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部份中文Atorvastatin Calcium处方资料（仅供参考）
通用名称：阿托伐他汀钙片
英文名称：Atorvastatin Calcium Tablets
汉语拼音：Atuofatatinggai Pian
成份
其主要成分为阿托伐他汀钙，本品化学名称为：[R-（R′, R′）]-2-（4-氟苯基）--二羟基-5-(1-甲基乙基)- 3-苯基-4-[(苯胺)羰基]-1-氢-吡咯-1-庚酸钙三水合物。
性状
本品为白色椭圆形薄膜衣片。
适应症
用于治疗高胆固醇血症和混合型高脂血症；冠心病和脑中风的防治。
用法用量
1.原发性高胆固醇血症和混合性高脂血症的治疗大多数患者服用阿托伐他汀钙每日一次10mg，其血脂水平可得到控制。治疗2周内可见明显疗效，治疗4周内可见最大疗效。长期治疗可维持疗效。
2.杂合子型家族性高胆固醇血症的治疗患者初始剂量为每日10mg，应遵循剂量的个体化原则并每4周为时间间隔逐步调整剂量至每日40mg。如果仍然未达到满意疗效，可选择将剂量调整至最大剂量每日80mg，或以每日40mg本品配合酸合剂治疗。
3.纯合子型家族性高胆固醇血症的治疗本品的推荐的剂量是每日10-80mg，阿托伐他汀钙应作为其它降脂治疗措施的辅助治疗。或当无这些治疗条件时，本品可单独使用。肾功能不全患者肾脏疾病既不会对本品的血浆浓度产生影响，也不会对其降脂效果产生影响，所以无需调整剂量。
不良反应
本品最常见的不良反应为便秘、胃肠胀气、消化不良和腹痛，通常在继续用药后缓解。
临床试验中低于2%的患者因与本品有关的不良反应而中断治疗。
根据临床研究的数据和上市后广泛经验，立普妥的不良事件如下述。
按照惯例，不良事件的估计频率排序为：常见（>1/100，<1/10）；不常见（>1/1000，<1/100）；罕见（>1/10000，<1/1000）；非常罕见（<1/10000）
胃肠道异常
常见：便秘，胃肠胀气，消化不良，恶心，腹泻。
不常见：厌食，呕吐。
血液和淋巴系统异常
不常见：血小板减少症。
免疫系统异常：
常见：变态反应。
非常罕见：过敏反应。
内分泌紊乱：
不常见：脱发，高糖血症，低糖血症，胰腺炎。
精神：
常见：失眠。
不常见：健忘症。
神经系统异常：
常见：头痛，头晕，感觉异常。
不常见：外周神经病。
肝-胆异常：
罕见：肝炎，胆汁淤积性黄疸。
皮肤/四肢：
常见：皮疹，瘙痒。
不常见：风疹。
非常罕见：血管神经性水肿，大疱性皮疹（包括多形性红斑，Stevens-Johnson综合征和毒性表皮松解症）
骨骼肌肉异常：
常见：肌痛，关节痛。
不常见：肌病。
罕见：肌炎，横纹肌溶解症。
生殖系统异常：
不常见：阳痿。
一般异常：
常见：衰弱，胸痛，背痛，外周水肿。
不常见：不适，体重增加。
研究：
与其它HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂相同，曾报道服用本品的患者出现转氨酶升高。不过这些改变通常是轻微、一过性的，并不需要中断治疗。在接受本品治疗的患者中具有临床意义的血清转氨酶升高(>正常上限3倍)的发生率为0.8%。所有患者中发生的这些改变均与剂量相关并且都是可逆性的。
与其它临床试验中的HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂相似，服用本品的患者中有2.5%的病人出现血清磷酸肌酸激酶(CPK)升高大于正常上限3倍。服用本品的患者中有0.4%的病人其磷酸肌酸激酶升高大于正常上限10倍。（参见【注意事项】）
禁忌
对本品所含的任何成份过敏者禁用。活动性肝病患者、血清转氨酶持续超过正常上限3倍且原因不明者、肌病、孕期、哺乳期及任何未采取适当避孕措施的育龄妇女禁用本品。
注意事项
（1）用药期间应定期检查血胆固醇和血肌酸磷酸激酶。应用本品时血氨基转移酶可能增高，有肝病史者服用本品还应定期监测肝功能试验。
（2）在本品治疗过程中如发生血氨基转移酶增高达正常高限的3倍，或血肌酸磷酸激酶显著增高或有肌炎、胰腺炎表现时，应停用本品。
（3）应用本品时如有低血压、严重急性感染、创伤、代谢紊乱等情况，须注意可能出现的继发于肌溶解后的肾功能衰竭。
（4）肾功能不全时应减少本品剂量。
（5）本品宜与饮食共进，以利吸收。
（6）饮食疗法始终是治疗高血脂的首要方法，加强锻炼和减轻体重等方式，都将优于任何形式的药物治疗。
药物相互作用
当他汀类药物与环孢菌素、纤维酸衍生物、大环内酯类抗生素(包括红霉素)、康唑类抗真菌药或烟酸合用时，发生肌病的危险性增加。在极罕见情况下，可导致横纹肌溶解，伴有肌球蛋白尿而后继发肾功能不全。因此，应仔细权衡合用的风险-收益比（见【注意事项】）。
细胞色素P450 3A4抑制剂：阿托伐他汀经细胞色素P4503A4代谢，本品与细胞色素P450 3A4的抑制剂(环孢菌素、大环内酯类抗生素如红霉素或克拉霉素和康唑类抗真菌药如伊曲康唑及HIV蛋白酶抑制剂)合用时可能发生药物相互作用。合并用药导致阿托伐他汀血浆浓度增加，所以，当阿托伐他汀与上述药物合用时尤应注意（见【注意事项】）。
P-糖蛋白抑制剂：阿托伐他汀和阿托伐他汀代谢物是P糖蛋白基质。P-糖蛋白抑制剂（如：环孢菌素）可增加阿托伐他汀的生物利用度。
红霉素、克拉霉素：阿托伐他汀每日一次10mg分别和细胞色素P450 3A4抑制剂红霉素(500毫克，每日4次)或克拉霉素（500毫克，每日2次）联合应用，阿托伐他汀的血浆浓度增高。克拉霉素分别使阿托伐他汀的最大血药浓度和药时曲线下面积增加56%和80%。
伊曲康唑：
合用阿托伐他汀40mg和伊曲康唑200mg/日，可导致前者AUC增加3倍。
蛋白酶抑制剂：
蛋白酶抑制剂，已知的细胞色素P450 3A4抑制剂，与阿托伐他汀合用时，增加阿托伐他汀血药浓度。
柚子汁：
包含抑制细胞色素P450 3A4的一种或更多成分，可增加经过该酶代谢的药物血浆浓度。摄入240ml柚子汁使阿托伐他汀AUC增加37%，活性对羟基代谢物AUC降低20.4%。但是，摄入大量柚子汁（每天饮用超过1.2升，连续5天）增加阿托伐他汀和活性（阿托伐他汀和代谢物）HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂AUC分别为2.5倍和1.3倍。
所以，建议服用阿托伐他汀者不应同时摄入大量柚子汁。
细胞色素P450 3A4诱导剂：细胞色素P450 3A4诱导剂(利福平、苯妥英)对本品的作用不详。本品与该同工酶的其它底物间可能的相互作用不详，但对治疗指数窄的药物如III类抗心律失常药物（胺碘酮）应予注意。
其他联合治疗：
吉非贝齐/纤维酸衍生物：纤维酸衍生物可增加阿托伐他汀诱发肌病的危险。根据体外研究结果，吉非贝齐抑制阿托伐他汀的葡萄糖醛酸代谢途径，这可能导致阿托伐他汀血浆水平升高（见【注意事项】）。
地高辛：
本品10mg与多个剂量的地高辛联合用药时，地高辛的稳态血浆浓度不受影响。本品每日一次80mg与地高辛联合用药时，地高辛浓度增加约20%。这是由于细胞膜转运蛋白P-糖蛋白受到抑制。患者服用地高辛应适当监测。
口服避孕药：本品与口服避孕药合用时，炔诺酮和乙炔雌二醇的血浆浓度增高。
选用口服避孕药时应注意其浓度增高。
考来替泊(消胆胺)：考来替泊与本品合用时，阿托伐他汀及其活性代谢产物的血浆浓度下降约25%。但二药合用的降脂效果大于单一药物使用的降脂效果。
抗酸剂：
本品与含有氢氧化镁和氢氧化铝的口服抗酸药混悬剂合用时，阿托伐他汀及其活性代谢产物的血浆浓度下降约35%；但其降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的作用未受影响。
华法林：
本品与华法林合用，凝血酶原时间在最初几天内轻度下降，15天后恢复正常。即便如此，服用华法林的患者加服本品时应严密监测。
氨替比林：本品多个剂量与氨替比林联合用药时未发现对氨替比林清除的影响。
西咪替丁：
有关本品与西咪替丁相互作用的研究未发现二者之间存在相互作用。
氨氯地平：
联合应用阿托伐他汀80mg和氨氯地平10mg，在稳态浓度时，阿托伐他汀的药代动力学无改变。
其它：本品与降压药物或降糖药物合用的临床试验中，未发现有临床意义的药物相互作用。
孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药
孕期和哺乳期妇女禁用阿托伐他汀钙片。育龄妇女应采取适当的避孕措施。阿托伐他汀对孕妇和哺乳期妇女的安全性尚未得到证实。
动物试验证实，HMG－CoA还原酶抑制剂对胚胎和婴儿的生长发育产生影响。当服用阿托伐他汀剂量超过20mg/kg/日(相当于临床人给药剂量)时，大鼠后代发育迟缓，出生后存活率下降。
大鼠血浆中的阿托伐他汀及其活性代谢产物的浓度与其乳汁中的浓度相同。该药及其活性代谢产物是否在人乳中分泌尚不清楚。
儿童用药
本品应由专科医生判断。本品在儿童的治疗经验仅限于少数(4到17岁) 患有严重脂质紊乱如纯合子家族性高胆固醇血症的患者。
本品在这一患者人群的推荐起始剂量为10毫克。根据患者的反应和耐受性，剂量可增加至每日80毫克。尚无本品对该人群生长发育的安全性资料。
老年患者用药
在年龄70岁以上的老年人使用推荐剂量的阿托伐他汀钙，其疗效及安全性与普通人群没有区别。
药物过量
本品药物过量尚无特殊治疗措施。一旦出现药物过量，病人应根据需要采取对症治疗及支持性治疗措施。应监测患者的肝功能和血清磷酸肌酸激酶水平。由于大量药物与血浆蛋白结合，血液透析不能明显加速阿托伐他汀的清除。
贮藏
密闭保存。
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注：以下产品不同规格和不同价格，采购以咨询为准
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ATORVASTATIN 10MG UD GOLD 100 ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM 60429-0323-77
ATORVASTATIN 20MG UD GOLD 100 ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM 60429-0324-77
ATORVASTATIN 40MG UD GOLD 100 ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM 60429-0325-77
ATORVASTATIN 80MG UD GOLD 30 ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM 60429-0326-33
ATORVASTATIN TAB 10MG GRE 90 ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM 59762-0155-01
ATORVASTATIN TAB 10MG GRE 1000 ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM 59762-0155-02
ATORVASTATIN TAB 20MG GRE 90 ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM 59762-0156-01
ATORVASTATIN TAB 20MG GRE 1000 ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM 59762-0156-02
ATORVASTATIN TAB 40MG GRE 500 ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM 59762-0157-02
ATORVASTATIN TAB 40MG GRE 90 ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM 59762-0157-01
ATORVASTATIN TAB 80MG GRE 500 ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM 59762-0158-02
ATORVASTATIN TAB 80MG GRE 90 ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM 59762-0158-01
ATORVASTATIN TAB 80MG UD AVK20 50268-0096-12
ATORVASTATIN TAB 10MG UD AVK50 50268-0093-15
ATORVASTATIN TAB 20MG UD AVK50 50268-0094-15
ATORVASTATIN TAB 40MG UD AVK50 50268-0095-15
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Atorvastatin Calcium Tablet
1. DESCRIPTION
Atorvastatin calcium is a synthetic lipid-lowering agent. Atorvastatin is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, an early and rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis.
The empirical formula of atorvastatin calcium is (C33H34 FN2O5)2Ca•3H2O and its molecular weight is 1209.42. Its structural formula is:
Atorvastatin calcium is a white to off-white crystalline powder that is insoluble in aqueous solutions of pH 4 and below. Atorvastatin calcium is very slightly soluble in distilled water, pH 7.4 phosphate buffer, and acetonitrile, slightly soluble in ethanol, and freely soluble in methanol.
Atorvastatin tablets for oral administration contain 10, 20, 40 or 80 mg atorvastatin and the following inactive ingredients: calcium carbonate, USP; candelilla wax, FCC; croscarmellose sodium, NF; hydroxypropyl cellulose, NF; lactose monohydrate, NF; magnesium stearate, NF; microcrystalline cellulose, NF; Opadry White YS-1-7040 (hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, talc, titanium dioxide); polysorbate 80, NF; simethicone emulsion.
2. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Therapy with lipid-altering agents should be only one component of multiple risk factor intervention in individuals at significantly increased risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease due to hypercholesterolemia. Drug therapy is recommended as an adjunct to diet when the response to a diet restricted in saturated fat and cholesterol and other nonpharmacologic measures alone has been inadequate.
In patients with CHD or multiple risk factors for CHD, atorvastatin can be started simultaneously with diet.
2.1 Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
In adult patients without clinically evident coronary heart disease, but with multiple risk factors for coronary heart disease such as age, smoking, hypertension, low HDL-C, or a family history of early coronary heart disease, atorvastatin is indicated to:
• Reduce the risk of myocardial infarction
• Reduce the risk of stroke
• Reduce the risk for revascularization procedures and angina
In patients with type 2 diabetes, and without clinically evident coronary heart disease, but with multiple risk factors for coronary heart disease such as retinopathy, albuminuria, smoking, or hypertension, atorvastatin is indicated to:
• Reduce the risk of myocardial infarction
• Reduce the risk of stroke
In patients with clinically evident coronary heart disease, atorvastatin is indicated to:
• Reduce the risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction
• Reduce the risk of fatal and non-fatal stroke
•Reduce the risk for revascularization procedures
• Reduce the risk of hospitalization for CHF
• Reduce the risk of angina
2.2 Hyperlipidemia
Atorvastatin is indicated:
• as an adjunct to diet to reduce elevated total-C, LDL-C, apo B, and TG levels and to increase HDL-C in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia (heterozygous familial and nonfamilial) and mixed dyslipidemia (Fredrickson Types IIa and IIb);
• as an adjunct to diet for the treatment of patients with elevated serum TG levels(Fredrickson Type IV);
• for the treatment of patients with primary dysbetalipoproteinemia (Fredrickson Type III) who do not respond adequately to diet;
• to reduce total-C and LDL-C in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia as an adjunct to other lipid-lowering treatments (eg, LDL apheresis) or if such treatments are unavailable;
• as an adjunct to diet to reduce total-C, LDL-C, and apo B levels in boys and postmenarchal girls, 10 to 17 years of age, with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia if after an adequate trial of diet therapy the following findings are present:
a. LDL-C remains ≥ 190 mg/dL or
b. LDL-C remains ≥ 160 mg/dL and:
• there is a positive family history of premature cardiovascular disease or
• two or more other CVD risk factors are present in the pediatric patient
2.3 Limitations of Use
Atorvastatin has not been studied in conditions where the major lipoprotein abnormality is elevation of chylomicrons (Fredrickson Types I and V).
3. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
3.1 Hyperlipidemia (Heterozygous Familial and Nonfamilial) and Mixed Dyslipidemia (Fredrickson Types IIa and IIb)
The recommended starting dose of atorvastatin is 10 or 20 mg once daily. Patients who require a large reduction in LDL-C (more than 45%) may be started at 40 mg once daily. The dosage range of atorvastatin is 10 to 80 mg once daily. Atorvastatin can be administered as a single dose at any time of the day, with or without food. The starting dose and maintenance doses of atorvastatin should be individualized according to patient characteristics such as goal of therapy and response (see current NCEP Guidelines). After initiation and/or upon titration of atorvastatin, lipid levels should be analyzed within 2 to 4 weeks and dosage adjusted accordingly.
3.2 Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Pediatric Patients (10-17 years of age)
The recommended starting dose of atorvastatin is 10 mg/day; the maximum recommended dose is 20 mg/day (doses greater than 20 mg have not been studied in this patient population). Doses should be individualized according to the recommended goal of therapy [see current NCEP Pediatric Panel Guidelines, and Indications and Usage]. Adjustments should be made at intervals of 4 weeks or more.
3.3 Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia
The dosage of atorvastatin in patients with homozygous FH is 10 to 80 mg daily. Atorvastatin should be used as an adjunct to other lipid-lowering treatments (e.g., LDL apheresis) in these patients or if such treatments are unavailable.
3.4 Concomitant Lipid-Lowering Therapy
Atorvastatin may be used with bile acid resins. The combination of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and fibrates should generally be used with caution [see Warnings and Precautions, Skeletal Muscle, Drug Interactions].
3.5 Dosage in Patients With Renal Impairment
Renal disease does not affect the plasma concentrations nor LDL-C reduction of atorvastatin; thus, dosage adjustment in patients with renal dysfunction is not necessary [see Warnings and Precautions, Skeletal Muscle, Pharmacokinetics].
3.6 Dosage in Patients Taking Cyclosporine, Clarithromycin, Itraconazole, or Certain Protease Inhibitors
In patients taking cyclosporine or the HIV protease inhibitors (tipranavir plus ritonavir) or the hepatitis C protease inhibitor (telaprevir), therapy with atorvastatin should be avoided. In patients with HIV taking lopinavir plus ritonavir, caution should be used when prescribing atorvastatin and the lowest dose necessary employed. In patients taking clarithromycin, itraconazole, or in patients with HIV taking a combination of saquinavir plus ritonavir, darunavir plus ritonavir, fosamprenavir, or fosamprenavir plus ritonavir, therapy with atorvastatin should be limited to 20 mg, and appropriate clinical assessment is recommended to ensure that the lowest dose necessary of atorvastatin is employed. In patients with HIV taking nelfinavir, therapy with atorvastatin should be limited to 40 mg, and appropriate clinical assessment is recommended to ensure that the lowest dose necessary of atorvastatin is employed [see Warnings and Precautions, Drug Interactions].
4. CONTRAINDICATIONS
4.1 Active liver disease or unexplained persistent elevations of serum transaminases.
4.2 Hypersensitivity to any component of this medication.
4.3 Pregnancy
Women who are pregnant or may become pregnant. Atorvastatin may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides increase during normal pregnancy, and cholesterol or cholesterol derivatives are essential for fetal development. Atherosclerosis is a chronic process and discontinuation of lipid-lowering drugs during pregnancy should have little impact on the outcome of long-term therapy of primary hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol and other products of cholesterol biosynthesis are essential components for fetal development (including synthesis of steroids and cell membranes). Since HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors decrease cholesterol synthesis and possibly the synthesis of other biologically active substances derived from cholesterol, they may cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant women. Therefore, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are contraindicated during pregnancy and in nursing mothers. ATORVASTATIN SHOULD BE ADMINISTERED TO WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE ONLY WHEN SUCH PATIENTS ARE HIGHLY UNLIKELY TO CONCEIVE AND HAVE BEEN INFORMED OF THE POTENTIAL HAZARDS. If the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, therapy should be discontinued and the patient apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.
4.4 Nursing mothers
It is not known whether atorvastatin is excreted into human milk; however a small amount of another drug in this class does pass into breast milk. Because statins have the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, women who require atorvastatin treatment should not breastfeed their infants [see Use in Specific Populations].
5. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Atorvastatin is a selective, competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme that converts 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to mevalonate, a precursor of sterols, including cholesterol.
6. USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
6.1 Usage in Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category X
Atorvastatin is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides increase during normal pregnancy. Lipid lowering drugs offer no benefit during pregnancy because cholesterol and cholesterol derivatives are needed for normal fetal development. Atherosclerosis is a chronic process, and discontinuation of lipid-lowering drugs during pregnancy should have little impact on long-term outcomes of primary hypercholesterolemia therapy.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of atorvastatin use during pregnancy. There have been rare reports of congenital anomalies following intrauterine exposure to statins. In a review of about 100 prospectively followed pregnancies in women exposed to other statins, the incidences of congenital anomalies, spontaneous abortions, and fetal deaths/stillbirths did not exceed the rate expected in the general population. However, this study was only able to exclude a three-to-four-fold increased risk of congenital anomalies over background incidence. In 89% of these cases, drug treatment started before pregnancy and stopped during the first trimester when pregnancy was identified.
Atorvastatin crosses the rat placenta and reaches a level in fetal liver equivalent to that of maternal plasma. Atorvastatin was not teratogenic in rats at doses up to 300 mg/kg/day or in rabbits at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day. These doses resulted in multiples of about 30 times (rat) or 20 times (rabbit) the human exposure based on surface area (mg/m2) [see Contraindications, Pregnancy].
In a study in rats given 20, 100, or 225 mg/kg/day, from gestation day 7 through to lactation day 21 (weaning), there was decreased pup survival at birth, neonate, weaning, and maturity in pups of mothers dosed with 225 mg/kg/day. Body weight was decreased on days 4 and 21 in pups of mothers dosed at 100 mg/kg/day; pup body weight was decreased at birth and at days 4, 21, and 91 at 225 mg/kg/day. Pup development was delayed (rotorod performance at 100 mg/kg/day and acoustic startle at 225 mg/kg/day; pinnae detachment and eye-opening at 225 mg/kg/day). These doses correspond to 6 times (100 mg/kg) and 22 times (225 mg/kg) the human AUC at 80 mg/day.
Statins may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Atorvastatin should be administered to women of childbearing potential only when such patients are highly unlikely to conceive and have been informed of the potential hazards. If the woman becomes pregnant while taking atorvastatin, it should be discontinued immediately and the patient advised again as to the potential hazards to the fetus and the lack of known clinical benefit with continued use during pregnancy.
6.2 Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether atorvastatin is excreted in human milk, but a small amount of another drug in this class does pass into breast milk. Nursing rat pups had plasma and liver drug levels of 50% and 40%, respectively, of that in their mother’s milk. Animal breast milk drug levels may not accurately reflect human breast milk levels. Because another drug in this class passes into human milk and because statins have a potential to cause serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, women requiring atorvastatin treatment should be advised not to nurse their infants [see Contraindications].
6.3 Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in patients 10-17 years of age with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia have been evaluated in a controlled clinical trial of 6 months’ duration in adolescent boys and postmenarchal girls. Patients treated with atorvastatin had an adverse experience profile generally similar to that of patients treated with placebo. The most common adverse experiences observed in both groups, regardless of causality assessment, were infections. Doses greater than 20 mg have not been studied in this patient population. In this limited controlled study, there was no significant effect on growth or sexual maturation in boys or on menstrual cycle length in girls [see Adverse Reactions, Pediatric Patients (ages 10-17 years); and Dosage and Administration, Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Pediatric Patients (10-17 years of age)]. Adolescent females should be counseled on appropriate contraceptive methods while on atorvastatin therapy [see Contraindications, Pregnancy and Use in Specific Populations, Pregnancy]. Atorvastatin has not been studied in controlled clinical trials involving pre-pubertal patients or patients younger than 10 years of age.
Clinical efficacy with doses up to 80 mg/day for 1 year have been evaluated in an uncontrolled study of patients with homozygous FH including 8 pediatric patients.
6.4 Geriatric Use
Of the 39,828 patients who received atorvastatin in clinical studies, 15,813 (40%) were ≥65 years old and 2,800 (7%) were ≥75 years old. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older adults cannot be ruled out. Since advanced age (≥65 years) is a predisposing factor for myopathy, atorvastatin should be prescribed with caution in the elderly.
6.5 Hepatic Impairment
Atorvastatin is contraindicated in patients with active liver disease which may include unexplained persistent elevations in hepatic transaminase levels [see Contraindications and Pharmacokinetics].
7. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
7.1 Skeletal Muscle
Rare cases of rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure secondary to myoglobinuria have been reported with atorvastatin and with other drugs in this class. A history of renal impairment may be a risk factor for the development of rhabdomyolysis. Such patients merit closer monitoring for skeletal muscle effects.
Atorvastatin, like other statins, occasionally causes myopathy, defined as muscle aches or muscle weakness in conjunction with increases in creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values >10 times ULN. The concomitant use of higher doses of atorvastatin with certain drugs such as cyclosporine and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., clarithromycin, itraconazole, and HIV protease inhibitors) increases the risk of myopathy/rhabdomyolysis.
There have been rare reports of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), an autoimmune myopathy, associated with statin use. IMNM is characterized by: proximal muscle weakness and elevated serum creatine kinase, which persist despite discontinuation of statin treatment; muscle biopsy showing necrotizing myopathy without significant inflammation; improvement with immunosuppressive agents.
Myopathy should be considered in any patient with diffuse myalgias, muscle tenderness or weakness, and/or marked elevation of CPK. Patients should be advised to report promptly unexplained muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness, particularly if accompanied by malaise or fever or if muscle signs and symptoms persist after discontinuing atorvastatin. Atorvastatin therapy should be discontinued if markedly elevated CPK levels occur or myopathy is diagnosed or suspected.
The risk of myopathy during treatment with drugs in this class is increased with concurrent administration of cyclosporine, fibric acid derivatives, erythromycin, clarithromycin, the hepatitis C protease inhibitor telaprevir, combinations of HIV protease inhibitors, including saquinavir plus ritonavir, lopinavir plus ritonavir, tipranavir plus ritonavir, darunavir plus ritonavir, fosamprenavir, and fosamprenavir plus ritonavir, niacin, or azole antifungals. Physicians considering combined therapy with atorvastatin and fibric acid derivatives, erythromycin, clarithromycin, a combination of saquinavir plus ritonavir, lopinavir plus ritonavir, darunavir plus ritonavir, fosamprenavir, or fosamprenavir plus ritonavir, azole antifungals, or lipid-modifying doses of niacin should carefully weigh the potential benefits and risks and should carefully monitor patients for any signs or symptoms of muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness, particularly during the initial months of therapy and during any periods of upward dosage titration of either drug. Lower starting and maintenance doses of atorvastatin should be considered when taken concomitantly with the aforementioned drugs (see Drug Interactions). Periodic creatine phosphokinase (CPK) determinations may be considered in such situations, but there is no assurance that such monitoring will prevent the occurrence of severe myopathy.
Prescribing recommendations for interacting agents are summarized in Table 1 [see also Dosage and Administration, Drug Interactions].
Table 1. Drug Interactions Associated with Increased Risk of Myopathy/Rhabdomyolysis
Use with caution and with the lowest dose necessary
Cases of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis, have been reported with atorvastatin co-administered with colchicine, and caution should be exercised when prescribing atorvastatin with colchicine [see Drug Interactions].
Atorvastatin therapy should be temporarily withheld or discontinued in any patient with an acute, serious condition suggestive of a myopathy or having a risk factor predisposing to the development of renal failure secondary to rhabdomyolysis (e.g., severe acute infection, hypotension, major surgery, trauma, severe metabolic, endocrine and electrolyte disorders, and uncontrolled seizures).
7.2 Liver Dysfunction
Statins, like some other lipid-lowering therapies, have been associated with biochemical abnormalities of liver function. Persistent elevations (>3 times the upper limit of normal [ULN] occurring on 2 or more occasions) in serum transaminases occurred in 0.7% of patients who received atorvastatin in clinical trials. The incidence of these abnormalities was 0.2%, 0.2%, 0.6%, and 2.3% for 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg, respectively.
One patient in clinical trials developed jaundice. Increases in liver function tests (LFT) in other patients were not associated with jaundice or other clinical signs or symptoms. Upon dose reduction, drug interruption, or discontinuation, transaminase levels returned to or near pretreatment levels without sequelae. Eighteen of 30 patients with persistent LFT elevations continued treatment with a reduced dose of atorvastatin.
It is recommended that liver function tests be performed prior to and at 12 weeks following both the initiation of therapy and any elevation of dose, and periodically (eg, semiannually) thereafter. Liver enzyme changes generally occur in the first 3 months of treatment with atorvastatin. Patients who develop increased transaminase levels should be monitored until the abnormalities resolve. Should an increase in ALT or AST of >3 times ULN persist, reduction of dose or withdrawal of atorvastatin is recommended.
Atorvastatin should be used with caution in patients who consume substantial quantities of alcohol and/or have a history of liver disease. Active liver disease or unexplained persistent transaminase elevations are contraindications to the use of atorvastatin (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
7.3 Endocrine Function
Increases in HbA1c and fasting serum glucose levels have been reported with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, including atorvastatin.
Statins interfere with cholesterol synthesis and theoretically might blunt adrenal and/or gonadal steroid production. Clinical studies have shown that atorvastatin does not reduce basal plasma cortisol concentration or impair adrenal reserve. The effects of statins on male fertility have not been studied in adequate numbers of patients. The effects, if any, on the pituitary-gonadal axis in premenopausal women are unknown. Caution should be exercised if a statin is administered concomitantly with drugs that may decrease the levels or activity of endogenous steroid hormones, such as ketoconazole, spironolactone, and cimetidine.
7.4 CNS Toxicity
Brain hemorrhage was seen in a female dog treated for 3 months at 120 mg/kg/day. Brain hemorrhage and optic nerve vacuolation were seen in another female dog that was sacrificed in moribund condition after 11 weeks of escalating doses up to 280 mg/kg/day. The 120 mg/kg dose resulted in a systemic exposure approximately 16 times the human plasma area-under-the-curve (AUC, 0-24 hours) based on the maximum human dose of 80 mg/day. A single tonic convulsion was seen in each of 2 male dogs (one treated at 10 mg/kg/day and one at 120 mg/kg/day) in a 2-year study. No CNS lesions have been observed in mice after chronic treatment for up to 2 years at doses up to 400 mg/kg/day or in rats at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day. These doses were 6 to 11 times (mouse) and 8 to 16 times (rat) the human AUC (0-24) based on the maximum recommended human dose of 80 mg/day.
CNS vascular lesions, characterized by perivascular hemorrhages, edema, and mononuclear cell infiltration of perivascular spaces, have been observed in dogs treated with other members of this class. A chemically similar drug in this class produced optic nerve degeneration (Wallerian degeneration of retinogeniculate fibers) in clinically normal dogs in a dose-dependent fashion at a dose that produced plasma drug levels about 30 times higher than the mean drug level in humans taking the highest recommended dose.
7.5 Use in Patients with Recent Stroke or TIA
In a post-hoc analysis of the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) study where atorvastatin 80 mg vs. placebo was administered in 4,731 subjects without CHD who had a stroke or TIA within the preceding 6 months, a higher incidence of hemorrhagic stroke was seen in the atorvastatin 80 mg group compared to placebo (55, 2.3% atorvastatin vs. 33, 1.4% placebo; HR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.59; p=0.0168). The incidence of fatal hemorrhagic stroke was similar across treatment groups (17 vs. 18 for the atorvastatin and placebo groups, respectively). The incidence of nonfatal hemorrhagic stroke was significantly higher in the atorvastatin group (38, 1.6%) as compared to the placebo group (16, 0.7%). Some baseline characteristics, including hemorrhagic and lacunar stroke on study entry, were associated with a higher incidence of hemorrhagic stroke in the atorvastatin group [see Adverse Reactions].
8. ADVERSE REACTIONS
The following serious adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the label:
Rhabdomyolysis and myopathy [see Warnings and Precautions]
Liver enzyme abnormalities [see Warnings and Precautions]
8.1 Clinical Trial Adverse Experiences
In the atorvastatin placebo-controlled clinical trial database of 16,066 patients (8755 atorvastatin vs. 7311 placebo; age range 10–93 years, 39% women, 91% Caucasians, 3% Blacks, 2% Asians, 4% other) with a median treatment duration of 53 weeks, 9.7% of patients on atorvastatin and 9.5% of the patients on placebo discontinued due to adverse reactions regardless of causality. The five most common adverse reactions in patients treated with atorvastatin that led to treatment discontinuation and occurred at a rate greater than placebo were: myalgia (0.7%), diarrhea (0.5%), nausea (0.4%), alanine aminotransferase increase (0.4%), and hepatic enzyme increase (0.4%).
The most commonly reported adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 2% and greater than placebo) regardless of causality, in patients treated with atorvastatin in placebo controlled trials (n=8755) were: nasopharyngitis (8.3%), arthralgia (6.9%), diarrhea (6.8%), pain in extremity (6.0%), and urinary tract infection (5.7%).
Table 2 summarizes the frequency of clinical adverse reactions, regardless of causality, reported in ≥ 2% and at a rate greater than placebo in patients treated with atorvastatin (n=8755), from seventeen placebo-controlled trials.
Table 2. Clinical adverse reactions occurring in ≥ 2% in patents treated with any dose of atorvastatin and at an incidence greater than placebo regardless of causality (% of patients).
Adverse Reaction > 2% in any dose greater than placebo
Other adverse reactions reported in placebo-controlled studies include:
Body as a whole: malaise, pyrexia;
Digestive system: abdominal discomfort, eructation, flatulence, hepatitis, cholestasis;
Musculoskeletal system: musculoskeletal pain, muscle fatigue, neck pain, joint swelling;
Metabolic and nutritional system: transaminases increase, liver function test abnormal, blood alkaline phosphatase increase, creatine phosphokinase increase, hyperglycemia;
Nervous system: nightmare; Respiratory system: epistaxis;
Skin and appendages: urticaria;
Special senses: vision blurred, tinnitus;
Urogenital system: white blood cells urine positive.
8.2 Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of atorvastatin. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Adverse reactions associated with atorvastatin therapy reported since market introduction, that are not listed above, regardless of causality assessment, include the following: anaphylaxis, angioneurotic edema, bullous rashes (including erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis), rhabdomyolysis, fatigue, tendon rupture, fatal and non-fatal hepatic failure, dizziness, depression, peripheral neuropathy, and pancreatitis.
There have been rare postmarketing reports of cognitive impairment (e.g., memory loss, forgetfulness, amnesia, memory impairment, confusion) associated with statin use. These cognitive issues have been reported for all statins. The reports are generally nonserious, and reversible upon statin discontinuation, with variable times to symptom onset (1 day to years) and symptom resolution (median of 3 weeks).
8.3 Pediatric Patients (ages 10-17 years)
In a 26-week controlled study in boys and postmenarchal girls (n=140, 31% female; 92% Caucasians, 1.6% Blacks, 1.6% Asians, 4.8% other), the safety and tolerability profile of atorvastatin 10 to 20 mg daily was generally similar to that of placebo [see Use in Special Populations, Pediatric Use].
9. OVERDOSAGE
There is no specific treatment for atorvastatin overdosage. In the event of an overdose, the patient should be treated symptomatically, and supportive measures instituted as required. Due to extensive drug binding to plasma proteins, hemodialysis is not expected to significantly enhance atorvastatin clearance.
10. DRUG INTERACTIONS
The risk of myopathy during treatment with statins is increased with concurrent administration of fibric acid derivatives, lipid-modifying doses of niacin, cyclosporine, or strong CYP 3A4 inhibitors (e.g., clarithromycin, HIV protease inhibitors, and itraconazole) [see Warnings and Precautions, Skeletal Muscle].
10.1 Strong Inhibitors of CYP 3A4
Atorvastatin is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4. Concomitant administration of atorvastatin with strong inhibitors of CYP 3A4 can lead to increases in plasma concentrations of atorvastatin. The extent of interaction and potentiation of effects depend on the variability of effect on CYP 3A4.
Clarithromycin: Atorvastatin AUC was significantly increased with concomitant administration of atorvastatin 80 mg with clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily) compared to that of atorvastatin alone. Therefore, in patients taking clarithromycin, caution should be used when the atorvastatin dose exceeds 20 mg [see Warnings and Precautions, Skeletal Muscle and Dosage and Administration].
Combination of Protease Inhibitors: Atorvastatin AUC was significantly increased with concomitant administration of atorvastatin with several combinations of HIV protease inhibitors, as well as with the hepatitis C protease inhibitor telaprevir, compared to that of atorvastatin alone. Therefore, in patients taking the HIV protease inhibitor tipranavir plus ritonavir, or the hepatitis C protease inhibitor telaprevir, concomitant use of atorvastatin should be avoided. In patients taking the HIV protease inhibitor lopinavir plus ritonavir, caution should be used when prescribing atorvastatin and the lowest dose necessary should be used. In patients taking the HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir plus ritonavir, darunavir plus ritonavir, fosamprenavir, or fosamprenavir plus ritonavir, the dose of atorvastatin should not exceed 20 mg and should be used with caution [see Warnings and Precautions, Skeletal Muscle and Dosage and Administration].
Itraconazole: Atorvastatin AUC was significantly increased with concomitant administration of atorvastatin 40 mg and itraconazole 200 mg. Therefore, in patients taking itraconazole, caution should be used when the atorvastatin dose exceeds 20 mg [see Warnings and Precautions, Skeletal Muscle and Dosage and Administration].
10.2 Grapefruit Juice
Contains one or more components that inhibit CYP 3A4 and can increase plasma concentrations of atorvastatin, especially with excessive grapefruit juice consumption (>1.2 liters per day).
10.3 Cyclosporine
Atorvastatin and atorvastatin-metabolites are substrates of the OATP1B1 transporter. Inhibitors of the OATP1B1 (e.g., cyclosporine) can increase the bioavailability of atorvastatin. Atorvastatin AUC was significantly increased with concomitant administration of atorvastatin 10 mg and cyclosporine 5.2 mg/kg/day compared to that of atorvastatin alone. The co-administration of atorvastatin with cyclosporine should be avoided [see Warnings and Precautions, Skeletal Muscle].
10.4 Gemfibrozil
Due to an increased risk of myopathy/rhabdomyolysis when HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are co-administered with gemfibrozil, concomitant administration of atorvastatin with gemfibrozil should be avoided [see Warnings and Precautions].
10.5 Other Fibrates
Because it is known that the risk of myopathy during treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors is increased with concurrent administration of other fibrates, atorvastatin should be administered with caution when used concomitantly with other fibrates [see Warnings and Precautions].
10.6 Niacin
The risk of skeletal muscle effects may be enhanced when atorvastatin is used in combination with niacin; a reduction in atorvastatin dosage should be considered in this setting [see Warnings and Precautions].
10.7 Rifampin or other Inducers of Cytochrome P450 3A4
Concomitant administration of atorvastatin with inducers of cytochrome P450 3A4 (e.g., efavirenz, rifampin) can lead to variable reductions in plasma concentrations of atorvastatin. Due to the dual interaction mechanism of rifampin, simultaneous co-administration of atorvastatin with rifampin is recommended, as delayed administration of atorvastatin after administration of rifampin has been associated with a significant reduction in atorvastatin plasma concentrations.
10.8 Digoxin
When multiple doses of atorvastatin and digoxin were co-administered, steady state plasma digoxin concentrations increased by approximately 20%. Patients taking digoxin should be monitored appropriately.
10.9 Oral Contraceptives
Co-administration of atorvastatin and an oral contraceptive increased AUC values for norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol. These increases should be considered when selecting an oral contraceptive for a woman taking atorvastatin.
10.10 Warfarin
Atorvastatin had no clinically significant effect on prothrombin time when administered to patients receiving chronic warfarin treatment.
10.11 Colchicine
Cases of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis, have been reported with atorvastatin co-administered with colchicine, and caution should be exercised when prescribing atorvastatin with colchicine.
11. PHARMACOKINETICS
Absorption: Atorvastatin is rapidly absorbed after oral administration; maximum plasma concentrations occur within 1 to 2 hours. Extent of absorption increases in proportion to atorvastatin dose. The absolute bioavailability of atorvastatin (parent drug) is approximately 14% and the systemic availability of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity is approximately 30%. The low systemic availability is attributed to pre-systemic clearance in gastrointestinal mucosa and/or hepatic first-pass metabolism. Although food decreases the rate and extent of drug absorption by approximately 25% and 9%, respectively, as assessed by Cmax and AUC, LDL-C reduction is similar whether atorvastatin is given with or without food. Plasma atorvastatin concentrations are lower (approximately 30% for Cmax and AUC) following evening drug administration compared with morning. However, LDL-C reduction is the same regardless of the time of day of drug administration (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Distribution: Mean volume of distribution of atorvastatin is approximately 381 liters. Atorvastatin is ≥98% bound to plasma proteins. A blood/plasma ratio of approximately 0.25 indicates poor drug penetration into red blood cells. Based on observations in rats, atorvastatin is likely to be secreted in human milk (see CONTRAINDICATIONS, Pregnancy and Lactation, and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Nursing Mothers).
Metabolism: Atorvastatin is extensively metabolized to ortho- and parahydroxylated derivatives and various beta-oxidation products. In vitro inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase by ortho- and parahydroxylated metabolites is equivalent to that of atorvastatin. Approximately 70% of circulating inhibitory activity for HMG-CoA reductase is attributed to active metabolites. In vitro studies suggest the importance of atorvastatin metabolism by cytochrome P450 3A4, consistent with increased plasma concentrations of atorvastatin in humans following coadministration with erythromycin, a known inhibitor of this isozyme (see Drug Interactions). In animals, the ortho-hydroxy metabolite undergoes further glucuronidation.
Excretion: Atorvastatin and its metabolites are eliminated primarily in bile following hepatic and/or extra-hepatic metabolism; however, the drug does not appear to undergo enterohepatic recirculation. Mean plasma elimination half-life of atorvastatin in humans is approximately 14 hours, but the half-life of inhibitory activity for HMG-CoA reductase is 20 to 30 hours due to the contribution of active metabolites. Less than 2% of a dose of atorvastatin is recovered in urine following oral administration.
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