir, GS-331007, velpatasvir or voxilaprevir. In the 13 patients aged 75 to 84 years with available pharmacokinetic data, mean exposure to voxilaprevir was 93% higher than the mean exposure observed in patients aged 18 to 64 years. Renal impairment The pharmacokinetics of sofosbuvir was studied in HCV negative patients with mild (eGFR ≥ 50 and < 80 mL/min/1.73 m2), moderate (eGFR ≥ 30 and < 50 mL/min/1.73 m2), severe renal impairment (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) and patients with ESRD requiring haemodialysis following a single 400 mg dose of sofosbuvir. Relative to patients with normal renal function (eGFR > 80 mL/min/1.73 m2), the sofosbuvir AUC0-inf was 61%, 107% and 171% higher in mild, moderate and severe renal impairment, while the GS-331007 AUC0-inf was 55%, 88% and 451% higher, respectively. In patients with ESRD, sofosbuvir AUC0-inf was 28% higher when sofosbuvir was dosed 1 hour before haemodialysis compared with 60% higher when dosed 1 hour after haemodialysis, respectively. The AUC0-inf of GS-331007 in patients with ESRD administered with sofosbuvir 1 hour before or 1 hour after haemodialysis was at least 10-fold and 20-fold higher, respectively. GS-331007 is efficiently removed by haemodialysis with an extraction coefficient of approximately 53%. Following a single 400 mg dose of sofosbuvir, a 4-hour haemodialysis removed 18% of administered dose (see section 4.2). The pharmacokinetics of velpatasvir were studied with a single dose of 100 mg velpatasvir in HCV negative patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR < 30 mL/min by Cockcroft-Gault). Relative to subjects with normal renal function, velpatasvir AUCinf was 50% higher in subjects with severe renal impairment (see section 4.2). The pharmacokinetics of voxilaprevir were studied with a single dose of 100 mg voxilaprevir in HCV negative patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR < 30 mL/min by Cockcroft-Gault). Relative to subjects with normal renal function, voxilaprevir AUCinf was 71% higher in subjects with severe renal impairment (see section 4.2). Hepatic impairment The pharmacokinetics of sofosbuvir was studied following 7-day dosing of 400 mg sofosbuvir in HCV-infected patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment (CPT Class B and C). Relative to patients with normal hepatic function, the sofosbuvir AUC0-24 was 126% and 143% higher in patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment, while the GS-331007 AUC0-24 was 18% and 9% higher, respectively. Population pharmacokinetics analysis in HCV-infected patients indicated that cirrhosis (CPT Class A) had no clinically relevant effect on the exposure to sofosbuvir and GS-331007. The pharmacokinetics of velpatasvir were studied with a single dose of 100 mg velpatasvir in HCV negative patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment (CPT Class B and C). Velpatasvir plasma exposure (AUCinf) was similar in patients with moderate hepatic impairment, severe hepatic impairment, and control subjects with normal hepatic function. Population pharmacokinetic analysis in HCV-infected patients indicated that cirrhosis (CPT Class A) had no clinically relevant effect on the exposure of velpatasvir. The pharmacokinetics of voxilaprevir were studied with a single dose of 100 mg voxilaprevir in HCV negative patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment (CPT Class B and C). Relative to patients with normal hepatic function, the voxilaprevir AUCinf was 299% and 500% higher in patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment, respectively. The unbound fraction of voxilaprevir was approximately 2-fold higher in severe hepatic impairment compared with moderate hepatic impairment or normal hepatic function. Population pharmacokinetic analysis in HCV-infected patients indicated that patients with cirrhosis (CPT Class A) had 73% higher exposure of voxilaprevir than those without cirrhosis (see section 4.2). Body weight Body weight did not have a clinically significant effect on sofosbuvir, velpatasvir or voxilaprevir exposure according to a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Paediatric population The pharmacokinetics of Vosevi in paediatric patients have not been established (see section 4.2). 5.3 Preclinical safety data Sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir was not genotoxic in a battery of in vitro or in vivo assays, including bacterial mutagenicity, chromosome aberration using human peripheral blood lymphocytes and in vivo mouse micronucleus assays. No teratogenic effects were observed in the rat and rabbit developmental toxicity studies with sofosbuvir. Sofosbuvir had no adverse effects on behaviour, reproduction, or development of the offspring in the rat pre- and post-natal development study. Sofosbuvir was not carcinogenic in the 2-year mouse and rat carcinogenicity studies at GS-331007 exposures up to 17 and 10-times higher, respectively than human exposure. Velpatasvir Velpatasvir was not genotoxic in a battery of in vitro or in vivo assays, including bacterial mutagenicity, chromosome aberration using human peripheral blood lymphocytes and in vivo rat micronucleus assays. Velpatasvir was not carcinogenic in the 26-week transgenic mouse study at exposures up to 67-times higher than human exposure. A carcinogenicity study in rats is ongoing. Velpatasvir had no adverse effects on mating and fertility. No teratogenic effects were observed in the mouse and rat developmental toxicity studies with velpatasvir at AUC exposures approximately 23- and 4-fold higher, respectively, than the human exposure at the recommended clinical dose. However, a possible teratogenic effect was indicated in rabbits where an increase in total visceral malformations was seen in exposed animals at AUC exposures up to 0.5 fold the human exposure at recommended clinical dose. The human relevance of this finding is not known. Velpatasvir had no adverse effects on behaviour, reproduction, or development of the offspring in the rat pre- and post-natal development study at AUC exposures approximately 3-fold higher than the human exposure at the recommended clinical dose. Voxilaprevir Voxilaprevir was not genotoxic in a battery of in vitro or in vivo assays, including bacterial mutagenicity, chromosome aberration using human peripheral blood lymphocytes and in vivo rat micronucleus assays. Carcinogenicity studies for voxilaprevir have not been conducted. Voxilaprevir had no adverse effects on mating and fertility. No teratogenic effects were observed in the rat and rabbit developmental toxicity studies with voxilaprevir at AUC exposures approximately 141- and 4-times higher, respectively, than the human exposure at the recommended clinical dose. Voxilaprevir had no adverse effects on behavior, reproduction, or development of the offspring in the rat pre- and post-natal development study at AUC exposures approximately 238-times higher than the human exposure at the recommended clinical dose. 6. Pharmaceutical particulars 6.1 List of excipients Tablet core Colloidal anhydrous silica Copovidone Croscarmellose sodium Lactose monohydrate Magnesium stearate Microcrystalline cellulose Film-coating Iron oxide black (E172) Iron oxide red (E172) Iron oxide yellow (E172) Macrogol Polyvinyl alcohol Talc Titanium dioxide (E171) 6.2 Incompatibilities Not applicable. 6.3 Shelf life 2 years. 6.4 Special precautions for storage This medicinal product does not require any special temperature storage conditions. Store in the original package in order to protect from moisture. Keep the bottle tightly closed. 6.5 Nature and contents of container High density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle with a polypropylene child-resistant closure containing 28 film-coated tablets with polyester coil and a silica gel desiccant. Pack size: outer carton containing 1 bottle of 28 film-coated tablets. 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. 7. Marketing authorisation holder Gilead Sciences International Ltd. Cambridge CB21 6GT United Kingdom 8. Marketing authorisation number(s) EU/1/17/1223/001 9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation Date of first authorisation: 26 July 2017 10. Date of revision of the text 07/2017 Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu. 更详细资料附件：https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/33858 --------------------------------------------------------- 产地国家：德国 原产地英文商品名: Vosevi filmcoated tablets 400mg/100mg/100mg/tablets 28tablets 原产地英文药品名: sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir，SOF 中文参考商品译名: Vosevi组合薄膜片 400毫克/100毫克/10毫克/片 28片/瓶  中文参考药品译名: 索非布韦/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir 生产厂家英文名: Gilead Sciences Ltd